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A rockfall dataset for Germany is analysed with the objective of identifying the meteorological and hydrological (pre-)conditions that change the probability for such events in central Europe. The factors investigated in the analysis are precipitation amount and intensity, freeze–thaw cycles, and subsurface moisture. As there is no suitable observational dataset for all relevant subsurface moisture types (e.g. water in rock pores and cleft water) available, simulated soil moisture and a proxy for pore water are tested as substitutes. The potential triggering factors were analysed both for the day of the event and for the days leading up to it. A logistic regression model was built, which considers individual potential triggering factors and their interactions. It is found that the most important factor influencing rockfall probability in the research area is the precipitation amount at the day of the event, but the water content of the ground on that day and freeze–thaw cycles in the days prior to the event also influence the hazard probability. Comparing simulated soil moisture and the pore-water proxy as predictors for rockfall reveals that the proxy, calculated as accumulated precipitation minus potential evaporation, performs slightly better in the statistical model. Using the statistical model, the effects of meteorological conditions on rockfall probability in German low mountain ranges can be quantified. The model suggests that precipitation is most efficient when the pore-water content of the ground is high. An increase in daily precipitation from its local 50th percentile to its 90th percentile approximately doubles the probability for a rockfall event under median pore-water conditions. When the pore-water proxy is at its 95th percentile, the same increase in precipitation leads to a 4-fold increase in rockfall probability. The occurrence of a freeze–thaw cycle in the preceding days increases the rockfall hazard by about 50 %. The most critical combination can therefore be expected in winter and at the beginning of spring after a freeze–thaw transition, which is followed by a day with high precipitation amounts and takes place in a region preconditioned by a high level of subsurface moisture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rockfall dataset for Germany is analysed with the objective of identifying the meteorological and hydrological (pre-) conditions that change the probability for such events in Central Europe. The factors investigated in the analysis are precipitation amount and intensity, freeze-thawing cycles as well as sub-surface moisture. As there is no suitable observational dataset for all relevant sub-surface moisture types (e.g. water in rock pores and cleft water) available, simulated soil moisture and parameterised pore water are tested as substitutes. The potential triggering factors were analysed both for the day of the event as well as for the days leading up to the event. It is found that the most important factor influencing rockfall probability in the research area is precipitation amount at the day of the event but the water content of the ground on that day and freeze-thawing cycles in the days prior to the event also influence the hazard probability. Comparing results with simulated soil moisture and parameterised pore water revealed that precipitation minus potential evaporation evaluated for a weekly period performs well as a proxy for the relevant sub-surface moisture types. A logistic regression model was built, which considers individual potential triggering factors as well as their interactions. Using this model the effects of meteorological conditions on rockfall probability in the Central European low mountain ranges can be quantified. The model suggests that precipitation is most efficient, when the moisture content of the ground is high. An increase of daily precipitation from its local 50th percentile to its 90th percentile approximately doubles the probability for a rockfall event under median sub-surface moisture conditions. When the moisture content of the ground is at its 95th percentile the same increase in precipitation leads to a four-fold increase in rockfall probability. The occurrence of a freeze-thaw cycle in the preceding days can further increase the rockfall hazard. The most critical combination can be expected in the winter season after a freeze-thaw transition which is followed by a day with high precipitation amounts and takes place in a region preconditioned by a high level of sub-surface moisture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an evaluation of a comprehensive dataset with information on about 700 recorded rockfall events in Germany for the first time. The focus is on the analysis of monthly distributions of three rockfall clusters in German low mountain ranges and of three elevation classes to provide an overview of the characteristic seasonal occurrence of rockfalls in Germany. Each rockfall distribution is correlated with records of meteorological station clusters which are representative for the long‐term climate conditions of the particular rockfall cluster and elevation class, respectively. The stored parameters in the dataset (year of occurrence, rock volumes, slope angles, affected objects) are evaluated to complete the extensive and differentiated overview of rockfalls in Germany. The analyses of the distributions of the three rockfall clusters show a distinct event concentration in the winter months. Differences are apparent between the monthly distributions of the elevation classes in which clear peaks are partially visible. Freeze–thaw cycles are considered to be the major trigger of winter rockfalls in Germany. Overall, the presented results may serve as a basis for further studies in the German low mountain ranges. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is one of the most common chronic pain syndromes. In a representative survey, 2.1% of the German population was affected in 2013, whereby the diagnosis can only be made on the basis of subjective complaints. This article should provide concrete information on the disease concept, diagnosis, therapy, rehabilitation and socialmedical assessment at the FMS. The basis for this is the second update of the S3 guideline to the FMS adopted in 2017., Competing Interests: Die Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)