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Studies on the urban heat island (UHI) effect have increased over the past decades, mainly focusing on topics such as thermal comfort, building energy, and sensitivity studies. However, there is currently a research gap in the development of risk-based design criteria for UHI. This paper proposes a novel risk-based UHI design criteria using heat-related mortality risk. The design criteria was developed based on the annual hottest seven-day mean temperatures. Frequency-consequence curves (or F–N curves) were used to quantify tolerable levels of societal risk. Exposure-response relationships for temperature and mortality for southern Germany were also used to determine the heat-related mortality rate. The heat-related mortality rate was used with the F–N curves to obtain a maximum allowable UHI intensity (UHII) for several risk scenarios. This allowable UHII was compared to the actual 50-year UHII for a residential district in Kempten, Germany. The Urban Weather Generator was used to model the UHII. If the actual UHII did not exceed the allowable UHII, the analyzed area was considered adequate. The 50-year UHII of the study area was 0.17 °C. The calculated allowable UHII ranged from 0.3 °C–13.2 °C. Therefore, the study area was adequate for all risk scenarios that were considered. This research lays the foundation for decision-makers and urban planners to incorporate more precise design targets in a number of applications from planning new developments to mitigation of UHI in existing urban areas. • The calculated design criteria ranged from 0.3 °C to 1.3 °C. • The 50-year urban heat island intensity of the study area was 0.17 °C. • The study area met the design criteria by a wide margin. • Similar less dense urban areas were also projected to meet design criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MBR-technology is able to fulfil similar or even higher standard for nutrients removal than conventional activated sludge processes. This paper presents the optimisation of the membrane bioreactor technology, together with a low pressure sewer, to equip a remote and yet unsewered area of Berlin requiring high quality wastewater treatment. The hydraulic flow pattern of the entire system has to be studied carefully due to the small collection system (no time delay between wastewater discharge and treatment to minimise the daily profile). The pollutant concentrations in the wastewater exhibit also stronger variations. In order to flatten out the hydraulic and load profile, and therefore to reduce the size of the biological reactor and the membrane surface, a buffer tank was installed before the MBR-plant. A full analysis of the influent hydraulic flow and wastewater characterisation is provided for the demonstration MBR-plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]