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The following text takes an ethnological approach to explore the topic of Romanian women's emancipation in communist Hungary, focusing on historical, social, and political events that influenced their roles in society. Rather than a feminist or gender-ideological perspective, we will analyze writings published in the Romanian press in Hungary to gain insight into the experiences of Romanian women living in the communist society. Libertatea Noastră magazine, founded in 1951 in the Hungarian town of Jula/Gyula, placed great emphasis on highlighting the role of Romanian women from its very first issue. In a short time, the Romanian woman transformed from a peasant to a comrade in the spirit of socialist internationalism and proletarianism. The Romanian gazette published numerous articles dedicated to women's struggle for peace, new trends in child rearing and education, and issues related to the changing role of women. One of the articles also mentioned the transformation of Ana Sava, a simple peasant born Iuhas from Micherechi, into a comrade and poet who praised the Party and its leaders. However, like most articles in the communist press, these articles often presented a desired reality that was not necessarily true. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a defining technology of the 21st century, creating new opportunities for academic libraries. The goal of this paper is to provide a much-needed analysis, interpreted in an international context, on what the leaders of academic libraries in East-Central Europe, and specifically in Hungary, think about AI and its implementation in a library setting. The survey shows that according to library directors AI is more of an opportunity for academic libraries than a threat, and it could provide support in all areas of library operation, including digitising, information service, and education. Findings indicate that a quarter of the Hungarian academic libraries surveyed use AI-supported solutions, mostly in the areas of information retrieval and data processing. Using Rogers (The diffusion of innovations. 5th ed. The Free Press, 2003) diffusion of innovation model, it may be projected that an explosive growth is to be expected in the use of AI in libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass media research on the portrayal of older people has primarily focused on television series and advertisements. News programmes on television have received little attention. We argue that viewers perceive characters on the news as more direct and more accurate representations of social reality than fictional characters, and therefore portrayals on the news are more likely to be integrated in viewers' stereotypes about elderly people or used as standards of comparison. In order to explore potential differences in the representation of senior men and women, we conducted a quantitative content analysis on a sample of 754 elderly people who appeared on the evening news programmes of four major Hungarian television channels with high viewership. Each character was coded in terms of 115 qualitative variables. Our results indicate that older men are portrayed significantly more often than women as affluent, elegant, knowledgeable, powerful and actively working. By contrast, women are more commonly shown as kind, family-oriented, in ordinary roles (e.g. as the 'woman in the street') and engaged in less-productive activities such as shopping. Based on previous research on the role of mass media in the socialisation process as well as social comparison theory, we discuss how these imbalances in the representation of older men and women may affect viewers of different age groups, genders and social status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 1861, József Szinnyei published the inventory of all the Hungarian periodicals annually. The lists first appeared in Vasárnapi Újság, then, from 1895, in Magyar Könyvszemle. The first list had 52 items. The number of the periodicals doubled from decade to decade. The last list, published in 1911, contained 1680 items. The individual items had the same structure: the name of the periodical, the place of publication; names of the editors, owners, publishers; volume and price. Szinnyei's lists can be regarded as the only reliable guide to fifty years of periodicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The former chief editor (2004-2016) of the monthly journal Könyv, Könyvtár, Könyvtáros (abbreviated as 3K) remembers his career. 3K started in 1992, replacing the former Könyvtáros, at a time when the traditional functions of the printed press started to change. The use of computers spread in Hungary as well, and both the production of journals and the collection of professional information was increasingly transferred to the electronic environment. During the paradigm change the character of 3K was identified as theoretical, and 3K chose a profile to publish essays and disseminate scientific knowledge in a high quality. Its subjects were universal, because 3K dealt with a variety of fringe subjects, too, in addition to library science. The difficulties in this period included continuous adaptation to the changes in financing and the efforts required to provide electronic access. The journal appears regularly today, and its editorial concept – to create a harmony between the past and the future, to inform readers about both professional tradition and novelties, and to provide a forum for younger and more experienced colleagues in various fields and professional areas – has remained timely even after 20 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study provides an overview of the life of this peer-reviewed national professional journal edited at the Hungarian Library Institute in the period 2000 through 2019. Könyvtári Figyelő entered its 65th volume this year. This quarterly magazine has published 80 issues and more than 15,000 pages in PDF format in twenty years. Thanks to the support of the National Cultural Fund (NKA) printed issues continue to be published to our days. The full text of issues can be accessed and searched on an electronic interface (http://ki.oszk.hu/kf) from the beginnings (1955) to the present day (2020/1). Roughly two-thirds of each issue include research articles on the main events and developments in Hungarian librarianship, and one-third deals with the presentation of developments in the international library world. The author reviews the most important articles in the Studies, Our past, and Book reviews columns in two ten-year cycles, and refers to the professional trends summarized at the beginning of her article. The editors are increasingly oriented towards open access and the application of the Open Journal System (OJS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the attention paid to the drawing up of the Peace Treaty with Hungary, the first pieces of information on its signing reached Romania less than 24 hours after the event, followed by the publication of the articles in the treaty related to Romania. Analyses and commentaries were published in numerous press organs and were signed by outstanding personalities. They stressed the justness and importance of the treaty for Romania, showing a concern for the promotion of positive Romanian-Hungarian relations, without neglecting certain less favorable Hungarian manifestations in relation to those prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looking at what happens now that Hungary's prime minister is pressurising the judiciary, press, parliament and electoral system Watchdogs set the alarm bells ringing long ago, yet Orbán was elected prime minister last year for the third consecutive time. In fact, what Kádár sees is a systematic and parallel deconstruction of critical voices by the Orbán government in every relevant field, from the media to academic independence. [Extracted from the article]

This article analyses the political and media discourses on Roma in Hungary, Finland and the UK, in relation to the local Roma in these countries as well as those who migrated from Central and Eastern Europe countries following the fall of communism. The authors have analysed left of centre and right of centre major newspapers in these three countries, focusing on specific case studies which were the foci of public debates during the last two decades. We also examined a common case study in 2013 (“blond Maria”) that was discussed throughout Europe. In each news paper, the constructions of Roma, local and migrant, and the changes to related discourses over the period were studied. In conclusion, we examine the multi-layered processes of social and political borderings in Europe which dominate discourses on Roma, “indigenous” and migrant, and the extent to which they constitute a coherent “European” construction of “the Roma”. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The most recent migration of Roma from Central-Eastern Europe to Canada started in the 1990s. Several thousand people from former socialist countries, including Hungarian Roma, moved overseas. There were many reasons but for Roma, the motivations not only included a drastic loss of employment, but re-emerging systemic and increasingly violent racism. This article focuses on the discursive framing of these motivations and the reaction within both Hungarian and Canadian newspapers from 1999 to 2013. In the article we show how the press engaged in framing and counter-framing the policies and politics of the host country through their coverage of “the Hungarian Roma” issue. Specifically, we focus on the differing and shifting spheres of consensus and the changing political/policy contexts by conducting an in-depth comparison of the changing media frames in Hungarian and Canadian newspaper coverage. We show how the “Hungarian Roma issue” becomes an example and reflection of the changing political culture. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Details of the fate of the Jewish community in Northern Transylvania, under Hungarian state administration after 1940, were of common knowledge already by the last months of the Second World War. Consequently, wide circles of the local population could have been familiar with its nature and events. However, only the top members of the political and church elites were aware about the tragedy of the Transylvanian Jews after their deportation. Between 1945 and 1949, the Transylvanian media presented several times the most important facts of the horrors of the Holocaust. Simultaneously, the surviving members of the annihilated Northern Transylvanian Jewish communities did everything in their power to immortalize the memory of the tragedy in literary and art works. During the decades of communist consolidation, when all areas of social life, the facts of the Holocaust included, fell under the reign of silence, these early creations of Holocaust memorialization played an important role in keeping the memory of the genocide alive and constantly directing the attention of young generations upon the sinister legacy of Nazism and fascism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the rise of the Internet-based opposition group, One Million for the Freedom of the Press in Hungary (or Milla for short), and considers its impact as a form of digital activism in Hungarian political culture. Milla was founded in December 2010 as a Facebook group in response to the newly elected Fidesz government and its fundamental revision of the Hungarian constitution and, in particular, its media laws. Milla is a civil society group, based in Budapest, who saw the Fidesz government as a threat to the democratic freedoms set out in the post-communist settlement in Hungary. It emerged at a time when the mainstream Hungarian opposition parties were in disarray, and it took on the role of challenging the legitimacy of Fidesz actions. Milla is an important example of the idea of digital activism and virtual solidarity, and its experiences serve to illustrate many of the strengths and weaknesses of these notions. The article sets out the ways in which Milla has sought to generate support for itself and opposition to the government, how it has organized its activities and ultimately the specific problems that it faces in Hungarian civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes changes in the electoral discourse in Transylvania in the second half of the 19th century. More precisely, it reveals the general and not the official opinion related to the perception of the political system installed after the ratification of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise. Writings published in the newspapers sympathizing with various parties suggest that the basic concept most frequently used by the representatives of the governing party was that of (industrial) development, while the opposition meant to emphasize the agricultural character of Hungarian society, presenting the shortcomings of a hasty adaptation to the civilizing trends coming from the West. The present analysis suggests that there was a passionate political dialogue between the two political groups, even though their speeches in the electoral campaigns do not always reflect the attitudes of the politicians as indicated by the personal or archive sources of that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article unites theories of framing, collective memory and a sociological concept of icons in order to examine how icons can represent a frame of a historic event over time in journalism. Focusing on the central Hungarian communist dailyNépszabadság's 30 years of coverage of the 1956 Hungarian revolution against the Soviet Union, the article argues that the newspaper—in alliance with the party—constructed iconic persons, iconic objects, and iconic places of what the regime called a “counterrevolution.” These icons as symbolic condensations served as powerful journalistic tools that represented the framing of the event as counterrevolutionary and furthered the regime's desire to erase the vernacular memory of the revolution. From November 1956 until February 1957 the coverage was inchoate. Thereafter until November 1960Népszabadságengaged in active icon construction.Népszabadságfocused on a few hours of October 30, when protesters murdered several defenders of the Budapest party headquarters. Journalists constructed iconic personalities of this event: the martyrs, their mourning families, the few survivors and also the heroes, who saved lives. Republic Square, where the murders occurred, became the iconic place of the counterrevolution and the victims' bodies were presented as iconic objects. Thereafter until September 1981Népszabadságrestricted the memory of the event to the already established icons providing only rote coverage of official commemorations. Finally, until November 1986Népszabadságstressed factual achievements of the government's victory over the counterrevolution, while the power of icons was fading. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Media scholars looking into the relationship between political and media systems in the former communist countries have mainly worked on the assumption that parties seek control over the media in order to suppress critical voices and to gain favourable coverage so that they can influence voting behaviour, but have barely explored political actors’ other possible motivations. Meanwhile, political scientists studying the region’s countries have often focused on parties’ relationship to the state and the resources that they extracted from state institutions such as ministries and municipalities but largely ignored the relationship between parties and the media. This article, written as part of the project Media and Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe, attempts to link these two traditions of research. Introducing the concept of the party colonisation of the media, it looks into what benefits other than suppressing criticism and gaining favourable coverage parties may gain from controlling the media. It uses the example of Hungary to illustrate how the party colonisation of the media works. It also intends to assess how different patterns of media colonisation affect media freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of our paper is to offer an analysis of the phenomenon of the national philosophy of the 19th century. We will analyse this concept as a consequence of the emergence of the public sphere of the city in the function of the cultural capital of a national culture and the centre of the press. Our instance is the development of the philosophical public sphere of the double cities on the opposite banks of the Danube, Buda and Pest (today Budapest). This public sphere was organised in native language by the newly established organisations of the literature, humanities and sciences, such as different societies of writers, with a distinguished role of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS, since 1825). By our hypothesis, it is not an accident phenomenon that the topic of the national philosophy has emerged within the framework of this new public sphere. Expressed more clearly, the concept of the national philosophy depends on a special grade of the development of the public sphere of the centre of the national press - at least in the Hungarian case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis of the methods in which actual malice, an important aspect of defamation law in the U.S., has been adapted and reimagined in other jurisdictions around the world. It informs that in an American perspective, the "actual malice" rule, which the U.S. Supreme Court proclaimed in 1964 makes it unique in comparison to rest of the world. It discusses the judgment of the Supreme Court in the court case New York Times Co. v. Sullivan. The author presents a comparison of the libel judgment in the U.S. with libel decision of the Hungarian Constitutional Court in a similar case.

This bibliography lists the scientific publications and published conference proceedings in the field of the history of printing, book publishing, the press, and libraries. The arrangement is by subject and alphabetical order within each group, further subdivided by century when warranted.

The article provides information on the impact of legal transplantation in the development of Hungarian media law. It states that the Hungarian media law was influenced by the European concept, which centers on democracy and culture. It mentions that in 1997, private broadcasters ended the monopoly of the national public broadcasting in Hungary while the press market is in a stable condition with economic success of tabloid papers. It also discusses some aspects of Hungary's revised Constitution including the establishment of the Constitutional Court (CC) which is responsible in guarding the rule of law, the constitutional order and the fundamental rights. Moreover, the Broadcasting Act laid out rules for radio and television media.

The Italian government and the Italian people received the news about the separate peace concluded in Bucharest by Romania and the Central Powers with great disappointment. Both the government and some political organizations were working to organize a Romanian Legion in Italy, consisting of Austrian-Hungarian prisoners of Romanian nationality and of Romanian citizens self-exiled to Italy. The Legion was organized, but it did not reach the front before the armistice was signed. At the important Congress of Nationalities organized in April 1918 in Rome, the Romanian question was also presented and discussed by some Italian democratic representatives and by some Romanians that had chosen to live in Italy after the start of the war, people such as Simion Mândrescu. Opinions differed considerably when it came to the Legion's organization and to the future Romanian borders. The majority of Italian observers and journalists were inclined to satisfy the major requests of the Romanian nationalists. Nevertheless, the revolutionary situation in Hungary drove some to prudence and to a more balanced opinion about the Romanian-Hungarian conflict. The Italian socialists manifested their enthusiasm for the Hungarian Left before and after the proclamation of the Councils Republic. All these topics are studied in the present essay on the basis of unpublished archival documents and of the Italian press (with special regard to La Voce dei Popoli, founded and edited by Umberto Zanotti-Bianco). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an examination into the antisemitic demonstrations and civil unrest which perpetuated around the 1883 Tiszaeszlar blood libel incident in Hungary. Details are given outlining the events of the incident as well as analysis regarding the social factors which kept the population in Budapest in an agitated state over the controversy. Particular consideration is given to the use of the media to spread information on the trial's progress. Through press archives of press reports, the authors reconstruct a list of individuals who were arrested for mob actions in response to the trial.

The author answers a reference question on bibliographic sources for the Ukrainian periodical press 1840-1850. Helpful publications include bibliographies, guides, and library catalogs. These potentially make mention of revolutionary developments in Hungary (such as the Twelve Points paragraph of the Demands of the Hungarian Nation in March 1848, the subsequent April Laws, and Hungary's declaration of independence in April 1949), and elsewhere in the Hapsburg Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of the Hungarian and the international market of press monitoring from the point of view of specific user needs, listing the most important for-profit and free of charge providers and presenting their services. The market convergence and new development trends are demonstrated with concrete examples. The article also deals with the legislation of press monitoring, and includes a glossary as well as a brief history of press monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the political construction of different types of tourists present in Hungary during the period of state socialism. After the 1956 revolution was crushed, Communist leadership sought to find new ways of legitimizing its power. One of the major legitimizing factors was raising standards of living. Another was the opening of the borders that is, allowing Hungarian citizens limited possibilities for travelling abroad. This concession was rather unique within the Communist Bloc, and it was not without its own dangers from the power holders' point of view. Citizens had to be guarded, controlled and supervized, not only to come back to Hungary,but also to think and feel properly in foreign countries. This paper demonstrates the efforts of the Communist Press, to bring into being construction of the ideal enlightened Tourist who is interested in art, museums and'social human values'. This ideal Tourist is set against with the Speculators, whose only concern is goods, especially Western goods, and have only 'dirty' material interest in travelling. This construction was doomed to fail due to a basic paradox: whereas the Kádár regime – quite successfully – stimulated consumer values in Hungary,one could hardly hope that these consumerist desires would be left behind during there vacation spent abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article analyzes the influence of the "Chernobyl factor" on the nuclear power discourse in Hungary. Despite its temporal distance, the geographical proximity of the Chernobyl disaster has significantly influenced the lives and perceptions of current Hungarian generations. The research examines two layers of public communication regarding the Chernobyl disaster—political discourse and Hungarian online news media—and matches these with the online representation of the catastrophe. This study finds that despite Chernobyl's significant impact on the cultural memory of Hungarian society, it is considered an event of the past with limited relevance for the future. The contemporary representation of Chernobyl reflects the aspirations and expectations of current society, manifests highly mediatized content, nurtures elements of infotainment, symbolizes danger and negligence, and socially reconstructs meaning through alienation from its original connotation. The Chernobyl factor does not appear significantly in current nuclear discourse in Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geofluid systems are in the centre of interest nowadays despite we know less about them considering their interrelationships. Their fluids can have different origin: meteoric, oceanic or evolved water (Deming 2003). If we focus on the continental lithosphere, we can count on different fluids of different origin, which are mobilized by different driving forces such as hydraulic gradient, buoyancy effect, compaction, tectonic compression etc. In the last decades it was recognized that fluids play role in nearly all geologic processes and are ubiquitous in the continental crust to depths of at least 10 to 15 km. Therefore, continental crust started to handle as "two-component" system based on rock-fluid interaction (Ingebritsen et al. 2006). In the upper continental crust, the permeability of rocks may be sufficient to keep up continuous flow systems for 1-10 million years. Due to the operation of geofluid systems on geological time scale, we could reveal that geofluids act as a geologic agent, therefore they have an outstanding effect on every geological processes, such as mobilisation, transportation, and accumulation of matter and heat. Consequently, geofluid systems can be characterized by complex physical, geochemical and microbiological processes. The presentation displays thermal springs arise at the boundary of confined and unconfined carbonates as geological manifestation of interacting geofluid systems. We try to show those chemical components which are mobilized and transported, and demonstrate how the mobilized matter is accumulated around thermal springs at the surface. The example of Buda Thermal Karst (BTK), Hungary demonstrates the concept of the ENeRAG project 'Dynamic System Approach for Geofluids and their Resources' that handles fluids and resources together in the Earth crust. This result is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grantagreement No 810980". References: Deming D. (2003): Introduction to hydrogeology (2003)Ingebritsen, S.E., Sanford, W.E., and Neuzil, C.E., (2006): Groundwater in Geologic Processes, 2nd edition: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 536 p. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on support of president elect Donald Trump during election campaigns of the U.S. 2016 presidential elections by prime minister of Hungary Orbán Viktor and Cambodia's prime minister Hun Sen. It states association of leaders towards political correctness approach along with involvement in migrants on slaughter. It mentions avoidance of human rights promotion by Trump along with Viktor and Hun Sen and press freedom deterioration in Hungary.