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In an era when it was not possible to achieve quality x-rays with short exposure times, the need to obtain chest images without movement led the French doctor Emré Hyacinthe Guilleminot to construct a machine that repeatedly emitted x-rays only when desired during the respiratory cycle. His aim was to create a satisfactory radiograph from multiple short bursts performed at the moment of inhalation or exhalation, based on Charles Bouchard's research on heart disease. He extended his idea to radiography of the heart, creating a system that enabled images to be obtained disassociating the phases of heartbeat. This article seeks to explain the basic functioning of these mechanisms, and to recover previous research papers that led to their creation. We will also retrieve biographical and personal data of the two people involved - one directly, the other indirectly - in these novel inventions., (Copyright © 2018 SERAM. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: Henry Armaignac, a French ophthalmologist in the early twentieth century, criticized the Monoyer optometric scale, which was used to measure visual acuity., Methods: This article discusses the "optometric scale" for visual acuity letter sizes proposed by Armaignac in a 1906 publication., Conclusion: Armaignac pointed out the flaws of the Monoyer visual acuity chart commonly used in France at the time and suggested an improvement in the progression of letter sizes on the chart.

The authors relate chiefly medical-officer Eugene de Sere's military career, particuliarly some parts of his work: the invention of a galvano-cautery, an electric cutter including a scale which allows to change current strength whether it is needing to cut flesh or to coagulate blood. That instrument is the forerunner of every modern one.