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The article reports on two books about German-Jewish history: "Germany from a Jewish Perspective" by Shulamit Volkov and "Antisemitism: A German History" by Peter Longerich. Both books discuss the history of German Jews and their connection to German history. It is emphasized that antisemitism can be found not only in right-wing circles but also in the political left and among climate activists. The books offer a differentiated view of the history of Jew-hatred and show how the perception of German Jews was influenced by epochal upheavals. Longerich's diagnosis that antisemitism is "among us and seemingly ineradicable" remains a sad reality. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Feministische Studien is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the journey of Berlin Rabbi Joachim Prinz (1902–1988) to Yugoslavia at the invitation of Zagreb Zionist leader Lavoslav Schick (1881–1941) in late 1935. It examines the transnational cooperation between German and Yugoslav Zionists in the interwar period and their efforts to cope with the plight of German and southeastern European Jewry alike. Although Jewish representatives of different countries cooperated intensively during the interwar period, we know little about it. Thus, this article intervenes in current research on European Jewish history and contributes to a growing interest in the transnational entanglements of European Jewry and Jewish politics in the 1930s and early 1940s by focusing on two important protagonists of Jewish interwar politics in Germany and Yugoslavia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimate the push and pull factors involved in the outmigration of Jews facing persecution in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1941. Our empirical investigation makes use of a unique individual-level data set that records the migration history of the Jewish community in Germany over the period. Our analysis highlights new channels, specific to violent contexts, through which social networks affect the decision to flee. We estimate a structural model of migration where individuals base their migration decision on the observation of persecution and migration among their peers. Identification rests on exogenous variations in local push and pull factors across peers who live in different cities of residence. Then we perform various experiments of counterfactual history to quantify how migration restrictions in destination countries affected the fate of Jews. For example, removing work restrictions for refugees in the recipient countries after the Nuremberg Laws (1935) would have led to an increase in Jewish migration out of Germany in the range of 12% to 20% and a reduction in mortality due to prevented deportations in the range of 6% to 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on two lesser-known characteristics of German Jewish life during the Third Reich: the high rate of suicide amongst Jews and the extraordinary impediments to their migration. Beginning with memoir-narrative which centres on my Jewish father's revelation that my grandmother and great-grandmother had committed suicide, the paper then outlines the reasons for and characteristics of suicide in Nazi Germany, and the phenomenon's connection to the difficulties most Jews faced in attempting to leave Germany. I demonstrate the ways in which I have been able to reshape the family narratives told to me through historical and genealogical research, returning the given knowledge back. Researching these family and national tragedies have brought about new knowledge and transformative understandings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its reunification in 1990, Germany has been the destination of a large number of immigrants from Israel. They chose to settle in a country that is associated with the greatest tragedy in Jewish history, the Holocaust. Furthermore, they were raised in a country in which Holocaust memory and commemoration are major component of group identity. Within this context, the present study uses data from a survey carried out in 2014/2015 among Israeli‐Jewish immigrants in Germany (N = 510) to assess their linguistic adjustment in the new country. Incorporating factors of Holocaust memory (noneconomic incentives) into the model of destination‐language acquisition (MDLA), I ran similar equations for the three uses of language: speaking, reading and writing. Results from the multivariate analysis suggest that Holocaust memory does not inhibit the immigrants' proficiency in the German language. Accordingly, I adapt the indifference hypothesis, centring on maximizing gains and pleasure, and refute the two competing hypotheses, disruption and heightening. Variables of the MDLA—exposure, efficiency and economic incentives, and, especially, duration in the host country and young age at immigration—are significantly associated with proficiency in German; they were able to explain much of the variation in each of the uses of language. In the Discussion, I venture a proposal as to how fluency in German may help to attenuate intergroup tensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising German interest in rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust has been accompanied by an emphasis on their exceptionality among the wartime German population. Seen as aberrations, rescuers are used to present a simplified generalization of the German majority's wartime conduct by defining what it was not. This article argues that this view, as well as the common claim that rescue and rescuers of Jews were "forgotten" in the postwar Germanys, are based on a certain interpretative model concerning the relationship between exception and rule. I trace the different uses of this model and show that from 1945 to the present, many Jewish and non-Jewish Germans employed variously defined exceptions to trace and determine one's preferred image of the majority—as an object of desire or critique. The article presents the different conceptualizations and idealizations of rescue and their functions in imagining a collective self in commemorative and historiographical portrayals of past and current German societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2015, Israeli-born German artist Shahak Shapira has initiated several satirical campaigns targeting antisemitism and racism in Germany and the country's relation to the Holocaust. These interventions set Shapira's career in motion, and in 2019 he landed a slot on the ZDF public broadcasting channel for the talk show Shapira Shapira. The show mocked antisemitism and far-right movements in Germany and reminded the viewers of the country's history with Jews. His jokes about concentration camps and their contemporary perceptions proved to be especially effective. This article shows how Shahak Shapira and his show challenged the official narratives about Jews, antisemitism and the Holocaust. It argues that Shapira's jokes might empower Jews and foster Holocaust awareness among the general public in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sociopolitical trauma inevitably leads to fracture. Moving away, forgetting, or simply burying what is too painful disconnects the present from the past, making it difficult for subsequent generations to develop a coherent narrative of their history and identity. The author draws on her history as the daughter of a Jewish refugee from Hitler's Germany and briefly links this experience to the current world refugee situation and the aftermath of colonization in Aotearoa New Zealand. A group-analytic group, unlike individual psychotherapy, provides a temporary social context that evokes past group experiences in the present. Trauma is viewed socioculturally, and attention is paid to emerging cultures in the here and now that replicate the original silencing cultures of the past. This process offers an opportunity to find new connections and gain "outsight." The author concludes by describing a series of workshops held in Germany over 13 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the experiences of Jews in Germany during the era of the Third Reich and Nazi rule with a focus on the passage of time. Emphasis is given to topic such as the theme of lived time in the Jewish press and personal diaries, the social integration of Jews into the German bourgeoisie, the role of the Jewish time cycle in family life, and the Nazification of holidays, festivals, and the calendar.

The remote location of Beshankovichy’s mass grave for Jewish victims of the Nazi genocide reflects the exclusion of local Jews during the German occupation of Soviet territories and limits their memory to a few knowledgeable survivors and witnesses. In contrast, local commemorative practices focus on memorials for Soviet soldiers, partisans, and their aides. The paper reveals an incongruence of the place of historical experience on the one hand, and the locale of popular commemoration on the other, highlighting the impact of the Holocaust in Belarus to destroy Jewish history and its memory. The spatial division reflects the trauma of loss as much as shame for local participation in the mass murder. Drawing on oral histories, archival materials, and field visits, the study builds on a growing field of scholarship on the role of space and place in the construction of memories and identities in the aftermath of atrocity and trauma to discuss the geographical dimensions of memory and amnesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the Nazi regime, criminals with no discernible ideological attachment to Nazism were able to exploit the marginal position of Jews within society, and even felt encouraged to commit "ordinary" crimes-robbery and rape- against Jews. Yet such criminals at times undermined state-approved National Socialist anti-Jewish policy. Through an analysis of crime in deportation-era Berlin, the author of this article examines the role played by "ordinary" criminals in the persecution of Jews in Nazi Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study offers a transnational history of the Holocaust based on a study of a well-known Berlin Jewish family, the Veit Simons. The authors use this tangled family history as a point of departure for a transnational history of the Holocaust. In particular, they show how to read the links connecting the protagonists to the wider world as a means of writing transnational history. Their history also shows the interconnectedness of perpetrators and victims. Moreover, they demonstrate the importance of the category of class for our understanding of the experience of Holocaust history. While the Veit Simons could hold off some of the persecution, eventually the Holocaust brought them to the ground, resulting in a story of illness, death and loss. Finally, the authors read the story from a feminist angle, offering an examination of the interplay of gender, class and persecution, examining how gender played out in coping while losing one’s former class. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents a report from a November 18-19, 2016 conference on the history and culture of Swabian Jews hosted by the Schwabenakademie Irsee academy. Topics of presentations delivered include the history of Holocaust persecution of Jews in Swabia, Germany, archaeological research on the history of Augsburg, Germany, and the student-led Holocaust education project at the Dossenberger-Gymnasium in Günzburg, Germany.

Germans have only recently accepted the fact that they belong to a nation of immigrants; officially, they still maintain the myth that migration to Germany began during the economic miracle of the 1950s. The claim that Moses Mendelssohn was Germany's first migrant is a deliberate intervention into the debate over the role of migrants in German culture. Mendelssohn's significance and the reason that he can function as Germany's first migrant, is that, as an early and eloquent writer on the idea of integration and belonging, he was able to write himself into the center of the discourse about what it meant to be German as that discussion was beginning. His case could leverage a new opening into still contentious and unresolved debates on issues as diverse as the history of migration, the role of religion in national cultures, the limits of tolerance vis-à-vis Others, and the demands that a majority culture can legitimately place on migrant minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's views on the role of German Studies Association (GSA) in the evolution of Jewish studies and its relation with the German studies. Various topics discussed include social difference between different cultures in Germany, debates on Jewish history and German unification.

In 1495 Philipp the Upright, Elector Palatine of the Rhine, had a large number of Jews arrested in the wine-growing village of Münster near Bingen. The Jews had gathered there to celebrate the wedding of a Jew's daughter from Friedberg with David of Münster, son of the Jewish physician Salman and brother of the Jewish physician Josef of Münster. In medieval history, such weddings repeatedly resulted in dangerous allegations towards the Jews involved, accusing them of conspiring to commit ritual murders or host desecrations. Or they were accused of displaying indecently luxurious attires at these festivities. In addition, they often celebrated in the presence of Christians, a fact that the church might consider scandalous. It appears, however, that the Elector Philipp was not driven to his actions in Münster by such accusations. His actions must rather be discussed in the context of the contemporary Geleitrecht (right of escort) and the customs dispute between Münster and Bingen, which lasted from 1491 to 1495. This part of the study is complemented by a closer look at the history of the family of the bridegroom, David of Münster: the activities of David's physician brother and of his father are relatively well documented since both resided in Frankfurt am Main for several years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like many other areas of medicine, dermatology with its comparatively high proportion of Jewish physicians was also not spared from the National Socialist appointment policy with dismissals, laws on "appreciation of the people", research influenced by National Socialist policies, and persecution of Jewish physicians. Prof. Abraham Aaron Buschke and Dr. Wilhelm Ludwig Lowenstein, who were the first to describe the Buschke-Lowenstein tumor, also suffered this destiny. In March 1933, Professor Buschke was dismissed from the position of directing physician at the Virchow Hospital in Berlin and in 1934 his teaching license was revoked. Despite affidavits of his "loyalty to the regime", Dr. Lowenstein fared the same treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ignored aspect of efforts to save Jewish citizens in occupied Europe during the Second World War is that large-scale rescue arguably constitutes a collective action problem. Due to Nazi occupation, no formal institutions contributed to solving this problem. Exploring the differences in rescue rates across all 30 occupied countries shows that the informal institution of social trust contributed to solving the collective action problem and strongly affected rescue rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a report from a March 21-22, 2015 conference in Augsburg, Germany on rebuilt and remodeled synagogues. Topics of presentations delivered included the history of the synagogue in Augsburg, Germany, the opening of a memorial and museum at the Rottenburg-Baisingen synagogue in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, and the restoration of the Old and Small Synagogues in Erfurt, Germany.

When Nazi Germany forced Jewish scholars and professionals to flee Europe, many disciplines found homes for them in the United States. One did not. The journalism profession made little effort to help their European colleagues. The nation’s accredited journalism schools did not add a single displaced European scholar and rebuffed pleas to re-educate foreign journalists. If anything, practicing journalists were more hostile. This monograph seeks to fill a gap in the vast literature on the intellectual migration, explores the ways in which the American journalism community could have assisted their European colleagues, and offers possible explanations for their inaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

German-Jewish women are elusive figures in the current literature on World War I. Looking at the complexity of their wartime experience and its consequences for the Weimar years, this article deals with Jewish middle-class women's tripartite motivation as Germans, Jews, and females to make sacrifices for the war. To that end, it traces their efforts to help Germany to victory, to gain suffrage, and to become integrated into German society. At the same time, the article shows how these women not only transformed the war into an opportunity for greater female self-determination but also responded to wartime and postwar antisemitism. The experience of the war and the need for reorientation after 1918 motivated them to become more involved in the affairs of the German-Jewish community itself and to contribute significantly to shaping public Jewish life in Weimar Germany—but without giving up their German identity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents a report from a September 19-20, 2014 conference in Regensburg, Germany hosted by the Deutsch-Tschechische und Deutsch-Slowakische Historikerkommission historical society on the history of German and Austrian refugees seeking asylum in Czechoslovakia during World War II and the Cold War. Topics of presentations delivered included authors exiled from Austria to Czechoslovakia, asylum laws in Imperial Germany, and Czech laws governing asylum for Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution.

The article discusses the work of 20th-century German Jewish author, lawyer, and cultural philosopher Walter Schubart. Biographical information on Schubert is sought, the depictions of Germany's relations with Eastern Europe and particularly Russia in Schubart's book "Europa und die Seele des Ostens" are examined, and information is offered on the flight of the Schubart family to Latvia after the 1933 seizure of power by the Nazi party. The vews of Schubart on topics including German nationalism, Bolshevism, and Judaism are analyzed.

The article discusses the conference "Jews and Muslims in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union," held in the Historisches Kolleg in Munich, Germany, between June 20, 2013, and June 21, 2013. It discusses presentations by several scholars including Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern, Michael Stanislawski, and Vladimir Levin.

The article outlines the biography of Jewish-German physician Arthur Israel. The author discusses Israel's upbringing and medical training, his work as an assistant to surgeon August Bier, and his experience of Nazi persecution, exile, and return migration to Germany in the 1960s. He particularly highlights Israel's changing attitudes to his time working with Bier at Bier's Chirurgische Universitätsklinik (University Surgical Clinic) in Berlin, Germany, from 1910 to 1933, as expressed in a lecture delivered in Bier's memory in 1961.

This essay offers a reconsideration of the ethical vocabulary, social possibilities and religious worldview enabled by the German concept of Bildung, or human self-cultivation, a concept which was enthusiastically adopted by German Jews in the late eighteenth century. By examining the creative use of the concept by German Jewish philosophers such as Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786) and, later, in a very different political context, Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945), the article challenges a body of scholarship that interprets the German Jewish enthusiasm for Bildung as an assimilationist capitulation by post-emancipation German Jews to the individualism and rationalism of the German Enlightenment. In contrast, I suggest that both Mendelssohn and Cassirer saw Bildung's emphasis on the vita activa as offering a vehicle for multifarious human engagement with the world that inspired not only a movement beyond reified conceptions of tradition, whether religious or secular, but forms of activism that could combine cosmopolitan sympathies with communal affiliation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper discusses the migration of German Jewish psychiatrists from Nazi Germany to Palestine during the 1930s. It focuses on their special assimilation process as immigrants who belonged to a culture different from the dominant Eastern European socialist Zionism and as a professional group which belonged to a marginalized discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

German interactions with Latin America have a long history. Indeed, early modern historians have demonstrated that people from German-speaking central Europe took part in all aspects of the European conquest of Central and South America. They have shown that these people were critical to mining operations and publishing in sixteenth-century Mexico; they have found them among Portuguese and Spanish sailors and soldiers almost everywhere; and they have located them playing important roles in a wide range of professions from Mexico to the south of Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Orthodox Jews in postwar German Displaced Persons camps experienced the Holocaust's rupture of God's covenantal relationship with history and the eclipse of sacred reality. They sought to recapture that reality, even though the continuity of tradition that held it had been shattered. This was done by voluntarily reviving tradition, as if by doing so the sacred could be invoked. Following momentary suspension, they sought to restore ethnic-generational purity and traditional ritual. They invested holiday celebration with Holocaust meaning. On the level of thought they expanded Israel's metahistory to include the unprecedented tragedy and intensified their own contributions of Torah and Teshuvah to the higher drama, and recommitted their trust that divine light was implicit to reality's darkness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the work of the German Schupo (Schutzpolizei, German municipal police), part of the organization Ordnungspolizei (Orpo), as guards on deportation trains from Italy to the Auschwitz concentration camp. Topics include the failure of investigations to lead to the prosecution of Schupo members at the 1945 to 1949 Nuremberg Trials, letters by police guards admitting their knowledge of the killing of Jews at Auschwitz, and the testimony of officers from the organization regarding the treatment of Italian Jews.

In recent research on displaced persons camps in occupied Germany, Jewish self-governance, embedded in the trope of a general Jewish rebirth, has emerged as the central narrative theme. This article makes the case that Jewish governance in the Bergen-Belsen displaced persons camp was characterized by deep divisions between the Orthodox and the non-Orthodox, particularly from the liberation of the camp on April 15, 1945 through early 1947. The author considers the implications of this conflict for collective memory of the Holocaust and research on the displaced persons camps. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents a re-examination into the response of Canadian Christians to the antisemitic policies of Nazi Germany during the 1930s. Historiographical claims of a lack of response from Christians are challenged through records from the Canadian National Committee of Refugees, which protested against the German Jewish refugee crisis which culminated in the events of the Kristallnacht pogrom of 1938. Further discussion is offered regarding the religious culture of Canada in the 1930s.

A military report of September 1919 singled out Polish troops from the formerly Prussian province of Poznania as particularly abusive of, and prejudiced against, Belarusian Jews. This appears to have been a rather unusual case of German anti-Semitism in its Polish version. The Poznanians' prejudice against Eastern Jews, so characteristic of German anti-Semitism, was exacerbated by their hostility against Poznanian Jews, with whom they had been in longstanding conflict. Experiencing a culture clash upon entering the settlements of Eastern Jews, they regarded their inhabitants not only as very strange and unfamiliar but also as far less civilized and even more Jewish than their Poznanian coreligionists. This attitude was compounded by the Poznanians' twofold sense of superiority. First, Poznania was much more developed and contained a much smaller proportion of Jews than did Congress Poland, Galicia, and especially Betarus. Second, the Poznanians considered themselves the best unit of the Polish army and therefore looked down upon units from Congress Poland and Galicia, and especially on their officer corps, which they considered "Jew-ridden." Many of these prejudices were shared by the Poznanian officer corps whose members, in any event, were reluctant to punish their men for anti-Jewish excesses because of their own sense of insecurity. As a result, the Poznanians were much more likely than any other Polish troops to abuse Belarusian Jews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on a conference on the historiography of Jewish history, held in Hamburg, Germany, from June 22-23, 2012. Discussions revolved around the main theme of the meeting, namely the role the study of the history of Jews and Judaism in Germany has played in the development of historiography on Germany more broadly since the 1960s. Detailed papers touched on such subjects as research on the Holocaust in Germany and Austria, Jewish assimilation, and German scholarship on medieval Jewish history.

The author discusses the late German musicologist Hans Heinrich Eggebrecht. According to the article, Eggebrecht was accused of war crimes against Jews and prisoners of war during his service in the German military police on the Crimean Peninsula during World War II. The article discusses testimony given during military police officer interrogations by former German military police commander Maximilian Maier as well as other contradictory testimony concerning Eggebrecht's alleged culpability. The article also discusses known facts concerning Eggebrecht's service in the war.

The February 2006 issue of the European edition of Time magazine contained a DVD dedicated to the subject of the genocide of the Armenian people. The text introducing the documentary, produced by the French-German TV network arte, said, “‘Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?’ Hitler posed this rhetorical question on August 22, 1939, before embarking upon his campaign to exterminate six million European Jews and other groups.” The introductory paragraph concluded, “His assumption that no one remembered the genocide of 1.5 million Armenians by Ottoman Turkey must have emboldened the Führer to perpetrate the Jewish Holocaust.” [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses opposition to Nazi policies and authority by German Jews, noting ignorance of this resistance by most historians. The Hebrew word amidah (stand) is used to refer to such resistance.Topics include the actions of the national Jewish organization Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden (Reich Representation of Jews in Germany), appeals to government officials by Jewish organizations, and individual actions against Nazi oppression. It is said that, in reaction to the 1935 anti-Jewish Nuremberg Laws and the 1938 Kristallnacht pogrom, many German Jews committed suicide, distributed subversive literature, and kept records of the persecutions.

An introduction is presented that discusses issue articles on topics including the responses of German Jews to Nazi policies, Dutch participation in plans for Germanization of the Soviet Union during World War II, and a forced labor camp in Brande, Silesia.

The article discusses "Zukünftige Vergangenheit. Generation im Spannungsfeld von Imagination und Rekonstruktion," a conference that focused on generational dynamics in the 19th and 20th century. It was held in Göttingen, Germany from May 6-7, 2011. Topics discussed included how families in post-war Germany dealt with their memories of the past and their plans for the future, the modernization of Judaism in the 19th century, and how World War II affected younger generations in Germany.

Copyright of Historia y Politica: Ideas, Procesos y Movimientos Sociales is the property of Departamento De Historia del Pensamiento y de los Moviemientos Sociales y Politicos (Madrid) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over 50 years after the end of the second world war, the German foundation ‘Remembrance, Responsibility and the Future’ was established in order to guarantee a collective compensation of victims of slave and forced labour and ‘aryanization’ in the nazi era. The Foundation was frequently praised as a final sign of the historical and moral responsibility of the German state and economy for ‘nazi wrongs’. Some survivors’ organizations and other participants of the international negotiations on the compensation settlement, in contrast, judged the Foundation as a late and hard-won compromise, which had little relation to the unpaid wages and the misery and repression suffered.In order to evaluate the Foundation as an element of the German compensation politics towards victims of National Socialism, it is necessary to take a close look at its genesis and conception. This article therefore explores which factors determined the international negotiations on a collective compensation settlement for former slave and forced labourers at the end of the twentieth century, and to what extent the survivors’ claims for recognition of the crimes committed, and a comprehensive and adequate compensation were realized. It will be shown that the Foundation was not the result of a voluntary and ‘humanitarian’ initiative of the German economy and government and that numerous victims’ groups were excluded from the modest payments made to especially harshly damaged survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents the results of a comparative research project studying the individual and collective strategies taken by Jewish-owned business firms in the German cities of Berlin, Breslau, and Frankfurt am Main during Nazi persecution in the late 1930s. It examines the shared traits among the Jewish social and economic spheres in the towns. The article describes resistance efforts until 1938, when the authors state that the Nazis destroyed most Jewish businesses and murdered Jewish merchants and entrepreneurs. The article discusses how the Nazi Gestapo police tracked the movements of Jewish business owners, particularly to Frankfurt, which the article asserts was attractive to Jewish business operators.

The article discusses the historiography of German-Jewish history in the 19th and 20th centuries. It describes the historicist school of studying German Jews, exploring how diaspora Jews in Germany were considered a smaller part of the general Jewish population throughout the world. It then discusses developments in historiography in the early 20th century which viewed German Jews as a minority group unrelated to other minorities. The historiographical methods for understanding Jews during the rise of the Nationalist Socialist party and Nazi ideology are discussed, along with the scientific arguments used to justify anti-Jewish prejudice. The historiography of social historians Eugen Täubler, Selma Stern, and Bruno Blau are also discussed.

Copyright of ÖZP - Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft is the property of Oesterreichische Zeitschrift fur Politikwissenschaft and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An essay is presented on the responses of farmers and traders in small German towns to Nazi policies mandating the exclusion of Jews from the German economy. Particular focus is given to the cattle industry. According to the author, strong economic relations between farmers and Jewish cattle traders prior to Nazi rule undermined antisemitic policies. Details related to violence against Jewish cattle traders are also presented.