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Simple Summary: Metabolites of intestinal microorganisms play an important role in the growth process of animals, and there are differences in the feeding behavior of animals of different sexes. The aim of this study was to reveal the sex differences in intestinal microbial metabolites of Hainan special wild boars. This study shows that the highest number of differential metabolites was found between entire males and females, the differential metabolites were enriched in more metabolic pathways, and castration reduced this difference. This study provides a certain metabolite database for future precision feeding of Hainan special wild boars and other pig breeds of different sexes. The intestinal microbiota and its metabolites are essential for the health and growth development of animals. Current research indicates that sex has a certain impact on the structure and function of the intestinal microbiota, but there are few reports on sex differences in intestinal microbiota metabolites, including those of castrated male animals. This study aimed to explore the impact of sex on the intestinal microbial metabolites of Hainan special wild boars (10 entire male pigs, 10 female pigs, and 10 castrated male pigs, denoted EM, FE, and CM, respectively) by employing non-targeted metabolomics and gas chromatography. A total of 1086 metabolites were detected, with the greatest number of differential metabolites observed between EM and FE (54 differential metabolites, including 18 upregulated and 36 downregulated metabolites), the fewest between CM and FE (7 differential metabolites, including 1 upregulated and 6 downregulated metabolites), and an intermediate number between CM and EM (47 differential metabolites, including 35 upregulated and 12 downregulated metabolites). Differential metabolites were involved in more pathways between EM and FE and between CM and EM, including amino acid metabolism and digestive system pathways, whereas differential metabolites were involved in the fewest pathways between CM and FE. Correlation analysis showed Ruminococcaceae UCG-009, uncultured_bacterium_o_SAR324_cladeMarine_group_B, and Candidatus Saccharimonas contributed to the production of metabolites such as trehalose, docosatrienoic acid, D(−)-beta-hydroxy butyric acid, and acetyl-DL-leucine. The levels of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, and isovaleric acid were significantly higher in EM than in FE, with CM falling between the two. Streptococcus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group showed a significant positive correlation with the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), while [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group, uncultured_bacterium_f_p–251–o5 and Ruminococcaceae_UCG–005 showed a significant negative correlation with the generation of SCFAs. This study provides foundational data and significant insights into precision feeding strategies for Hainan special wild boars of different sexes, as well as the study of sex differences in intestinal microbial metabolites in animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of diet Piper sarmentosum extract (PSE) on the growth performance, antioxidant properties, rumen fermentation and microflora in goats. Forty Hainan black goats with similar body weight were divided into four groups with supplementation of PSE in the concentrate at 0, 300, 600 and 1,200 mg/kg, respectively, and fed for 56 days. Results showed that average daily gain (ADG) was higher and feed intake/body gain (F/G) was lower in goats fed with PSE at 300 mg/kg (p <.05). The activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) in the serum of goats differed among treatments and were greatest linearly when PSE was added at 1,200 mg/kg (p <.05). The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum of goats differed among treatments and was lowest linearly when PSE was added at 1,200 mg/kg (p <.05). The level of protozoal protein in the rumen of goats differed among treatments and was lowest linearly when PSE was added at 1,200 mg/kg (p <.05). The concentrations of ruminal acetic acid and valeric acid and the ratio of acetate to propionate were reduced with PSE supplementation (p <.05). Protozoa, fungi, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes contents differed among treatments and were lowest linearly when PSE was added at 1,200 mg/kg (p <.05). Thus, supplementation of PSE at 300–1,200 mg/kg to goat concentrate is recommended for improving antioxidative ability and rumen efficiency and reducing protozoal content of goat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]