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Background: In an elective setting, there is no consensus regarding the type of colectomy that is best for patients with tumors of the splenic flexure: segmental left colectomy (or splenic flexure colectomy), left hemicolectomy or subtotal colectomy (or extended right hemicolectomy). In the United Kingdom, extended right hemicolectomy is preferred by surgeons. The aim of the present survey was to report on the practices in France for this particular tumor location. Methods: Between 15/07/17 and 15/10/17, members of two French surgical societies [the French Association of Surgery (AFC) and the French Society of Digestive Surgery (SFCD)] and two French surgical cooperative groups [the French Federation of Surgical Research (FRENCH) and the French Research Group of Rectal Cancer Surgery (GRECCAR)] were solicited by email to answer an online anonymous questionnaire. Results: A total of 190 out of 420 surgeons participated in this study (response rate 45%). The preferred procedure was splenic flexure colectomy (70%), followed by left hemicolectomy (17%) and subtotal colectomy (13%). The most used surgical approach was laparoscopy (63%), followed by laparotomy (31%) and hand-assisted laparoscopy (6%). Lymph node dissection was extended to the middle colic artery in 29% of splenic flexure colectomies and in 33% of left hemicolectomies. Twenty-nine percent of responders thought that tumors of the splenic flexure had a worse prognosis in comparison with other colonic sites, because of insufficient lymph node dissection (73%) or a more advanced stage (50%) at diagnosis. However, this opinion did not change the type of colectomy performed. Conclusions: There is a strong consensus in France to operate tumors of the splenic flexure with a splenic flexure colectomy and lymph node dissection limited to the left colic artery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and effectiveness of a new cost-effective circular stapler for colorectal anastomosis, the Chex CS. From 2007 to 2009, a case-control study was conducted of 54 patients who underwent left colectomy with stapled anastomosis using the Chex stapler. The patients were matched to 64 patients in whom the anastomoses were performed using the CDH stapler or the EEA stapler. The following criteria were matched: sex, age, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiology grade, diagnosis, formation of a temporary stoma and surgical approach. Primary end-points were postoperative mortality and morbidity. The surgeon was asked to fill out a questionnaire to assess the ergonomics of the device using an analogue visual scale. A cost analysis was performed to compare the cost of the different devices. There were no postoperative deaths. Morbidity, including anastomotic leakage (9% vs 8%, P = 1.000), was similar in the two groups. The surgeon's overall appreciation was scored at 8.1/10 (3-9.5), including the best score for stapler removal (9.5). No major device failure was observed during the study. Mean surgical costs were significantly lower in the Chex group: € 903 ± 73 (885-1192) vs the control group € 971 ± 61 (956-1263) ( P < 0.0001). This study suggests that colorectal anastomosis using the Chex circular stapler is safe and does not increase overall morbidity. In particular, this device did not have a higher rate of anastomotic leakage in our patients than more expensive models currently used in our hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article compares in-hospital morbidity and mortality rates after elective laparoscopic and open colorectal surgery, colectomy, for sigmoid diverticular disease (SDD) in France. The study concludes that a laparoscopic approach to elective treatment of SDD may be related to reduced postoperative morbidity and hospitalization.

Background: Acute right colic diverticulitis (ARD) is less frequent in Western countries than acute sigmoid diverticulitis (ASD). We aimed to compare the management of ARD and ASD operated on in emergency., Methods: All consecutive patients who had emergency surgery for ASD and ARD (2010-2021) were included in a retrospective, multicenter, cohort study. Patients were identified from databases in French centers that were members of the French Surgical Association. Emergency surgery was performed during the same hospitalization for peritonitis or after failure of conservative treatment. Early and late postoperative outcomes were studied., Results: A total of 2297 patients were included with 2256 (98.2%) ASD and 41 (1.8%) ARD patients. Baseline characteristics were similar. Overall, patients were rated Hinchey 3-4 (63.9%, n = 1468, p = 0.287). ARD was more often treated with resection and anastomosis, protected or not (53.7%, n = 22), whereas ASD was mainly treated with resection and terminal ostomy (62.5% (n = 1409), p < 0.001). Median operative time was shorter for ARD (120 vs 146 min, p = 0.04). The group of ARD patients showed a higher prevalence of Clavien III/IV complications compared to the group of ASD patients, although no statistically significant difference was observed (41.5%, n = 17 vs. 27.6%, n = 620, p = 0.054). However 90-day mortality only happened in ASD patients (9.8%, n = 223 vs 0, p = 0.03). ARD patients had more diverticulitis recurrence (46.3%, n = 19 vs 13.4%, n = 303, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified female sex as a protective factor for recurrence [odds ratio (OR) 0.55, p < 0.001] and ARD as a risk factor (OR 8.85, p < 0.001)., Conclusion: Operated on in emergency, ARDs have more resection anastomosis, with a similar rate of complications, less mortality, and more recurrence of diverticulitis than ASD., (© 2024. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between socioeconomic deprivation and postoperative outcomes in patients who underwent colonic resection for sigmoid diverticulitis (SD)., Background: The potential impact of socioeconomic inequalities on the management of SD has been scarcely studied in the literature. Considering other gastrointestinal pathologies for which lesser access to optimal treatment and poorer survival have been shown, we hypothesize that deprivation could be associated with outcomes for SD., Methods: This multicenter retrospective study was conducted at 41 French hospitals between January 1, 2010, and August 31, 2021. The main outcome was the occurrence of severe postoperative complications on postoperative day 90, according to the Clavien-Dindo scale (≥3). The European Deprivation Index was used to approximate deprivation for each patient. Multiple imputations by a chained equation were performed to consider the influence of missing data on the results., Results: Twenty percent of the 6415 patients operated on had severe postoperative complications at 90 days. In the multivariate regression analysis, increasing age, male sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists score ≥3, conversion to laparotomy or upfront open approach, surgical procedures, and perioperative transfusion were independent risk factors for severe postoperative complications. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, emergent setting, blood transfusion, indications for surgery, surgical approach, and procedures, the probability of severe postoperative complications increased with socioeconomic deprivation (P=0.026) by day 90., Conclusions: This study highlights the potential influence of socioeconomic deprivation on the surgical outcomes of SD. Socioeconomic deprivation should be considered as a risk factor for severe postoperative complications during the preoperative assessment of the patient's medical conditions., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aim: The aim of this work was to investigate the association between early postoperative anastomotic leakage or pelvic abscess (AL/PA) and symptomatic anastomotic stenosis (SAS) in patients after surgery for left colonic diverticulitis., Method: This is a retrospective study based on a national cohort of diverticulitis surgery patients carried out by the Association Française de Chirurgie. The assessment was performed using path analyses. The database included 7053 patients operated on for colonic diverticulitis, with surgery performed electively or in an emergency, by open access or laparoscopically. Patients were excluded from the study analysis where there was (i) right-sided diverticulitis (the initial database included all consecutive patients operated on for colonic diverticulitis), (ii) no anastomosis was performed during the first procedure or (iii) missing information about stenosis, postoperative abscess or anastomotic leakage., Results: Of the 4441 patients who were included in the final analysis, AL/PA occurred in 327 (4.6%) and SAS occurred in 82 (1.8%). AL/PA was a significant independent factor associated with a risk for occurrence of SAS (OR = 3.41, 95% CI = 1.75-6.66), as was the case for diverting stoma for ≥100 days (OR = 2.77, 95% CI = 1.32-5.82), while central vessel ligation proximal to the inferior mesenteric artery was associated with a reduced risk (OR = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.19-0.88). Diverting stoma created for <100 days or ≥100 days was also a factor associated with a risk for AL/PA (OR = 3.08, 95% CI = 2-4.75 and OR = 12.95, 95% CI = 9.11-18.50). Interestingly, no significant association between radiological drainage or surgical management of AL/PA and SAS could be highlighted., Conclusion: AL/PA was an independent factor associated with the risk for SAS. The treatment of AL/PA was not associated with the occurrence of anastomotic stenosis. Diverting stoma was associated with an increased risk of both AL/PA and SAS, especially if it was left for ≥100 days. Physicians must be aware of this information in order to decide on the best course of action when creating a stoma during elective or emergency surgery., (© 2024 The Author(s). Colorectal Disease published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.)

Background: The observed increase in the incidence of complicated diverticulitis may lead to the performance of more emergency surgeries. This study aimed to assess the rate and risk factors of emergency surgery for sigmoid diverticulitis., Method: The primary outcomes were the rate of emergency surgery for sigmoid diverticulitis and its associated risk factors. The urgent or elective nature of the surgical intervention was provided by the surgeon and in accordance with the indication for surgical treatment. A mixed logistic regression with a random intercept after multiple imputations by the chained equation was performed to consider the influence of missing data on the results., Results: Between 2010 and 2021, 6,867 patients underwent surgery for sigmoid diverticulitis in the participating centers, of which one-third (n = 2317) were emergency cases. In multivariate regression analysis with multiple imputation by chained equation, increasing age, body mass index <18.5 kg/m 2 , neurologic and pulmonary comorbidities, use of anticoagulant drugs, immunocompromised status, and first attack of sigmoid diverticulitis were independent risk factors for emergency surgery. The likelihood of emergency surgery was significantly more frequent after national guidelines, which were implemented in 2017, only in patients with a history of sigmoid diverticulitis attacks., Conclusion: The present study highlights a high rate (33%) of emergency surgery for sigmoid diverticulitis in France, which was significantly associated with patient features and the first attack of diverticulitis., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: This article is a summary of the French intergroup guidelines regarding the management of non-metastatic colon cancer (CC), revised in November 2022., Methods: These guidelines represent collaborative work of all French medical and surgical societies involved in the management of CC. Recommendations were graded in three categories (A, B, and C) according to the level of evidence found in the literature published up to November 2022., Results: Initial evaluation of CC is based on clinical examination, colonoscopy, chest-abdomen-pelvis computed tomography (CT) scan, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assay. CC is usually managed by surgery and adjuvant treatment depending on the pathological findings. The use of adjuvant therapy remains a challenging question in stage II disease. For high-risk stage II CC, adjuvant chemotherapy must be discussed and fluoropyrimidine monotherapy or oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy proposed according to the type and number of poor prognostic features. Oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy (FOLFOX or CAPOX) is the current standard for adjuvant therapy of patients with stage III CC. However, these regimens are associated with significant oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity. The results of the recent IDEA study provide evidence that 3 months of treatment with CAPOX is as effective as 6 months of oxaliplatin-based therapy in patients with low-risk stage III CC (T1-3 and N1). A 6-month oxaliplatin-based therapy remains the standard of care for high-risk stage III CC (T4 and/or N2). For patients unfit for oxaliplatin, fluoropyrimidine monotherapy is recommended., Conclusion: French guidelines for non-metastatic CC management help to offer the best personalized therapeutic strategy in daily clinical practice. Each individual case must be discussed within a multidisciplinary tumor board and then the treatment option decided with the patient., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest T. Lecomte: Amgen, Merck Serono, Pierre Fabre, and Servier. D. Tougeron: Amgen, Merck Serono, Pierre Fabre, Servier, MSD, BMS, Astra Zeneca, Sanofi, and Roche. F. Bibeau: Astellas, Astra-Zeneca, BMS, Incyte, MSD, Pierre Fabre, and Sanofi. R. Cohen: MSD Oncology, Pierre Fabre, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Mylan Medical, Servier, Exeliom Biosciences, and Enterome Bioscience. T. Aparicio: MSD, Pierre Fabre, BMS, Servier, and Amgen. O. Bouché: Amgen, Apmomia Therapeutics Bayer, Grunenthal, Merck KGaA, MSD, Pierre Fabre, and Servier. The other authors have reported no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate whether systematic mesh implantation upon primary colostomy creation was effective to prevent PSH., Summary of Background Data: Previous randomized trials on prevention of PSH by mesh placement have shown contradictory results., Methods: This was a prospective, randomized controlled trial in 18 hospitals in France on patients aged ≥18 receiving a first colostomy for an indication other than infection. Participants were randomized by blocks of random size, stratified by center in a 1:1 ratio to colostomy with or without a synthetic, lightweight monofilament mesh. Patients and outcome assessors were blinded to patient group. The primary endpoint was clinically diagnosed PSH rate at 24 months of the intention-to-treat population. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01380860., Results: From November 2012 to October 2016, 200 patients were enrolled. Finally, 65 patients remained in the no mesh group (Group A) and 70 in the mesh group (Group B) at 24 months with the most common reason for drop-out being death (n = 41). At 24 months, PSH was clinically detected in 28 patients (28%) in Group A and 30 (31%) in Group B [P = 0.77, odds ratio = 1.15 95% confidence interval = (0.62;2.13)]. Stoma-related complications were reported in 32 Group A patients and 37 Group B patients, but no mesh infections. There were no deaths related to mesh insertion., Conclusion: We failed to show efficiency of a prophylactic mesh on PSH rate. Placement of a mesh in a retro-muscular position with a central incision to allow colon passage cannot be recommended to prevent PSH. Optimization of mesh location and reinforcement material should be performed., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To report the largest multicentric experience on surgical management of retrorectal tumors (RRT)., Background: Literature data on RRT is limited. There is no consensus concerning the best surgical approach for the management of RRT., Methods: Patients operated for RRT in 18 academic French centers were retrospectively included (2000-2019)., Results: A total of 270 patients were included. Surgery was performed through abdominal (n = 72, 27%), bottom (n = 190, 70%), or combined approach (n = 8, 3%). Abdominal approach was laparoscopic in 53/72 (74%) and bottom approach was Kraske modified procedures in 169/190 (89%) patients. In laparoscopic abdominal group, tumors were more frequently symptomatic (37/53, 70% vs 88/169, 52%, P = 0.02), larger [mean diameter = 60.5 ± 24 (range, 13-107) vs 51 ± 26 (20-105) mm, P = 0.02] and located above S3 vertebra (n = 3/42, 7% vs 0%, P = 0.001) than those from Kraske modified group. Laparoscopy was associated with a higher risk of postoperative ileus (n = 4/53, 7.5% vs 0%, P = 0.002) and rectal fistula (n = 3/53, 6% vs 0%, P=0.01) but less wound abscess (n = 1/53, 2% vs 24/169, 14%, P = 0.02) than Kraske modified procedures. RRT was malignant in 8%. After a mean follow up of 27 ±39 (1-221) months, local recurrence was noted in 8% of the patients. After surgery, chronic pain was observed in 17% of the patients without significant difference between the 2 groups (15/74, 20% vs 3/30, 10%; P = 0.3)., Conclusions: Both laparoscopic and Kraske modified approaches can be used for surgical treatment of RRT (according to their location and their size), with similar long-term results., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Redo anastomosis can be considered in selected patients with persistent leakage, stenosis, or local recurrence. It is technically challenging, and little is known about the functional outcomes after this seldomly performed type of surgery., Objective: The aim of this study was to compare functional outcomes and the quality of life between redo anastomosis and primary successful anastomosis following total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer., Design: This study was designed as an international multicenter comparative cohort study., Settings: The study was conducted in 3 tertiary referral centers in the Netherlands, Belgium, and France., Patients: Patients undergoing redo anastomosis were compared with patients with a primary successful anastomosis after total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer., Main Outcome Measures: Low anterior resection syndrome score, European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ) C30, and EORTC QLQ-CR29 questionnaires were used to assess outcomes., Results: In total, 170 patients were included; 52 underwent redo anastomosis and 118 were controls. Major low anterior resection syndrome occurred in 73% after redo anastomosis compared with 68% following primary successful anastomosis (p = 0.52). The redo group had worse EORTC QLQ-CR29 mean scores for fecal incontinence (p = 0.03) and flatulence (p = 0.008). There were no differences in urinary (p = 0.48) or sexual dysfunction, either in men (p = 0.83) or in women (p = 0.76). Significantly worse scores in the redo group were found for global health (p = 0.002), role (p = 0.049) and social function (p = 0.006), body image (p = 0.03), and anxiety (p = 0.02)., Limitations: This study is limited by the possible response bias., Conclusions: Redo anastomosis is associated with significantly worse quality of life compared with primary successful anastomosis. However, major low anterior resection syndrome was comparable between groups and should not be a reason to preclude restoration of bowel continuity in highly motivated patients. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B565., Resultados Funcionales Y De Calidad De Vida Posterior a La Reconstruccin De La Anastomosis En Pacientes Con Cncer De Recto Estudio Internacional Multicntrico De Cohorte Comparativo: ANTECEDENTES:Se puede considerar reconstruir la anastomosis en pacientes seleccionados con fuga persistente, estenosis o recidiva local. Esto es técnicamente desafiante y poco se sabe sobre los resultados funcionales después de este tipo de cirugía que rara vez se realiza.OBJETIVO:El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar resultados funcionales y la calidad de vida entre reconstrucción de la anastomosis y la anastomosis primaria exitosa posterior de la escisión total de mesorrecto (TME) por cáncer de recto.DISEÑO:Este estudio fue diseñado como un estudio internacional multicéntrico de cohorte comparativo.ENTORNO CLINICO:El estudio se llevó a cabo en tres centros de referencia terciarios en Holanda, Bélgica y Francia.PACIENTES:Los pacientes sometidos a reconstrucción de anastomosis fueron comparados con pacientes con anastomosis primaria exitosa después de TME por cáncer de recto.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE VALORACION:Los cuestionarios; Escala de Síndrome de Resección Anterior Baja (LARS), EORTC QLQ-C30, y QLQ-CR29, fueron utilizados para evaluar los resultados.RESULTADOS:En total, se incluyeron 170 pacientes; 52 reconstrucción de anastomosis y 118 controles. LARS ocurrió en el 73% posterior a la reconstrucción de la anastomosis en comparación con el 68% posterior a la anastomosis primaria exitosa (p = 0,52). El grupo de reconstrucción tuvo peores puntuaciones medias de EORTC QLQ-CR29 para incontinencia fecal (p = 0,03) y flatulencia (p = 0,008). No hubo diferencias en disfunción urinaria (p = 0,48) o sexual, ni en hombres (p = 0,83) ni en mujeres (p = 0,76). Se encontraron puntuaciones significativamente peores en el grupo de reconstrucción para salud global (p = 0,002), desempeño (p = 0,049) y función social (p = 0,006), imagen corporal (p = 0,03) y ansiedad (p = 0,02).LIMITACIONES:La limitación de este estudio es el posible sesgo de respuesta.CONCLUSIONES:La reconstrucción de la anastomosis se asocia con una calidad de vida significativamente peor en comparación con los pacientes con anastomosis primaria exitosa. Sin embargo, LARS fue comparable entre los grupos y no debería ser una razón para impedir la restauración de la continuidad intestinal en pacientes muy motivados. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B565., (Copyright © The ASCRS 2021.)

Background and Aims: Few prospective data exist on outcomes of surgery in Crohn's disease [CD] complicated by an intra-abdominal abscess after resolution of this abscess by antibiotics optionally combined with drainage., Methods: From 2013 to 2015, all patients undergoing elective surgery for CD after successful non-operative management of an intra-abdominal abscess [Abscess-CD group] were selected from a nationwide multicentre prospective cohort. Resolution of the abscess had to be computed tomography/magnetic resonance-proven prior to surgery. Abscess-CD group patients were 1:1 matched to uncomplicated CD [Non-Penetrating-CD group] using a propensity score. Postoperative results and long-term outcomes were compared between the two groups., Results: Among 592 patients included in the registry, 63 [11%] fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The abscess measured 37 ± 20 mm and was primarily managed with antibiotics combined with drainage in 14 patients and nutritional support in 45 patients. At surgery, a residual fluid collection was found in 16 patients [25%]. Systemic steroids within 3 months before surgery [p = 0.013] and the absence of preoperative enteral support [p = 0.001] were identified as the two significant risk factors for the persistence of a fluid collection. After propensity score matching, there was no significant difference between the Abscess-CD and Non-Penetrating-CD groups in the rates of primary anastomosis [84% vs 90% respectively, p = 0.283], overall [28% vs 15% respectively, p = 0.077] and severe postoperative morbidity [7% vs 7% respectively, p = 1.000]. One-year recurrence rates for endoscopic recurrence were 41% in the Abscess-CD and 51% in the Non-Penetrating-CD group [p = 0.159]., Conclusions: Surgery after successful non-operative management of intra-abdominal abscess complicating CD provides good early and long-term outcomes., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background and Aims: To compare perioperative characteristics and outcomes between primary ileocolonic resection [PICR] and iterative ileocolic resection [IICR] for Crohn's disease [CD]., Methods: From 2013 to 2015, 567 patients undergoing ileocolonic resection were prospectively included in 19 centres of the GETAID chirurgie group. Perioperative characteristics and postoperative results of both groups [431 PICR, 136 IICR] were compared. Uni- and multivariate analyses of the risk factors of overall 30-day postoperative morbidity was carried out in the IICR group., Results: IICR patients were less likely to be malnourished [27.2% vs 39.9%, p = 0.007], and had more stricturing forms [69.1% vs 54.3%, p = 0.002] and less perforating disease [19.9% vs 39.2%, p < 0.001]. Laparoscopy was less commonly used in IICR [45.6% vs 84.5%, p < 0.01] and was associated with increased conversion rates [27.4% vs 14.6%, p = 0.012]. Overall postoperative morbidity was 36.8% in the IICR group and 26.7% in the PICR group [p = 0.024]. There was no significant difference between IICR and PICR regarding septic intra-abdominal complications, anastomotic leakage [8.8% vs 8.4%] or temporary stoma requirement. IICR patients were more likely to present with non-infectious complications and ileus [11.8% vs 3.7%, p < 0.001]. Uni- and multivariate analyses did not identify specific risk factors of overall postoperative morbidity in the IICR group., Conclusions: Surgery for recurrent CD is associated with a slight increase of non-infectious morbidity [postoperative ileus] that mainly reflects the technical difficulties of these procedures. However, IICR remains a safe therapeutic option in patients with recurrent CD because severe morbidity including anastomotic complications is similar to patients undergoing primary resection., Podcast: This article has an associated podcast which can be accessed at https://academic.oup.com/ecco-jcc/pages/podcast., (Copyright © 2019 European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation (ECCO). Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess recurrence risk factors following ileocolonic resection (ICR) for Crohn disease (CD) in a nationwide cohort study SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA:: Recurrence rate after ICR for CD can be up to 60%, but its predictive factors have never been evaluated in large prospective cohort studies., Methods: From 2013 to 2015, 346 consecutive patients undergoing ICR for CD and a postoperative ileocoloscopy within 6 to 12 months after surgery at 19 academic French centers were included prospectively., Results: Twelve-month postoperative endoscopic (Rutgeerts score ≥i2) and clinical recurrence rates were 57.6% [95% confidence interval (CI), 54.2-61.0] and 11.3% (95% CI, 9-13.6), respectively. A total of 185 patients (54%) had a postoperative CD prophylaxis, comprising thiopurine in 69 (20%), or anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy in 93 (27%). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, absence of postoperative smoking {odds ratio [OR] = 0.60 (95% CI, 0.40-0.91); P = 0.016}, postoperative prophylaxis [OR = 0.60 (95% CI, 0.41-0.88); P = 0.009], and penetrating disease behavior [OR = 0.58 (95% CI, 0.39-0.86); P = 0.007] were the only independent predictors of reduced endoscopic recurrence risk. Postoperative prophylaxis [OR 0.31 (95% CI, 0.15-0.66); P = 0.002), and penetrating behavior [OR = 00.36 (95% CI, 0.16-0.81); P = 0.013), were the only independent predictors of reduced clinical recurrence risk. Postoperative anti-TNF therapy was associated with a significant reduction of both 12-month risks of endoscopic (P < 0.001) and clinical (P = 0.019) recurrences., Conclusion: Absence of postoperative smoking, CD prophylaxis, and penetrating disease behavior could be independent predictors of reduced postoperative recurrence after ICR for CD. Prophylactic anti-TNF therapy reduces both endoscopic and clinical recurrence rates. It suggests that upfront surgery followed by postoperative anti-TNF therapy is probably the best therapeutic approach for complex CD (penetrating disease behavior).

The French National Society of Coloproctology established national recommendations for the treatment of anoperineal lesions associated with Crohn's disease. Treatment strategies for anal ulcerations and anorectal stenosis are suggested. Recommendations have been graded following international recommendations, and when absent professional agreement was established. For each situation, practical algorithms have been drawn.

Background & Aims: Acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) is a life-threatening condition managed with intravenous steroids followed by infliximab, cyclosporine, or colectomy (for patients with steroid resistance). There are no biomarkers to identify patients most likely to respond to therapy; ineffective medical treatment can delay colectomy and increase morbidity and mortality. We aimed to identify biomarkers of response to medical therapy for patients with ASUC., Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 47 patients with ASUC, well characterized for their responses to steroids, cyclosporine, or infliximab, therapy at 2 centers in France. Fixed colonic biopsies, collected before or within the first 3 days of treatment, were used for microarray analysis of microRNA expression profiles. Deep neural network-based classifiers were used to derive candidate biomarkers for discriminating responders from non-responders to each treatment and to predict which patients would require colectomy. Levels of identified microRNAs were then measured by quantitative PCR analysis in a validation cohort of 29 independent patients-the effectiveness of the classification algorithm was tested on this cohort., Results: A deep neural network-based classifier identified 9 microRNAs plus 5 clinical factors, routinely recorded at time of hospital admission, that associated with responses of patients to treatment. This panel discriminated responders to steroids from non-responders with 93% accuracy (area under the curve, 0.91). We identified 3 algorithms, based on microRNA levels, that identified responders to infliximab vs non-responders (84% accuracy, AUC = 0.82) and responders to cyclosporine vs non-responders (80% accuracy, AUC = 0.79)., Conclusion: We developed an algorithm that identifies patients with ASUC who respond vs do not respond to first- and second-line treatments, based on microRNA expression profiles in colon tissues., (Copyright © 2019 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The French National Society of Coloproctology established national recommendations for the treatment of anoperineal lesions associated with Crohn's disease. Treatment strategies for acute abscesses, active fistulas (active denovo and still active under treatment), fistulas in remission, and rectovaginal fistulas are suggested. Recommendations have been graded following the international recommendations, and when absent, professional agreement has been established. For each situation, practical algorithms have been drawn.

Objective: To compare outcome of single-port laparoscopy (SPL) and multiport laparoscopy (MPL) laparoscopy for colonic surgery., Summary of Background Data: Benefits of SPL over MPL are yet to be demonstrated in large randomized trials., Methods: In this prospective, double-blinded, superiority trial, patients undergoing laparoscopic colonic resection for benign or malignant disease were randomly assigned to SPL or MPL (NCT01959087). Primary outcome was length of theoretical hospital stay (LHS)., Results: One hundred twenty-eight patients were randomized and 125 analyzed: 62 SPL and 63 MPL, including 91 right (SPL: n = 44, 71%; MPL: n = 47, 75%) and 34 left (SPL: n = 18, 29%; MPL: n = 16, 25%) colectomies, performed for Crohn disease (n = 53, 42%), cancer (n = 36, 29%), diverticulitis (n = 21, 17%), or benign neoplasia (n = 15, 12%). Additional port insertion was required in 5 (8%) SPL patients and conversion to laparotomy occurred in 7 patients (SPL: n = 3, 5%; MPL: n = 4, 7%; P = 1.000). Total length of skin incision was significantly shorter in the SPL group [SPL: 56 ± 41 (range, 30-300) mm; MPL: 87 ± 40 (50-250) mm; P < 0.001]. Procedure duration, intraoperative complication rate, postoperative 30-day morbidity, postoperative pain, and time to first bowel movement were similar between the groups, leading to similar theoretical LHS (SPL: 6 ± 3 days; MPL: 6 ± 2; P = 0.298). At 6 months, quality of life was similar between groups, but patients from the SPL group were significantly more satisfied with their scar aspect than patients from the MPL group (P = 0.003)., Conclusion: SPL colectomy does not confer any additional benefit other than cosmetic result, as compared to MPL.

Background: There is a significant worldwide variation in practice regarding the criteria for operative intervention and overall management in patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC). A survival benefit has been described for patients with clear resection margins in patients undergoing surgery for LRRC which is seen as an important surgical quality indicator., Methods: A prospective French national database was established in 2008 which recorded procedures undertaken for locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC). Overall and Disease-Free Survival (OS, DFS) were assessed retrospectively. We report the variability and the heterogeneity of LRRC management in France as well as 5-year oncological outcomes., Results: In this national report, 104 questionnaires were completed at 29 French surgical centres with a high variability of cases-loaded. Patients had preoperative treatment in 86% of cases. Surgical procedures included APER (36%), LAR (25%), Hartmann's procedure (21%) and pelvic exenterations (15.5%). Four patients had a low sacrectomy (S4/S5). There were no postoperative deaths and overall morbidity was 41%. R0 was achieved in 60%, R1 and R2 in 29% and 11%, respectively. R0 resection resulted in a 5-year OS of 35% compared to 12% and 0% for respectively R1 and R2 (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.4-2.98; p < 0.001). OS was similar between R2 and non-resected patients (OR = 1.47; 95% CI: 0.58-3.76; p = 0.418)., Conclusions: Our data is in accordance with the literature except the rate of extended resection procedures. This underlines the selective character of operative indications for LRRC in France as well as the care variability and the absence of optimal clinical pathway regarding these patients., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Management of chronic radiation enteritis is often controversial, particularly due to the risk of short bowel syndrome., Methods: One hundred and seven chronic radiation enteritis patients with short bowel syndrome were studied retrospectively between 1980 and 2009. Survival and home parenteral nutrition dependence rates were evaluated with univariate and multivariate analysis., Results: The survival probabilities were 93%, 67% and 44.5% at 1, 5 and 10 years, respectively. On multivariate analysis, survival was significantly decreased with residual neoplastic disease (HR=0.21 [0.11-0.38], p<0.001), an American Society of Anesthesiologists score >3 (HR=0.38 [0.20-0.73], p=0.004) and an age of chronic radiation enteritis diagnosis >60 years (HR=0.45 [0.22-0.89], p=0.02). The actuarial home parenteral nutrition dependence probabilities were 66%, 55% and 43% at 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively. On multivariate analysis, this dependence was significantly decreased when there was a residual small bowel length >100 cm (HR=0.35 [0.18-0.68], p=0.002), adaptive hyperphagia (HR=0.39 [0.17-0.87], p=0.02) and the absence of a definitive stoma (HR=0.48 [0.27-0.84], p=0.01)., Conclusion: The survival of patients with diffuse chronic radiation enteritis after extensive intestinal resection was good and was mainly influenced by underlying comorbidities. Almost two-thirds of patients were able to be weaned off home parenteral nutrition., (Copyright © 2012 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To analyze the efficacy, toxicity, and pattern of relapse after adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy followed by three-dimensional irradiation and concomitant LV5FU2 chemotherapy (high-dose leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil bolus plus continuous infusion) in the treatment of completely resected high-risk gastric cancer., Methods and Materials: This was a retrospective analysis of 52 patients with high-risk gastric cancer initially treated by total/partial gastrectomy and lymphadenectomy between January 2002 and June 2007. Median age was 54 years (range, 36-75 years). Postoperative treatment consisted of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy was followed by three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in the tumor bed and regional lymph nodes at 4500 cGy/25 fractions in association with concomitant chemotherapy. Concomitant chemotherapy consisted of a 2-h infusion of leucovorin (200 mg/m²) followed by a bolus of 5-fluorouracil (400 mg/m²) and then a 44-h continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil (2400-3600 mg/m²) given every 14 days, for three cycles (LV5FU2 protocol)., Results: Five-year overall and disease-free survival were 50% and 48%, respectively. Distant metastases and peritoneal spread were the most frequent sites of relapse (37% each). After multivariate analysis, only pathologic nodal status was significantly associated with disease-free and overall survival. Acute toxicities were essentially gastrointestinal and hematologic. One myocardial infarction and one pulmonary embolism were also reported. Eighteen patients had a radiotherapy program interruption because of acute toxicity. All patients but 2 have completed radiotherapy., Conclusion: Postoperative cisplatin-based chemotherapy followed by conformal radiotherapy in association with concurrent 5-fluorouracil seemed to be feasible and resulted in successful locoregional control., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: This study aimed to identify risk factors of postoperative 30-day mortality (POM) after colorectal cancer resection., Summary: Meta-analyses have failed to demonstrate any significant benefit of laparoscopy in terms of postoperative mortality. This could be explained by the lack of a large sample size., Methods: All patients who underwent colorectal resection for cancer between 2006 and 2008 in France were included. Data were extracted from the French National Health Service Database. A multivariate analysis evaluating risk factors for POM was performed including the following factors: age, gender, tumor location, associated comorbidities, emergency surgery, synchronous liver metastasis, malnutrition, and surgical approach., Results: During the 3-year period, a total of 84,524 colorectal resections for colorectal cancer were performed: 22,359 through laparoscopy (26%) and 62,165 through laparotomy (74%). From 2006 to 2008, laparoscopic approach rate increased from 23% to 29% (P < 0.001). POM was 5.0%: 2% after laparoscopy and 6% after laparotomy (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, 7 independent factors were significantly associated with a higher POM: age 70 years or more [P < 0.001, odds ratio (OR): 3.28; (3.00-3.59)], respiratory comorbidity [P < 0.001, OR: 3.16; (2.91-3.37)], vascular comorbidity [P < 0.001, OR: 2.66; (2.48-2.85)], neurologic comorbidity [P < 0.001, OR: 1.78; (1.51-2.09)], emergency surgery [P < 0.001, OR: 2.68; (2.48-2.90)], synchronous liver metastasis [P < 0.001, OR: 2.63; (2.41-2.86)], and preoperative malnutrition [OR: 1.33; (1.19-1.50)]. Laparoscopic surgery [P < 0.001, OR: 0.59; (0.54-0.65)] was independently associated with a significant decreased POM., Conclusions: This all-inclusive national study showed that POM after colorectal cancer surgery is significantly reduced in case of age less than 70 years, elective surgery, and absence of synchronous liver metastasis, malnutrition, respiratory, neurologic, or vascular comorbidity. Furthermore, it is suggested that a laparoscopic surgery is independently associated with a decreased POM. This result, observed at a national level, must be considered when choosing the best surgical approach for colorectal cancer treatment.

Objective: To assess with a single-blinded, multicenter, randomized trial, the postoperative results in patients undergoing sphincter-saving rectal resection for cancer without preoperative mechanical bowel preparation (MBP)., Background: The collective evidence from literature strongly suggests that MBP, before elective colonic surgery, is of no benefit in terms of postoperative morbidity. Very few data and no randomized study are available for rectal surgery and preliminary results conclude toward the safety of rectal resection without MBP., Methods: From October 2007 to January 2009, patients scheduled for elective rectal cancer sphincter-saving resection were randomized to receive preoperative MBP (ie, retrograde enema and oral laxatives) or not. Primary endpoint was the overall 30-day morbidity rate. Secondary endpoints included mortality rate, anastomotic leakage rate, major morbidity rate (Dindo III or more), degree of discomfort for the patient, and hospital stay., Results: A total of 178 patients (103 men), including 89 in both groups (no-MBP and MBP groups), were included in the study. The overall and infectious morbidity rates were significantly higher in no-MBP versus MBP group, 44% versus 27%, P = 0.018, and 34% versus 16%, P = 0.005, respectively. Regarding both anastomotic leakage and major morbidity rates, there was no significant difference between no-MBP and MBP group: 19% versus 10% (P = 0.09) and 18% versus 11% (P = 0.69), respectively. Moderate or severe discomfort was reported by 40% of prepared patients. Mortality rate (1.1% vs 3.4%) and mean hospital stay (16 vs 14 days) did not differ significantly between both groups., Conclusions: This first randomized trial demonstrated that rectal cancer surgery without MBP was associated with higher risk of overall and infectious morbidity rates without any significant increase of anastomotic leakage rate. Thus, it suggests continuing to perform MBP before elective rectal resection for cancer.

Objective: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) allows complete local excision of rectal tumor, especially in the middle and upper part of the rectum, and provides an alternative to conventional surgery. This is a report of the first French single-center experience to assess the feasibility and postoperative results for rectal tumor excised by TEM., Methods: From October 2007 to December 2008, 27 patients underwent TEM for excision of either rectal adenoma (n=19) or carcinoma (n=8). The median distance from the anal verge was 60mm (range: 10-140)., Results: TEM excision was performed in 26/27 patients. Intraoperative technical difficulties were recorded in two patients (peritoneal perforation and gas leakage, respectively). The morbidity rate was 22% (n=6), including two patients (7%) with major complications (delayed rectal bleeding) requiring readmission to hospital for both, and surgical hemostasis for one. R0 resection rates for adenoma and carcinoma were 84% and 75%, respectively. Immediate salvage surgery was performed in one patient because of a T2R1 carcinoma. At the time of the median follow-up at nine months (range: 2.5-17.5), no patient had experienced a recurrence., Conclusion: TEM is a safe and effective procedure with low morbidity for local rectal tumor resection. It allows local excision of benign tumors, especially those that are inaccessible to conventional local surgery resection, thereby avoiding radical surgery. In cases of carcinoma, its role in local surgery remains controversial and is yet to be defined., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Unplanned readmission after colorectal surgery is a relatively frequent event, knowledge of which often is inaccurate. This study was designed to examine the incidence and causes of readmissions and to determine the criteria that could predict them., Methods: From June to September 2002, 1,421 patients were enrolled in a prospective, multicenter study performed by the Association Francaise de Chirurgie. The goal of the study was to determine mortality and morbidity after colorectal surgery for elective or emergency surgical management of diverticular disease or cancer. In the study, readmissions within three months after discharge were assessed., Results: Of 1,421 patients, 342 patients (27 percent) were readmitted once after a mean period of 53 days. Among the readmissions, 248 (19.5 percent) were planned and 94 (7.5 percent) were unplanned (mainly for septic complications). With the multivariate logistic regression analysis, five independent factors were significantly associated with a higher risk of unplanned readmission (in order of importance): surgical field contamination, long duration of operation, need for an associated surgical procedure, hemoglobin level <12 g/dl, and absence of air testing after colorectal anastomosis., Conclusions: The study permitted to individualize several factors significantly associated with a higher risk of unplanned readmission after colorectal surgery.

Objective: The aim of the present prospective study was to validate externally a 4-item predictive score of mortality after colorectal surgery (the AFC score) by testing its generalizability on a new population., Summary Background Data: We have recently reported, in a French prospective multicenter study, that age older than 70 years, neurologic comorbidity, underweight (body weight loss >10% in <6 months), and emergency surgery significantly increased postoperative mortality after resection for cancer or diverticulitis., Patients and Methods: From June to September 2004, 1049 consecutive patients (548 men and 499 women) with a mean age of 67 +/- 14 years, undergoing open or laparoscopic colorectal resection, were prospectively included. The AFC score was validated in this population. We assessed also the predictive value of other scores, such as the "Glasgow" score and the ASA score. To express and compare the predictive value of the different scores, a receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated., Results: Postoperative mortality rate was 4.6%. Variables already identified as predictors of mortality and used in the AFC score were also found to be associated with a high odds ratio in this study: emergency surgery, body weight loss >10%, neurologic comorbidity, and age older than 70 years in a multivariate logistic model. The validity of the AFC score in this population was found very high based both on the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test (P = 0.37) and on the area under the ROC curve (0.89). We also found that discriminatory capacity was higher than other currently used risk scoring systems such as the Glasgow or ASA score., Conclusion: The present prospective study validated the AFC score as a pertinent predictive score of postoperative mortality after colorectal surgery. Because it is based on only 4 risk factors, the AFC score can be used in daily practice.

Purpose: Tobacco smoking is associated with a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer. This study was designed to assess the role of smoking in early onset of colorectal pathology., Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study of 997 patients with colorectal cancer. Age of colorectal cancer diagnosis was studied in two groups of patients, i.e., smokers (>10 pack-years) and nonsmokers. Confounding factors, such as alcohol drinking, obesity, and gender, also were studied using a correlation analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis., Results: Of the 997 patients, 852 had sufficient data for analysis and were included. Baseline analysis showed that excluded patients had similar demographic characteristics. Smokers (n=108) reported symptoms related to colorectal cancer at an earlier mean age (64.1 (standard deviation, 11.7) years) than nonsmokers (69.6 (standard deviation, 12.6) years; mean difference, 5.5 (standard deviation, 1.2 years); P<0.001). Impact of smoking according to the bowel segment involved was significant for slow-transit segments (transverse and sigmoid colon and rectum). Multivariate analysis revealed that tobacco smoking was the only independent risk factor of early onset of colorectal cancers., Conclusions: Tobacco smoking could be a factor of early onset of colorectal cancers especially for slow-transit bowel segments. If these findings are confirmed in larger studies, screening for colorectal cancer should not involve a simple sigmoidoscopy but also an exploration of transverse colon in smokers.

Background: The aim of the study was to assess both mortality and morbidity following resection of mid and low rectal cancers in a French prospective multicentric study., Patients: From June to September 2002, consecutive patients undergoing resection for cancer of the mid- or lower rectum were prospectively included in a multicentric study. Both postoperative mortality and morbidity were recorded. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed in order to assess risk factors predictive of postoperative morbidity., Results: 238 patients with a mean age of 66 +/- 13 years (range: 26-88) were included. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy was performed in 68% of the patients. Total mesorectal excision was performed in 218 patients (92%), of whom 151 (63%) had a sphincter saving procedure. Six patients died (2.5%). Overall postoperative morbidity rate was 43%, including anastomotic leakage (11%) and reoperation (5%). Mean hospital-in-stay was 20 +/- 16 days (range: 3191). Four independent risk factors of morbidity were found: perioperative fecal contamination (OR = 3.9 [1.1; 13.5]), mean operating time longer than 6 hours (OR = 4.5 [1.7; 12.1]), ASA score > 2 (OR = 3.2 [1.6; 7.9]), and smocking (OR = 3.3 [1.2; 8.9])., Conclusions: Resection of cancer involving the middle or lower rectum with sphincter saving procedures was possible in two-thirds of the patients and was associated with 2.5% mortality and 43% morbidity.

Hypothesis: Better knowledge of independent risk factors might decrease mortality and morbidity rates following colorectal surgery., Design: Prospective multicenter study., Interventions: From June to September 2002, consecutive patients undergoing open or laparoscopic surgery (electively or on an emergent basis) for colorectal cancers or diverticular disease were prospectively included. Exclusion criteria were colectomy for other causes (eg, inflammatory bowel diseases, benign polyps). The structured sheet of data collection included more than 200 items on all perioperative data concerning the patient, the disease, and the operating surgeons. Postoperative mortality and morbidity were defined as in-hospital death and complications., Results: Among 1421 patients, the in-hospital death rate was 3.4% and the overall morbidity rate was 35%. Four independent preoperative risk factors of mortality were found: emergency surgery, loss of more than 10% of weight, neurological comorbidity, and age older than 70 years. Six independent risk factors of morbidity were found: age older than 70 years, neurologic comorbidity, hypoalbuminemia, cardiorespiratory comorbidity, long duration of operation, and peritoneal contamination., Conclusion: Colorectal resection in France is associated with a 3.4% mortality rate and a 35% morbidity rate. Knowledge of the risk factors could help surgeons manage cases.

The French Society of Digestive Surgery conducted a survey among its members to assess whether or not the routine practice of gastrointestinal surgery is evidence based. The questionnaire included 13 questions focusing on several aspects of gastrointestinal surgery and for which strong evidence exists. The participants (n = 379) were asked to respond according to their usual practice. The response rate was 75%. Only 57% +/- 15% of the responses were in accordance with the evidence. That rate of evidence-based responses did not differ according to the age of participants but was higher at university hospitals (P = 0.05).