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Investigation of the out‐of‐plane behavior of non‐load‐bearing masonry walls in German earthquake zones Due to earthquakes, non‐load‐bearing masonry partition walls have to withstand horizontal loads, herein out‐of‐plane loads are of great importance. The out‐of‐plane behavior of masonry walls is very complex due to the strong non‐linearity. Current design methods do not consider important parameters, and detailed investigations of typical non‐load‐bearing masonry types in Germany do not exist. As part of a research project, extensive analytical, numerical and experimental investigations for load‐bearing masonry walls were carried out and a model was developed to determine the out‐of‐plane capacity, considering significant parameters. The results of these investigations were transferred to non‐load‐bearing walls in a simplified manner. With this, the previous methods in the earthquake standards DIN EN 1998‐1/NA (2020) and DIN 4149 (2005) could be reviewed and adjusted to the current state of the art. Based on the updated seismic hazard map, simplified design methodologies were derived and summarized. The model and the derivation of the simplified design methods are presented and discussed in this paper based on a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation of the out‐of‐plane behavior of non‐load‐bearing masonry walls in German earthquake zones Due to earthquakes, non‐load‐bearing masonry partition walls have to withstand horizontal loads, herein out‐of‐plane loads are of great importance. The out‐of‐plane behavior of masonry walls is very complex due to the strong non‐linearity. Current design methods do not consider important parameters, and detailed investigations of typical non‐load‐bearing masonry types in Germany do not exist. As part of a research project, extensive analytical, numerical and experimental investigations for load‐bearing masonry walls were carried out and a model was developed to determine the out‐of‐plane capacity, considering significant parameters. The results of these investigations were transferred to non‐load‐bearing walls in a simplified manner. With this, the previous methods in the earthquake standards DIN EN 1998‐1/NA (2020) and DIN 4149 (2005) could be reviewed and adjusted to the current state of the art. Based on the updated seismic hazard map, simplified design methodologies were derived and summarized. The model and the derivation of the simplified design methods are presented and discussed in this paper based on a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Summary: The long-term flow recession of many springs can be approximated by an exponential function. However, the early recession often exhibits a different behaviour. The exponential recession function represents a long-term approximation of analytical solutions of the flow equation of fissured matrix blocks draining toward a fixed-head boundary. Thus, early deviations from the exponential behaviour potentially originate from the inappropriateness of this approximation at short times. We therefore examine the properties of the exact analytical solutions and make comparisons with field data. If hydraulic heads are initially constant within the matrix blocks the flow recession exhibits a power-law decrease at short times. Both from steady-state initial conditions and after finite recharge pulses the early flow recession follows a power law, too, if discharge is appropriately shifted and rescaled. If the catchment is composed of multiple blocks drained by highly conductive conduits the recession behaviour of the spring is identical to that of the individual blocks if the blocks are of the same size. The recession curves of the published hydrograph of Cheddar spring (Great Britain) are found to be in good agreement with this model if reasonable initial conditions are assumed. A brief look at recession curves from other springs suggests that the model might be applicable to most of them, too. The model also provides satisfactory fits to the flow recession of the Gallusquelle (Germany). However, the observed power-law exponent differs from that predicted by the analytical model. A consistent interpretation of the shape of several recession curves from this spring is provided by a more general fractal approach, which assumes that the catchment is composed of blocks of strongly different sizes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In German-speaking research on 'Hörspiele' or radio plays,there is little to be found when it comes to adequate theoretical tools for analysing a radio play. Radio drama is still widely seen as a literary genre and is therefore analysed by literary studies theories or drama theories. This article argues that radio drama is an acoustic art form in its own right and should be analysed as such. Its aim is to support this argument first by describing the historical reasons that led to the misinterpretation of the art form, and then by presenting a methodology, based on semiotic and narratological theories, that enables scholars to analyse a narrative radio play by integrating all of its acoustic features. The article seeks to emphasize that music, noises and voices and also technical features like electro- acoustical manipulation or mixing, can be, and often are, used as tools to signify story elements and therefore should be analysed accordingly. To demonstrate the applicability of the model, a short analysis of some German radio plays is presented at the end of the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]