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Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a candidate to be included in European diet due to its seed oil content and composition. Its cultivation in Europe has been assessed in several European countries by introducing genotypes from Latin America. The cultivar Oruro (released by Panam Company, France) was used in this study and cultivated at two locations of southern West of France (Lavaur and Samatan). The aims of this study were to investigate the oil content and composition of chia seeds cultivated in two locations under organic conditions in southern West of France. As expected, location factor affected oil content. Moreover, this factor affected also fatty acid, sterols and tocopherols content and composition. Lavaur presented higher oil content than Samatan. This later location presented higher temperature during grain filling period. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were more represented at Lavaur than at Samatan. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids showed the opposite trends. Sterols and tocopherols were more accumulated in chia seeds at Lavaur. These results showed that all quality traits of chia seed cultivated in France were affected by climatic conditions prevailing in location of cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Louis René Le Canu (1800-1871), French physician and pharmacist, who dedicated most of his life to the physiological examination of blood and urine, and the distillation of several vegetable oils, in particular, castor oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential benefits on human health have prompted an interest in developing nutritional strategies for reducing saturated and increasing specific unsaturated fatty acids (FA) in ruminant milk. The impact of the level and type of starchy concentrate added to diets supplemented with sunflower-seed oil on caprine milk FA composition and on mammary, omental and perirenal adipose, and liver lipid metabolism was examined in fourteen Alpine goats in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square with 21 d experimental periods. Treatments were a grass hay-based diet with a high level of forage (F) or a high level of concentrate with either maize grain (CM) or flattened wheat (CW) as source of starch and supplemented with 130 g/d sunflower-seed oil. Milk yield was enhanced (P < 0·01) and milk fat content was decreased on the CM and CW diets compared with the F diet, resulting in similar milk fat secretion. Both high-concentrate diets increased (P < 0·05) milk yield of 10 : 0-16 : 0 and decreased trans-9,11-18 : 1 and cis-9, trans-11-18 : 2. The CW diet decreased (P < 0·05) the output of Σ C18 and Σ cis-18 : 1 and increased (P < 0·05) the output of trans-10-18 : 1 in milk. The expression and/or activity of fourteen proteins involved in the major lipogenic pathways in mammary tissues and of lipogenic genes in adipose and liver tissues were similar among treatments. In conclusion, high starch concentrates alter milk FA yield via mechanisms independent of changes in mammary, liver or adipose tissue lipogenic gene expression. Furthermore, data provided indications that mammary lipogenic responses to starch-rich diets differ between caprine and bovine ruminants. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents information about the German military occupation of France during the National Socialist regime in Germany. Descriptions are given of German plans to take control of French colonial resources, such as West African plant oils and natural rubber from Indochina. It is noted that German forces did not accomplish their desired goals because of complications involving principal-agent relations. Further comments are given regarding the French government's maintaining of control over its export relationship with Germany.

The influence of macroinvertebrate diet on growth and fatty acid profiles of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr released at the fry stage in three different riffles was studied in a large temperate river (Allier, France). Comparisons were made between sites and between restocked parr and hatchery-reared counterparts fed with a traditional fish diet. Significant differences were observed along the longitudinal gradient of the river and between restocked and hatchery-reared parr. Growth performance and nutritional status were higher in the hatchery and in downstream riffles and low in the most upstream site. These differences appeared to be related to different types of diet and consequently to variations in polar and neutral lipid intakes. The most favorable site for optimum growth appeared to be the intermediary riffle, with values close to those achieved in the hatchery. Simuliids and baetids, preferentially consumed in downstream sites, constitute an interesting type of food, showing quite different fatty acid composition from vegetable oils. This could be of interest for composing a new diet formula for young salmon intended for river restocking, imitating these macroinvertebrate fatty acid profiles. L’influence de la consommation de proies naturelles sur la croissance et les profils d’acides gras de tacons de saumon atlantique (Salmo salar) déversés dans différents radiers a été étudiée sur un grand cours d’eau européen : l’Allier, France. Des comparaisons ont été effectuées entre trois sites de déversement étagés de l’amont vers l’aval, ainsi qu’entre les tacons relâchés et leurs homologues maintenus en salmoniculture et nourris d’aliments artificiels formulés à partir de farines de poissons. Les meilleures performances de croissance et de statut nutritionnel ont été observés en salmoniculture ainsi que dans les radiers aval, tandis que les plus faibles ont été enregistrées sur le radier situé le plus en amont. Ces observations semblent être liées aux différences de régime alimentaire, et par conséquent, à des teneurs variables en lipides neutres et polaires. Le radier le plus favorable à la croissance des tacons semble être le site intermédiaire qui présente des performances proches de celles observées en salmoniculture. En outre, les simulidés et les baetidés, proies préférentiellement consommées dans les sites aval, semblent constituer une nourriture intéressante pour les juvéniles en raison de leurs profils particuliers d’acides gras. Ces diptères pourraient ainsi permettre de formuler de nouveaux aliments artificiels destinés aux tacons de repeuplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Basis for utilization of konjac flying powder on wood protectors were provided. • The antifungal active fractions are mainly organic acids and plant essential oils. • Konjac flying powder might provide a natural alternative for wood preservatives. • Plant containing essential oils and organic acids might have antifungal potential. Public concern for the environment has stimulated the development of natural wood preservatives. The antifungal activity of konjac (Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch) flying powder (a by-product produced during mechanical processing of konjac flour) ethanol extracts was evaluated against wood decay fungi in poplar (Populus nigra L.). Compounds associated with antifungal activity in the extracts were isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography. The antifungal active fractions were identified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). The ethanol extracts showed better activity against the brown-rot fungus, Gloeophyllum trabeum (Pers.: Fr.) Murr. than the white-rot fungus, Trametes versicolor (L. ex Fr.) Quél. in poplar. The antifungal active fractions were mainly composed of organic acids and plant essential oils. Salicylic acid, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, vanillin and cinnamaldehyde were present in the active fractions. These compounds showed high efficacy against both fungi in poplar. The results indicate that konjac extracts have potential as natural wood protectants and suggested that some fractions of konjak flying powder may be useful for protecting wood against fungal attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piperonyl butoxide is a semi-synthetic synergist for natural pyrethrum and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides in phytochemicals and biocides. As such it is used in large quantities for crop treatments, stored grain protection, disinfestation of grain storage facilities and indoor uses. Piperonyl butoxide is consequently a regular contaminant in stored grains, and subsequently in corresponding cereal food products and meat via feed uses. Therefore it is regularly monitored and its MRL is ongoing a reassessment. It is also considered as a possible human carcinogen and a suspected endocrine disruptor. For all these reasons and considerations most of the countries have already banned its use in Organic Farming as France in 2017. Thus, ecological substitution of with biorational and sustainable solutions is required. Vegetable oils have been described as exhibiting similar potency and synergistic effects. We have reviewed the literature and have proceeded to ecotoxicological efficacy tests in order to determine the best and most durable substitution candidates. Sesame and rape seed oil were determined to be the most efficient.