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Vegetation is an important factor in global climatic variability and plays a key role in the complex interactions between the land surface and the atmosphere. This study focuses on the spatial and temporal variability of vegetation and its relationship with land–atmosphere interactions. The authors have analyzed the vegetation water content (VegWC) from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E), the leaf area index (LAI), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the land surface temperature (Ts), and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Three regions, which have climatically differing characteristics, have been selected: the North America Monsoon System (NAMS) region, the Southern Great Plains (SGP) region, and the Little River Watershed in Tifton, Georgia. Temporal analyses were performed by comparing satellite observations from 2003 and 2004. The introduction of the normalized vegetation water content (NVegWC) derived as the ratio of VegWC and LAI corresponding to the amount of water in individual leaves has been estimated and this yields significant correlation with NDVI and Ts. The analysis of the NVegWC–NDVI relationship in the above listed three regions displays a negative exponential relation, and the Ts–NDVI relationship (TvX relationship) is inversely proportional. The correlation between these variables is higher in arid areas such as the NAMS region, and becomes less correlated in the more humid and more vegetated regions such as the area of eastern Georgia. A land-cover map is used to examine the influence of vegetation types on the vegetation biophysical and surface temperature relationships. The regional distribution of vegetation reflects the relationship between the vegetation biological characteristics of water and the growing environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]