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Retinoblastomas are the most frequent primary malignant intraocular tumours worldwide. Conventional and new treatment modalities have significantly improved the chance for survival and preservation of vision. The armamentarium of treatment modalities has been broadened recently by new techniques like intraarterial chemotherapy, which still has to be considered as experimental since long-term follow-up results are not yet available. The excellent prognosis for retinoblastomas in countries with a well developed health system is contrasted by the miserable prognosis for retinoblastomas in developing countries, which must be changed by a joint effort of all centres., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Methods based on molecular biology and molecular medicine now have important practical applications in many areas of theoretical and clinical medicine, and it is no longer possible to imagine life without them. This means that in a largely surgical discipline, such as urology, completely new challenges are coming to the fore, which urology, as an academic and clinical discipline, now has to face up to, and to a much greater degree than hitherto. However, there is less and less freedom of action in any university department of urology, as a result not only of intensified legal outline conditions in the healthcare sector and tight public budgets, but also of faculty- and hospital-specific blocks to innovation. There is an urgent need for the creation of appropriate outline conditions and innovative structures that will allow efficient surgical care and also an efficient way of working scientifically.

Any person actively engaged in the sphere of Public Health who refers to "molecular medicine" is bound to arouse suspicion. Nevertheless, neither Public Health nor public health protection or the health sciences in general can afford to ignore medicine and biology. This fundamental fact is explored in a historical and subsequently in an anthropological context. The connections between molecular medicine and public health are discussed at length. Accordingly, health on an individual as well as on a social level is essentially bound to the knowledge of genetically determined dispositions. We may expect that this molecular-genetic reality will become as "true" in future as the hygienic-bacteriological reality has become "true" today. The medicalisation of all human realities will be continued by their "molecularisation". It is important to fundamentally understand the actual effects of this transformation, which is the subject of a wider public discussion. This is the only way to rationally estimate both the opportunities offered by molecular medicine and the involved risks. It is essential for a debate of this kind within public health care institutions that the public health movement addresses the current developments of molecular medicine in a critical but constructive manner. "Nature", and with it the medicine and biology of public health, is an essential aspect of protecting public health. This is the only way to clarify the sphere of activity of public health protection in general, to appreciate its dynamics and to develop adequate measures: "Health is a crossroad" according to Julio Frenk: "It is where biological and social factors, the individual and the community, and social economic policy all converge".

The obvious increase of human age even up to above one hundred years in nearly all civilised countries leeds the autor to discuss the following actual gerontologic problems: the needs for further splitting of categories of high age, the reasons for the rapid increase of the oldest-old group and the predicted "mushroom"-shaped age-pyramid in Germany. Further subjects are the liability of age-declaration in the highest age group according to the strict directions by Kannisto, the total account of men and women above one hundred years of age in different countries and in Germany since 1963, the difference between relative and absolute longevity and new molecular-biologic and genetic studies on extreme age.

Neuropathology (Np) is a full member of the neurosciences. As a basic neuroscience it is directed to the behaviour of nervous tissues under pathogenic conditions. The theoretical and methodical core of Np concerns the morphological features of pathological disorders and processes of the nervous system. The goal of Np data presentation is an objective description of the structural changes; their time course as processes, and if possible their causal constellations. Complementary to this analytical task is that of reconstructing the pathological process and at a higher level the conception of pathomorphological entities, e.g. as syndromes. Clinical Np is an alliance of Np with neurology, psychiatry and neurosurgery for representing the structural basis of diseases and the role of morphology in diagnosis and clinical management. Prerequisite for the proper functioning of Np is an integration with these other specialist fields. The clinical neuropathologist therefore has to be in certain respects also a neurologist. The same is true of the alliances of Np with other neurosciences, which is already reflected in recent neuropathological methodology. Detailed training programs are necessary for clinical Np, covering all aspects of its medical and social implications. Enough options should be offered for horizontal flexibility of curricula, futherance of secondary special training and support of good unconventional approaches by junior scientists.