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Background: To analyze the factors affecting the loss of correction effect in patients with congenital scoliosis after one stage posterior hemivertebra resection, orthosis, fusion and internal fixation. Methods: Thirty-nine patients with congenital scoliosis (CS) who underwent one-stage posterior hemivertebra resection, orthosis, fusion and internal fixation were retrospectively included in Hebei Children's Hospital General demographic information of patients was collected. Preoperative and postoperative imaging indicators were compared, Including cobb Angle of the main curvature of the spine, segmental Cobb Angle, compensatory cephalic curve, compensatory curve on the caudal side, segmental kyphosis, coronal balance, sagittal balance, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, and apical vertebra translation. Correlation analysis is used to evaluate the factors affecting the loss of judgment and correction effect, and the correlation indicators are included in the multi-factor Logistics regression. Results: In terms of radiographic indicators in the coronal plane, compared to preoperative values, significant improvements were observed in postoperative Cobb Angle of main curve (8.00°±4.62° vs. 33.30°±9.86°), Segmental Cobb angle (11.87°±6.55° vs. 31.29°±10.03°), Compensatory cephalic curve (6.22°±6.33° vs. 14.75°±12.50°), Compensatory curve on the caudal side (5.58°±3.43° vs. 12.61°±8.72°), coronal balance (10.95 mm ± 8.65 mm vs. 13.52 mm ± 11.03 mm), and apical vertebra translation (5.96 mm ± 5.07 mm vs. 16.55 mm ± 8.39 mm) (all P < 0.05). In the sagittal plane, significant improvements were observed in Segmental kyposis Angle (7.60°±9.36° vs. 21.89°±14.62°, P < 0.05) as compared to preoperative values. At the last follow-up, Segmental kyphosis Angle (6.09°±9.75° vs. 21.89°±14.62°, P < 0.05), Thoracic kyphosis (26.57°±7.68° vs. 24.06°±10.49°, P < 0.05) and Lumbar lordosis (32.12°±13.15° vs. 27.84°±16.68°, P < 0.05) had statistical significance compared with the preoperative department. The correlation analysis showed that the correction effect of the main curve Cobb angle was correlated with fixed segment length (rs=-0.318, P = 0.048), postoperative segment Cobb angle (rs=-0.600, P < 0.001), preoperative apical vertebra translation (rs = 0.440, P = 0.005), and spinal cord malformation (rs=-0.437, P = 0.005). The correction effect of segmental kyphosis was correlated with age (rs = 0.388, P = 0.037). The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that postoperative segmental Cobb angle > 10° (OR = 0.011, 95%CI:0.001–0.234, P = 0.004), associated spinal cord anomalies (OR = 24.369, 95%CI:1.057-561.793, P = 0.046), and preoperative apical translation > 10 mm (OR = 0.012, 95%CI:0.000-0.438, P = 0.016) were influential factors in the progression of the main curve Cobb angle. Conclusion: The one-stage posterior hemivertebra resection and short-segment corrective fusion with internal fixation are effective means to treat congenital scoliosis. However, attention should be paid to the loss of correction and curve progression during follow-up. Patients with spinal cord malformation and a large preoperative apical vertebra translation have a greater risk of losing the correction after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]