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The Campeche Sound is the major offshore oil producing area in the Southern Gulf of Mexico (SGoM). To evaluate the impact of oil related activities in the ocean floor sediments, we analyzed the geochemical (major and trace element, organic carbon and hydrocarbon concentrations) and biological (benthic foraminifera) composition of 62 superficial sediment samples, from 13 to 1336 m water depth. Cluster and Factor analysis of all the variables indicate that their distribution patterns are mainly controlled by differences between the terrigenous and carbonate platforms in the SGoM. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages were abundant and diverse, and their distribution patterns are mainly determined by water depth and sedimentary environment. However, most of the abundant species are opportunistic and/or low-oxygen tolerant, and many of their tests show oil stains and infillings, characteristic of oil polluted locations, suggesting the environment has been modified by natural seepage or oil-related activities. To determine if these conditions are natural or anthropogenic in origin, pre - industrial settings should be studied. Organic carbon (Corg) content (0.6–2.9%) and total hydrocarbon concentrations (PAHs 1.0–29.5 μg kg−1) were usually higher around the oil platforms area, the natural hydrocarbon seeps ("chapopoteras") area and offshore rivers, but there is no accumulation of oil related trace elements in these areas. However, the comparison with international sediment quality benchmarks indicates that Cd, Cr and Ni concentrations are above the threshold effect level, and also As, Ba and Cu are above the probable effect level benchmarks, which indicate that these element concentrations might be of potential ecological concern. Comprehensive studies involving different proxies, and assessing pre-industrial conditions, must be undertaken before assessing environmental health of marine benthic ecosystems. • Impact of oil related activities on ocean floor sediments was assessed. • Benthic Foraminifera (microbenthos) show impact of various oil derived sources. • Concentrations of As, Ba and Cu might be of potential ecological concern.. • Organic carbon and PAHs content are greater in oil exploitation and seep areas. • Campeche Bay is affected by multiple stressors, both natural and anthropogenic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sediment accumulation in contrasting mangrove areas showed similar temporal trends. • Mass accumulation rates (MAR) increased exponentially over the last century. • MAR mainly accelerated since the 1950s and it was attributed to continental erosion. • Continental erosion was associated with land-use changes and population growth. • Mangroves accumulated sediments at pace with local sea-level rises. Mangrove sediments are valuable records to reconstruct the impacts of human-induced changes on the coastal zone. Seven lead-210 dated sediment cores were used to evaluate temporal trends of sedimentation rates over the past century in Mexican mangrove areas at Términos Lagoon (TL; southern Gulf of Mexico) and El Verde Camacho Lagoon (EV; northern Mexican Pacific coast). We hypothesized that the contrasting characteristics (e.g., meteorological, demographic, and land-use change) would lead to significant differences in sedimentation rates between the study sites. Sediment accumulation rates (SAR) in both sites (TL 0.03–2.1 cm yr−1; EV 0.04–4 cm yr−1) were comparable to the global SAR range for mangrove forests. Mass accumulation rates (MAR) in the TL cores (0.03–0.47 g cm−2 yr−1) were consistent with previous studies of the region. Excluding conspicuous MAR maxima, attributed to meteorological events, MAR values in the EV cores (0.04–0.9 g cm−2 yr−1) were higher than in other mangrove areas of the Mexican Pacific coast, but comparable to other sites in the world. Similar exponentially increasing MAR values towards present in both sites were attributed to general factors driving sediment accumulation in mangroves, mainly continental erosion promoted by land-use changes, which has accelerated since the 1950s, associated with (i) population growth and the consequent expansion of human activities and (ii) sea-level rise, similar in the studied regions and from which mangrove ecosystems seem to adapt. Intensifying population growth and land-use change are already reducing the extent of mangrove coverage in some parts of the study areas. Adaptation to an accelerating sea-level rise depends on maintaining conditions that allow mangroves to accrete vertically. However, both global change pressures may pose future threats to these ecosystems. Efforts to monitor sediment accretion and adapt the management of mangrove conservation areas are required to understand better mangrove response to global change impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the Grijalva-Usumacinta river basin exerts modifications on its discharge area. A sediment core was studied to reconstruct environmental changes and trace element contamination status during the past 45 years. 210Pb-derived mass accumulation rates indicate higher sediment input to the area since 1995, related to increased precipitation and floodings in the catchment area. Sediments show finer particles from the late 1970s on, likely related to dams construction upriver and/or land use changes. Heavy metal enrichment factors (EF < 2) suggest minimum contamination. Benthic foraminifera and redox-sensitive - elements (As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) indicate the sediments before 2000 were deposited under oxygenated conditions. Afterwards, environmental conditions changed and benthic foraminifera and dinocysts assemblages changed suggesting eutrophication and lower oxygen conditions during the last 20 years. Monitoring should be continued to assess eutrophication/hypoxic/pollution trends that could become deleterious to the marine biota. • Sediments from past 45 years record environmental changes in the marine area off the largest river in southern Gulf of Mexico • Mass accumulation rates indicate higher sediment input to the area since 1995. • Higher sediment input related to increased precipitation and flooding in Tabasco City and the catchment area. • Grain size variation reflects land use change and damming since the 1980s. • Benthic Foraminifera and Dinocysts indicate a process of eutrophication in bottom waters during the last 20 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial and temporal variability of mercury concentrations in sediments was evaluated in 210Pb-dated sediment cores from offshore and intertidal areas in the southern Gulf of Mexico. In offshore cores, mercury concentrations were comparable (11.2–69.2 ng g−1), and intermediate between concentrations in intertidal cores from the eastern (6.0–34.4 ng g−1) and the western (34.9–137.7 ng g−1) inlets of Términos Lagoon. The enrichment factor (EF) indicated minimal contamination (EF < 2) in most offshore cores, whereas in some intertidal cores steadily increasing mercury enrichment and fluxes were observed along the past century. No evidence of oil industry related mercury contamination was found, as the minor but increasing enrichment in intertidal cores is most likely related to land-derived sources such as catchment eroded soils and waste water runoff. Results highlight the importance to control catchment erosion and untreated sewage releases to reduce mercury loadings to the coastal zone. Unlabelled Image • Hg contamination trends were studied in sediment cores of southern Gulf of Mexico. • Null to minor Hg enrichment was observed during the past 100 years in the area. • Recent Hg concentrations in most offshore cores were close to preindustrial levels. • Minor Hg contamination in intertidal areas is likely associated to surface runoff. • Hg concentrations are not a risk to benthic biota in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ixtoc-1 oil spill (1979–80) released 475 million liters of petroleum into the Southern Gulf of Mexico (sGoM) likely causing Marine Oil Snow Sedimentation and Flocculent Accumulation (MOSSFA) to occur. A multiproxy approach including short-lived radioisotopes (210Pb xs), benthic foraminifera stable isotopes (δ13C CaCO3), and volcanic sediment grains was used to investigate regional events (e.g. oil spills and volcanic eruptions) recorded in sedimentary records. Depleted δ13C CaCO3 from 1979 to 80 outside of natural variability most likely results from petrogenic carbon deposition 100–250 km west of Ixtoc-1, possibly associated with MOSSFA. An event, characterized by increased volcanic input, depleted δ13C CaCO3 , and increased mass accumulation rates was consistent with the El Chichón eruption (1982) 80–100 km north of Ixtoc-1. Many factors confound the uniform distribution and preservation of these events in the sGoM. However, a multiproxy approach may aid to distinguish multiple events in the sGoM sedimentary record. • Event identified in recent sediments consistent with preserved Ixtoc-1 oil spill (1979–80), MOSSFA. • Event identified in recent sediments consistent with El Chichón volcanic eruption (1982). • Multiproxy approach is necessary to disentangle and identify events in recent sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]