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Training of self-regulated learning is most effective if it supports learning strategies in combination with metacognitive regulation, and learners can transfer their acquired metacognitive regulation skills to different tasks that require the use of the same learning strategy (near transfer). However, whether learners can transfer metacognitive regulation skills acquired in combination with a specific learning strategy to the regulation of a different learning strategy (far transfer) is still under debate. While there is empirical evidence that learners can transfer metacognitive regulation between different learning strategies of the same type (e.g., from one cognitive learning strategy to another), whether transfer also occurs between learning strategies of different types is an open question. Here, we conducted an experimental field study with 5th and 6th grade students (N = 777). Students were cluster-randomized and assigned to one of three groups: two experimental groups receiving different training on the metacognitive regulation of a cognitive learning strategy and one control group receiving no training. After training, students worked on two different tasks; after each task, we measured their metacognitive regulation of a resource management strategy, that is, investing mental effort. Results (based on data from 368 students due to pandemic conditions) indicated far metacognitive regulation transfer: After training, students in the training groups were better able to metacognitively regulate their mental effort than students in the control group. Although effect sizes were small, our results support the hypothesis of far transfer of metacognitive regulation.

"Research Findings:" Promoting children's science knowledge by adequate measures such as guided or free play is a cardinal goal of preschool. However, there is considerable variability in preschool teachers' instructional quality in block play, which might be associated with children's domain-specific science skills but also their mathematic and language achievement. To examine preschool teachers' instructional quality in a free block play episode we used a video-based assessment. We assessed children's knowledge in block play along with mathematics, language capacity, self-concept and cognitive skills. In order to obtain first insights into the association between teachers' practice and children's knowledge, we took a correlational approach. The sample consisted of N = 73 preschool teachers and N = 431 children. The results revealed considerable differences between preschool teachers' instructional quality. Overall instructional quality during block play as well as specific dimensions such as the use of spatial language, math language and cognitive activating scaffolding were positively associated with children's stability knowledge in block play. Moreover, preschool teachers' general language use and stimulation of communication as well as their sensitivity were positively associated with children's self-concept in block play. "Practice and policy:" Our study emphasizes the importance of preschool teachers' support for children's knowledge and self-concept and expands prior findings on early science learning.

Students experience many difficulties learning the fundamental relationships in Newtonian mechanics, partly due to preexisting mental models that originate from their everyday lives. These preconceptions often persist even after instruction in mechanics and lead to a supposed incompatibility between physics lessons in school and personal experiences. This article presents research that focuses on students' concept knowledge and conceptual understanding in the field of Newtonian dynamics. Interventions are presented that discuss authentic experiments with friction using different software as a tool. Overall, the interventions lead to an increase in conceptual understanding with a large effect size. A hierarchical linear model (HLM) is used to identify factors that lead to a larger or smaller increase in conceptual understanding of the topic. With the HLM, we infer that the pretest score, the students' interest in how physical properties interrelate (interest in "theoretical physics"), prior physics performance (in kinematics in this case, measured in the physics grade), and the (intrinsic and extraneous) cognitive load influence the post-test score. We discuss possible explanations as to why these factors influence students' conceptual change.

Digital technologies have transformed medical care and education by providing rapid access to knowledge and advanced methods, such as augmented reality and haptic feedback. These technologies are improving the efficiency of healthcare professionals and the quality of medical education. Particularly in Germany, where a shortage of skilled workers and an aging population are increasing pressure on the healthcare system, digital methods can help to optimize workflows and improve training. The integration of haptic feedback in this context makes it possible to make virtual objects tangible, increasing immersion and ultimately learning success. The application presented, SkillsLab+, uses augmented reality and haptic feedback via a data glove to provide a digitized version of the analog SkillsLab medical training programme. SkillsLab+ was evaluated using standardized questionnaires (Igroup Presence Questionnaire, presence, and haptic questionnaires). In order to determine the learning outcomes of the students, an AB test was carried out comparing the final grades. At the same time, a subjective questionnaire was used to assess whether students felt better prepared for the exam. In this context, this article aims to evaluate the learning success and compare the results with the previous proof of concept study of 2022. The results of the comparison show an improvement in the responses to the SkillsLab+ questionnaire in 2023. The result of the examination also improved compared to the group without AR experience. This shows the improvement in application and learning with the help of augmented reality and haptic feedback. They were more confident, had better results, and felt better prepared for the exams.

Background: Inquiry-based instruction is a prominent teaching strategy in science education that is assumed to be an effective means to foster not only students' understanding of science content but also their procedural and epistemic knowledge concerning inquiry processes. Empirical studies have repeatedly shown that inquiry-related activities should be combined with instruction that explicitly addresses procedural and epistemic knowledge to support students' learning effectively. Purpose: The aim of this study is to explore to what extent explicit instruction on procedural and epistemic knowledge is occurring in inquiry-based biology and chemistry lessons. Sample: The sample analysed in this study consist of 16 inquiry-based biology and chemistry lessons recorded in German classrooms. Design and Methods: The video recordings of the lessons were analysed in three steps. First, event-based codes were used to identify all phases of a lesson in which students were engaged in an inquiry-related activity (e.g. developing questions, planning investigations). Second, each phase was analysed with respect to features of explicit instruction (e.g. explications of inquiry strategies). Third, event-based codes were used to capture individual features of explicit instruction in a phase. Results: In our sample explicit instruction on procedural knowledge occurred rarely and mostly in the form of brief sidenotes rather than as a comprehensive and deliberately planned action. Furthermore, explicit instruction on epistemic knowledge was virtually non-existent. However, we observed that many tasks and questions that are given by the teachers during their lessons have a high potential for making procedural (and epistemic) aspects explicit. Conclusion: While this explorative study does not allow for causal explanations for the lack of explicit instruction, its findings provide important insights into classroom practice. Implications for teacher education and future research are discussed.

This study examines how the proportion of students with special educational needs (SEN) in class and their individual victimisation experiences may affect student-student and student-teacher relationships, social inclusion, and emotional well-being in school. The interaction of students' SEN status and their victimisation experiences is also investigated. The convenience sample consists of 248 students (114 female, 134 male students) from the ages of 9 to 16 years (M = 11.53, SD = 1.43) enrolled in seven secondary schools in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Results of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that a higher proportion of SEN in class was associated with lower ratings for student-teacher relationships, and that victimisation experiences were a significant predictor for student-student relationships and for social inclusion. Individual SEN status was related to lower ratings of social inclusion. Probing the interaction of SEN status and victimisation experiences on emotional well-being revealed non-significant simple slopes irrespective of SEN status. The corresponding statistical models yielded low to moderate variance explanations, indicating that the proportion of SEN in class, victimisation experiences, and individual SEN status may play a role in mental health related psychosocial outcome variables.

Background: The importance of diagnostic and scaffolding activities for early science learning has been shown consistently. However, preschool teachers scarcely engage in them. We developed an instrument to assess preschool teachers' willingness to engage in diagnostic and scaffolding activities in science learning situations and examined its relation with teachers' knowledge, beliefs and practice. Aims: We validate an instrument to assess willingness to engage in scaffolding and diagnostic activities and study the interplay between willingness, learning beliefs, content knowledge (CK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) in the context of science learning, particularly block play. Sample(s): A total of N = 151 preschool teachers from 41 kindergartens in Germany participated in our study. Methods: Preschool teachers completed a questionnaire, which took approximately 1 hour of time. We drew a subsample of N = 73 teachers and observed their practice during a 30 min block play episode. Results: With our instrument, we were able to distinguish between preschool teachers' willingness to diagnose and to scaffold. Preschool teachers' co-constructivist beliefs and PCK predicted willingness to engage in diagnosing, PCK also predicted willingness to engage in scaffolding. Associations between learning beliefs and practice were inconsistent. Conclusions: Our study highlights aspects of the association between preschool teachers' PCK and their willingness to engage in diagnosing and scaffolding. However, we found inconsistencies between preschool teachers' beliefs and practice, which call for further clarification.

Background: Urban and rural areas have been experiencing major demographic and structural changes, characterized by an aging population in rural areas and a growth of cities in number and size. However, it is poorly researched how children's physical activity and screen time developed in urban and rural areas. To address this deficit, we investigated physical activity and screen-time trends in Germany's pediatric population across four urbanicity levels (rural, small town, medium-sized town, city). Method: We obtained weighted data at three cross-sectional timepoints between 2003 and 2017, representative for Germany's child and adolescent population. Physical activity and screen time were self-reported. We analyzed trends using a structural equation modeling framework for the overall sample and calculated interactions between the trends and age and gender, respectively. Results: In total, 12,161 children and adolescents between 4 and 17 years participated in the study. Children and adolescents in rural areas experienced a downward trend in total physical activity. Outdoor play and leisure-time physical activity decreased across all areas, with the strongest decline in rural areas. Computer and gaming time increased across all areas except for cities, with the sharpest increase in rural areas. The decline in outdoor play and the incline in computer and gaming time were driven by adolescents. Females showed stronger increases in computer and gaming time than males. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that in a representative sample of children and adolescents in Germany, detrimental trends in children's physical activity and screen time occur at a higher rate in rural areas compared with urban environments. This provides critical information for health policy: While all children and adolescents should be targeted for physical activity promotion, a special focus should be on tailoring interventions for rural areas to prevent and mitigate inequalities in physical activity across urban and rural areas.

Purpose: A previous study about a long-term internship implemented in the Master's program of eleven physical education preservice teachers showed that the preservice teachers had low performance scores in the area of Instructional Support. These results left many questions unanswered, so the written self-reflections of the preservice teachers were investigated. Method and Results: A quantitative content analysis of their written reflections, based on the dimensions of the Classroom Assessment Scoring System K-3, showed that the participants pay little attention to the domain of Instructional Support. A qualitative content analysis showed that the preservice teachers relied on self-made experiences and the advice given by their mentors from school who pay little attention to Instructional Support. Discussion and Conclusion: Instructional Support should be given a higher priority in the context of long-term internships and in accompanying reflective assignments, especially with regard to differentiation and inclusion of all students.

The acquisition of warranted domain-specific knowledge is essential for practical work in medicine. The medical field, however, suffers from 'information overload', and students and physicians rely on access to verified, up-to-date information. Based on prior research, we investigated (1) which media medical students use for learning, (2) how their media use changes over the course of studies, and (3) how their media use and changes therein influence their acquisition of medical knowledge. Moreover, we examined (4) the influence of factors such as media overload. In a pre-post design, we assessed the development of students' medical knowledge before (T1) and after (T2) attending physiology seminars, and examined the relationship between their knowledge development and media use. Our analyses showed a significant increase in students' domain-specific knowledge after the seminars. In contrast, their media use behavior did not change substantially, with online sources being used more frequently than textbooks and course materials. An increased use of additional textbooks and online sources from T1 to T2 was linked to a stronger increase in knowledge. The results indicate that students' media use behavior influences their knowledge gain over their course of study, which has important implications for developing curricula in medical education.

Purpose: Approaches to solving sustainability problems require a specific problem-solving mode, encompassing the complexity, fuzziness and interdisciplinary nature of the problem. This paper aims to promote a complex systems' view of addressing sustainability problems, in particular through the tool of network science, and provides an outline of an interdisciplinary training workshop. Design/methodology/approach: The topic of the workshop is the analysis of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a political action plan. The authors are interested in the synergies and trade-offs between the goals, which are investigated through the structure of the underlying network. The authors use a teaching approach aligned with sustainable education and transformative learning. Findings: Methodologies from network science are experienced as valuable tools to familiarise students with complexity and to handle the proposed case study. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first work which uses network terminology and approaches to teach sustainability problems. This work highlights the potential of network science in sustainability education and contributes to accessible material.

Planning and conducting experiments require the application of the control of variables strategy (CVS). Research indicates that older children can learn the CVS by engaging in guided-inquiry activities. It has not been studied yet whether this is also the case for children as young as 6- to 7-years. 145 children aged 6-7 years participated in a study with a pre-, post-, follow-up test design comprising two experimental groups (EG 1, EG 2) and a control group (CG). EG 1 and EG 2 received a structured-inquiry lesson, thus, carrying out six predetermined experiments with an adult's implicit guidance. While the lesson in EG 1 was in the same physics domain as the test's physics domain, in EG 2 the lesson's physics domain differed from the test's domain. The CG did not experiment. We assessed children's CVS ability with a multiple-choice test. Results suggested that some children in the EGs learned the CVS, whereas in the CG, no learning effects occurred. However, most children in the EGs did not gain in the CVS ability, indicating that the small dose of six experiments in one physics domain was insufficient for learning the CVS.

Integration of medical imaging into preclinical anatomy courses is already underway in many medical schools. However, interpretation of two-dimensional grayscale images is difficult and conventional volume rendering techniques provide only images of limited quality. In this regard, a more photorealistic visualization provided by Cinematic Rendering (CR) may be more suitable for anatomical education. A randomized, two-period crossover study was conducted from July to December 2018, at the University Hospital of Erlangen, Germany to compare CR and conventional computed tomography (CT) imaging for speed and comprehension of anatomy. Sixteen students were randomized into two assessment sequences. During each assessment period, participants had to answer 15 anatomy-related questions that were divided into three categories: parenchymal, musculoskeletal, and vascular anatomy. After a washout period of 14 days, assessments were crossed over to the respective second reconstruction technique. The mean interperiod differences for the time to answer differed significantly between the CR-CT sequence (-204.21 ± 156.0 seconds) and the CT-CR sequence (243.33 ± 113.83 seconds; P < 0.001). Overall time reduction by CR was 65.56%. Cinematic Rendering visualization of musculoskeletal and vascular anatomy was higher rated compared to CT visualization (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003), whereas CT visualization of parenchymal anatomy received a higher scoring than CR visualization (P < 0.001). No carryover effects were observed. A questionnaire revealed that students consider CR to be beneficial for medical education. These results suggest that CR has a potential to enhance knowledge acquisition and transfer from medical imaging data in medical education.

This article investigates the different types of language classes for Uralic languages in higher education contexts to derive principles in course planning for minority language teaching. As a micro-level example, a foreign language class for South Estonian, aimed at a general audience at LMU Munich, is analysed and informs the discussion of economically efficient and pedagogically effective strategies in curriculum and syllabus design for this target group. The suggested approach uses authentic media in a theme-based, content-based instruction (CBI) classroom with an integrated syllabus of text-based, task-based, and media-based syllabus types, which helps to address the needs and interests of the target group consisting of university students. This enables critical engagement with minority media, development of media literacy, and autonomous student projects on the target language. Additionally, the adoption of a positive stance towards the minority identity is advocated, making the class suitable for heritage learners and allowing for intercultural understanding between students and educators as broader goals for minority language instruction.

Today, most college students use the Internet when preparing for exams or homework. Yet, research has shown that undergraduates' information literacy skills are often insufficient. In this paper, we empirically test the relation between information-seeking strategies and grades in university. We synthesise arguments from the literature on information-seeking behaviour and approaches to learning in tertiary education. Building on the distinction between deep- and surface-level learning, we develop a classification of online search strategies and contrast it with traditional information behaviour. Multivariate analyses using a two-wave online survey among undergraduate students at a German university indicate that using advanced online information-seeking strategies is a significant and robust predictor of better grades. However, there are notable differences between subject groups: Traditional information behaviour is still crucial in the humanities. Advanced search strategies are beneficial in all settings, but only one in four students uses these early on, while this share increases to around 50% over the course of studies.

In order to improve one's teaching in the long run, reflection on the lessons makes up an integral part in the process of developing a sufficient reflection competence. The problem, however, is how this reflection competence can be established in student teachers already and if that concept is compatible with current systems of teacher education at all. One technique of reflection stems from Fred Korthagen's research, suggesting that colleagues should help evaluate each other's lessons. After having held the lesson, the teacher is asked to look back at it, realising important aspects from a distanced point of view and drawing conclusions for further teaching. It should also be thought about alternatives. While theoretical input on reflection is given in the first part of the article, the second half focuses on the adaption of Korthagen's approach for the tutoring project "Kolumbus-Kids". The project very successfully implements the ALACT model (action--looking back--awareness of essential aspects--creating alternative methods of action--trial) in teacher education at university and a checklist provided at the end provides an overview of the extensive set of questions to be used in the reflection process.

Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) are subjects comprising knowledge whose schooling is essential for every country striving after long-term economic success. Despite the already existing shortage of skilled labour within the mathematic-technical-scientific professional field, men still dominate the respective subjects and jobs. The loss of female talent as a consequence of insufficient support is inexcusable from both an economic and social point of view. This is why affirmative action should be taken during schooling years in order to prevent girls from turning their backs on STEM subjects. Bielefeld University's coeducational science project "Kolumbus-Kids" is a programme to support gifted students in general, and especially girls. This article presents both the project and a recent study investigating how girls show differences from boys when it comes to experiencing frustration, boredom and insecurity during science lessons. These emotions highly influence a person's activation, interest and motivation and are the point of intersection for cognitive processes which makes it important to deal with them sensitively. On the basis of theoretical background information on gender related differences, the project is designed to support gifted children and girls when it comes to STEM subjects. As found in this article, the underrepresentation of women in STEM-related university classes is a problem that has to be solved not only because of the skilled labour shortage. The study shows that specifically designed tutoring projects like "Kolumbus-Kids" contribute highly to this solution. They are able to ignite and keep the interest in STEM-related subjects alive and they also lower frustration, boredom and insecurity in the same regard. One of the most important prerequisites for success is to know the girls' interests and what the possible problems are in order to better support them.

The paper examines if there has been an increase in the attention paid to social and environmental issues (SEI) in accounting curricula. Using schools participating in the Aspen Institute's Beyond Grey Pinstripes (BGP) program, we measure the increase in the number of accounting courses incorporating SEI across the biennial application years of 2005, 2007 and 2009. We also examine the percentage of SEI coverage in accounting courses between 2007 and 2009. Our findings suggest that there was not an appreciable increase in the number of accounting courses dealing with SEI between 2005 and 2007, but that the increase was significant during the period from 2007 to 2009. Further, the increase over the four-year period from 2005 to 2009 was also significant. In addition, there is a significant increase in the percentage of SEI coverage in accounting courses between 2007 and 2009. Implications of these findings are discussed.

One of the most central tenets of chemistry education is developing an understanding of the processes that involve the Transformation of Matter. Current German curricula postulate content-related abilities ("Kompetenzen") that are expected to be achieved by secondary students when graduating from the lower secondary level at grade 10. These abilities can further be differentiated as relating to either structural aspects of matter or to aspects of chemical reaction. Little is known of how "Kompetenzen" in these two fields develop over time on the lower secondary level. This study aims at elucidating this development by suggesting a hypothetical learning progression for the lower secondary level. This learning progression is visualised as a Strand Map and is investigated using methods from three statistical approaches: Rasch-analyses, Classical Test Theory, and Bayesian Networks. Concurrent data from all three strands of analyses inform the evaluation of the learning progression and support the notion that an understanding of the Transformation of Matter relies on interrelated "Kompetenzen" to conceptualize Structure of Matter and Chemical Reaction. Moreover, Bayesian networks underline that there is more than one progression when learning about chemistry on the lower secondary level. Contains notes and references.

The Internet has become a pivotal source of information among university students. However, studies routinely show that many students lack digital information literacy skills (i.e. skills needed to find and evaluate information online). In this paper, we report results from an experimental study testing the effect of a workshop for third-year students of a German university. The workshop was designed to teach relevant information literacy skills in a computer lab. Afterwards, students were given academic search tasks and their search behavior was recorded with a tracking device. We find that, compared with the control group, workshop participants significantly increased their use of academic databases and cited more articles from scholarly journals. On the other hand, we find no effect on the relevance of the content students found online. Teaching digital information literacy is essential and feasible, but it is no panacea for increasing the academic quality of students' work.

The career success of preschool teachers has been discussed to be important because it can be a precondition for the ability to provide a high-quality preschool education. Consequently, the identification of factors that can help explain individual differences in career success is a crucial research issue. Previous research covering various occupations indicates that the Big Five, internal locus of control (LOC), and occupational self-efficacy are good predictors of objective and subjective career success. However, there is a research gap on this topic in preschool teachers. This study examined whether the Big Five, LOC, and occupational self-efficacy could predict the career success of 560 preschool teachers in Germany. After controlling for other predictors, internal LOC corresponded with higher objective career success, but neuroticism and conscientiousness corresponded with lower subjective career success. Occupational self-efficacy corresponded with higher subjective career success. The findings are discussed with respect to practical conclusions.

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder with profound cognitive, behavioral, and psychosocial impairments with persistence across the life cycle. Our initial genome-wide screening approach for copy number variants (CNVs) in ADHD implicated a duplication of "SLC2A3," encoding glucose transporter-3 (GLUT3). GLUT3 plays a critical role in cerebral glucose metabolism, providing energy for the activity of neurons, which, in turn, moderates the excitatory-inhibitory balance impacting both brain development and activity-dependent neural plasticity. We therefore aimed to provide additional genetic and functional evidence for GLUT3 dysfunction in ADHD. Methods: Case-control association analyses of "SLC2A3" single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and CNVs were conducted in several European cohorts of patients with childhood and adult ADHD (SNP, n = 1,886 vs. 1,988; CNV, n = 1,692 vs. 1,721). These studies were complemented by "SLC2A3" expression analyses in peripheral cells, functional EEG recordings during neurocognitive tasks, and ratings of food energy content. Results: Meta-analysis of all cohorts detected an association of SNP rs12842 with ADHD. While CNV analysis detected a population-specific enrichment of "SLC2A3" duplications only in German ADHD patients, the CNV + rs12842 haplotype influenced ADHD risk in both the German and Spanish cohorts. Duplication carriers displayed elevated "SLC2A3" mRNA expression in peripheral blood cells and altered event-related potentials reflecting deficits in working memory and cognitive response control, both endophenotypic traits of ADHD, and an underestimation of energy units of high-caloric food. Conclusions: Taken together, our results indicate that both common and rare "SLC2A3" variation impacting regulation of neuronal glucose utilization and energy homeostasis may result in neurocognitive deficits known to contribute to ADHD risk.

Career paths, career development and participation in adult learning are to a large extent dependent on learning experiences and labour-market entrance in early life stages. However, within the group of people with relative weak educational and vocational background variance was found in terms of how people perceive their situation and how they describe, plan and realise their career. Based on narrative interviews with low-qualified adults, the presented study describes individual circumstances and approaches to lifelong learning and career development. Based on the concept of enacted career, the article shows how the differences in the perceptions of career and learning can be understood as contextualised action. The article shows inner resources and external constraints have potential influence on the educational and career development in this group. The discussion focuses on consequences for career counselling and guidance.

Within an archaeology of the contemporary, sites and material remains of the Second World War have in recent years been set more prominently on the agenda of European heritage archaeology. This article presents observations made during archaeological site monitoring of the conversion and remediation of a former WWII military base in Germany. In the course of the project, the sensitivity of the site and its find material against the backdrop of the German history of World War II had to be constantly assessed. Archaeological methods and practices had to be adapted to the specific requirements of the site. Conflicting agendas of various actors and stakeholders involved had to be evaluated, as well as the risks posed by the site's contamination with unexploded ordnance. Indeed, the backdirt itself, just like the find material it contained, turned out to be a contested and hazardous entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of using the German-language version of a recently developed screening tool for dementia for persons with intellectual disability (ID): the National Task Group -- Early Detection Screen for Dementia (NTG-EDSD). Method: Some 221 paid carers of ageing persons with ID were asked to use the NTG-EDSD and report back on its utility and on 4 feasibility dimensions, and to provide detailed feedback on aspects deemed critical or missing. Results: All feasibility dimensions were rated good to very good, and 80% of respondents found the NTG-EDSD useful or very useful for the early detection of dementia. This highlights a high acceptability of this instrument by the main target group. Conclusions: The positive feasibility evaluation of the NTG-EDSD indicates the usability and adequacy of this instrument for application of early detection of dementia in persons with ID.

The present study investigated the roles of cognitive (working memory, intelligence) and motivational variables (self-perceived ability, intrinsic value) in explaining school achievement. The sample consisted of N = 320 German elementary school children in the fourth grade. Working memory and intelligence were assessed in the classroom. Questionnaires including the motivational items were answered at home. Teachers provided midterm and endterm grades for the domains of German and Math. Using structural equation modeling, our main results indicated that across domains, both cognitive and motivational predictors explained substantial amounts of specific variance in school grades. The findings are, however, to some degree domain-specific in that cognitive variables were stronger predictors of Math (COG: [beta] = 0.59; MOT: [beta] = 0.41), whereas for German, motivational influences turned out to be better predictors (COG: [beta] = 0.34; MOT: [beta] = 0.67). Together, cognitive ability (including both WM and intelligence) and motivation (including self-perceived ability and intrinsic value) explained 75% and 71% of the variance in children's German and Math grades, respectively. (Contains 1 table and 1 figure.)

Processing D-52425 Jülich, Germany In solid oxide cells (SOCs) exhibiting mixed ionic-electronic conductor air electrode (MIEC AE) (e.g. La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3--δ LSC(F)), the formation of insulating zirconate interphases at the air electrode/zirconia electrolyte--interface is commonly prevented by an interlayer of doped cerium oxide. This complex interaction has a tremendous influence on cell performance, as the morphology of the interlayer determines the amount and continuity of the zirconate interphases. The performance of fuel electrode supported cells (FESCs) exhibiting gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) interlayers fabricated from different commercially available powders are compared. All of these layers were fabricated according to the same procedure. The cell performance is analyzed by means of current-voltage (CV) characteristics, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and subsequent impedance analysis by the distribution of relaxation times (DRT). Next to the cell testing at application-oriented conditions, impedance spectra are measured over a wide temperature ranging down to 250 °C to resolve polarization phenomena related to bulk, grain boundary and interfacial effects within and in-between the gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) and the 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) electrolyte. Furthermore, symmetrical air electrode (SymAE) cells are analyzed to eliminate impedance contributions from the anode layer (AL) and the substrate. The electrochemical results are correlated to the microstructural features of the GDC/YSZ interface obtained from post-test focused ion beam (FIB)/scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. This comparison revealed significant differences in the cell performance, which could be attributed to the amount and continuity of the residual strontium zirconate (SZO) interphase. © 2023 The Author(s). Published on behalf of The Electrochemical Society by IOP Publishing Limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article analyzes the organizational development of freier zusammenschluss von studentInnenschaften (fzs), the national union of students in Germany from its foundation until 2010. It situates it within the variety of student organizations acting on behalf of students within the multi-level system of higher education governance in Germany. Starting out as a rather small, ideologically driven and a more network-oriented association fzs developed into a national-level umbrella organization with a more professional working structure. This institutionalization and professionalization--especially during the 2000s--can be explained by several important developments in the domestic environment in which fzs is embedded. The current diversification in German higher education governance, leading to the loss of influence of the federal level and growing diversity between the Bundesländer, together with increasing influence of commodification in the context of the Bologna Process, coincide with the decrease of impact and members of fzs after 2005.

In this study, the electronic revision and recapitulation tools 2.0 (EREP 2.0) were used to foster creative moments while creating aided recalls (ARs) (pictures electronic notes etc.). Creative and critical thinking is associated with vital skills which enable students to deal with often complex knowledge domains through an informal way of learning. Enabling learners to develop their own representations of information can be a first step to deal with complexity and to foster creativity. In an exploratory study, n = 25 students used EREP 2.0 to develop learning questions and ARs for an ongoing course on biological psychology. EREP 2.0 was evaluated with respect to user friendliness, the fostering of creativity and the expected support for cognitive skills according to Bloom's taxonomy. The influence of students' experienced creativity on experienced learning support was tested via Kruskal-Wallis test. Fifteen students reported moderate to high, 4 students low and 5 students no support in creativity. Students who experienced their work as creative felt better supported in comprehension, x[superscript 2](3 = 9.04; p = 0.029, and synthesis, x[superscript 2](3) = 9.46; p = 0.024. No statistically significant effects were found for other categories of Bloom's taxonomy. EREP 2.0 did support the experience of creativity and thus synthesis and comprehension skills. (Contains 3 figures and 2 tables.)

The Transatlantic Orientation Exchange/Multiplikatorenschulung im transatlan-tischen Austausch is a collaboration between volunteers and staff in both the US and German AFS organizations. The goal of the project is to increase the level of intercultural learning of German and US secondary education exchange participants and their host families. Germany and the US are among the largest country groups in mutual exchanges within the network: every year around 450 American families host a student from Germany and around 100 German families welcome somebody from the USA. The project was conceived in part as a result of a paradigm shift within AFS in which participants and host family members are now viewed as equal partners in the intercultural learning process. The material presented in this paper was developed in a dialogue process between the work groups in both countries who met virtually and in person multiple times over the course of the project. This construct allowed for group members to engage in a parallel process of intercultural learning and discovery as they identified and applied to their own experience the concepts that would be useful to host families and participants in their respective countries. (Contains 2 figures.)

In this article, Claas Wegner, Phillip Weber, and Stephanie Ohlberger share how they have been teaching about variation and staple food crops in the teaching unit they tested with 8- to 10-year-old children. They started by showing some products made from crop plants and asking the class to carry out a simple comparison of similarities and differences. At the end of the sequence of lessons shared in this article, the children should be able to describe what their breakfast cereal or sandwich is made from, as well as appreciate the importance of grasses as staple foods.

In two eye-tracking experiments the role of contrastive pitch accents during the on-line determination of referents was examined. In both experiments, German listeners looked earlier at the picture of a referent belonging to a contrast pair ("red scissors," given "purple scissors") when instructions to click on it carried a contrastive accent on the color adjective (L + H*) than when the adjective was not accented. In addition to this prosodic facilitation, a general preference to interpret adjectives contrastively was found in Experiment 1: Along with the contrast pair, a noncontrastive referent was displayed ("red vase") and listeners looked more often at the contrastive referent than at the noncontrastive referent even when the adjective was not focused. Experiment 2 differed from Experiment 1 in that the first member of the contrast pair ("purple scissors") was introduced with a contrastive accent, thereby strengthening the salience of the contrast. In Experiment 2, listeners no longer preferred a contrastive interpretation of adjectives when the accent in a subsequent instruction was not contrastive. In sum, the results support both an early role for prosody in reference determination and an interpretation of contrastive focus that is dependent on preceding prosodic context. (Contains 7 figures, 1 table, and 8 footnotes.)

Explores whether and how an offering of authentic texts can be made useful for a German class that is focused on German culture and geography. Learning goals and practical strategies are derived from the unique characteristics of the texts. (Author/DMK)

Compares Switzerland and Germany's continuing education systems and how they have responded to national and international trends. Examines the extent of teaching and research in the field, and the economic, legal, and organizational aspects of continuing education. Considers why private providers of continuing education play a far greater role in Switzerland than in Germany. Contains 18 references. (VWC)

A pilot study evaluating the use of conductive education for children and adults with cerebral palsy and other motor impairments in Germany concluded that a straightforward transfer of the Hungarian system into German society is not desirable but that conductive education should be adapted to each country's rehabilitation system. The modification called "Complex Rehabilitation" is being taught in universities. (DB)

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