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Currently, resilience studies are at the forefront of urban and regional research. However, community resilience is generally less investigated than economic or climate resilience. Community resilience, defined as the ability of different regional levels to adjust their socioeconomic systems to cope with adverse effects of external factors and to be able to provide adaptive responses, plays a crucial role in sustainable regional development patterns. This paper addresses this scientific gap in the general lack of community resilience studies in Hungary and the understudied regional focus. The study has two aims: 1) to collect statistical variables for assessing community resilience based on the basic resilience indicators for communities (BRIC) framework and 2) to conduct statistical and regional analyses at the Hungarian subregional level (former LAU level 1). The subregional level provides an extensive amount of spatial units that enabled the authors to apply context-specific indicators and reveal regional patterns. The authors conducted several statistical analyses, proving the independence of the selected variables and the effectiveness of the elaborated community resilience index. Regarding regional characteristics, the authors mapped and analyzed the spatial pattern of each community resilience dimension and the overall index. Furthermore, this paper evaluated spatial autocorrelation aspects to identify those areas where similar subregions can be found. The applied statistical analyses regarding the elaborated set of indicators prove the relatively high independence of variables. Although the Pearson correlation was found to be significant in some cases, there were no professional connections. Regarding the multicollinearity analysis, the authors found that the variance inflation factor (VIF) values of the dimensions do not exceed the benchmark value of 5. The regional analyses showed high heterogeneity concerning the evaluated resilience category. In the cases of infrastructure, community, and environmental dimensions, rapidly urbanized subregions and their agglomerations had lower values. The economic and social aspects proved the east-west axis within the country, and the below-average values well followed the average size of municipalities within the subregions. Finally, the Central-Northern subregions are spatially correlated, defining a regional hotspot with below-average performances by paying attention to the calculated Moran's I values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought phenomena have been frequent in Hungarian history. One of the most important sectors in Hungary is agriculture, so the agricultural drought is a particularly important area to be examined. The purpose of the study is to determine how vulnerable each county (NUTS-3 regions) is to the expected effects of drought. The study provides an assessment framework of drought-related vulnerabilities and the preparedness of drought policies at the NUTS-3 level in Hungary. The drought-related vulnerability of NUTS-3 regions was determined by selected exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity indicators. The calculation of drought vulnerability is based on the IPCC 2007 methodology, while the input data were derived from the National Adaptation Geo-information System online data platform and Hungarian agro-statistical data sources. An assessment framework of drought-related policy performance of NUTS-3-level climate change strategies was developed. The evaluation methodology is based on a specific scorecard of evaluation criteria related to the performance of the county's drought-related objectives and measures. According to the relationship between the county's drought-related vulnerability and policy performance, the counties were classified into four types. The main results show that several counties fail the target by overestimating the role of drought prevention, with little vulnerability index. In contrast, many counties are not adequately prepared for the impacts of drought, despite their high vulnerability index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, urban areas are increasingly identified as strategic fields of climate change-related actions. Climate change is an increasingly complex challenge for these territories. Tackling climate change, moreover, in a sustainable way, is a priority in the European Union, which has set several ambitious short- and long-term mitigation, adaptation, and sustainability targets. It is a central issue of how society can respond to the climate emergency that is affected by and depends on the vertical and horizontal interrelations among different stakeholders, organizations, governance actors, etc., and their activities. Countries, regions, counties, and cities around the world react by developing climate strategies. The operationalization of the high-level political agreements and discourses is uncertain, and the policies in practice should also be evaluated on regional and city levels, just as the milestones of related strategic planning processes fostering local adaptive capacity. According to regional and urban governance, it is pivotal addressing not only mitigation but adaptation issues to be able to foster sustainable regional development, also considering the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) specified in the Agenda 2030. Adaptation to climate change is increasingly becoming a priority for policy action. It also has high relevance to find the synergic interrelations towards an adaptive future. This paper evaluates the recent changes in Hungarian regional and urban planning in relation to climate policy approach and reports a state of adaptation oriented spatial planning on NUTS-3 (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) and LAU-1 (Local Administrative Units) levels. The results are based on the collection of all relevant climate change-related strategic documents on these levels in Hungary and on the analysis of specific information. There is a lack of knowledge related to the comprehensive adaptation policy and planning on regional and local levels in Hungary. The results of the evaluation show the state-of-art knowledge related to possible adaptation pathways and the various engagement level for climate policy approach on different spatial levels in Hungary. In the case of the examined research area, the development of more mitigation oriented planning documents and low level of adaptation measures and monitoring process management tools is seen as critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vulnerability of urban transport systems require actions for increasing adaptive capacity of them and for taking steps towards resilient and sustainable urban areas. Since transportation seems to be a largely mitigation-aimed area, moreover there is an imbalance between mitigation and adaptation measures in this sector, this paper focusing on adaptation-oriented indicators regarding urban transportation. For this purpose, a widely used Balanced Scorecard model has been applied by involving anticipated climate impacts and by modifying the base model. The main aim of present study is to develop set of indicators for setting the ground for a future assessment of adaptive capacity of urban transportation sector in Hungarian cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transport systems are key elements of urban areas, therefore their sustainability has a pivotal role in achieving complex urban sustainability. Nowadays the assessment of urban sustainability is a hotspot in different scientific fields despite of lack of comprehensive and widely accepted definitions of both urban sustainability and sustainable transportation. The use of divergent indicators for evaluating sustainable urban transportation has been emerged as a core of urban studies. The main aims of this paper is to analyze sets of sustainable urban transport indicators developed in the scientific area worldwide, to collect variables for assessing urban transport sustainability in Hungary, finally to do recommendations in order to be able to evaluate sustainability of transport systems in Hungarian urban areas in a more effective manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wine producers face several challenges regarding climate change, which will affect this industry both in the present and the future. Vulnerability assessments are at the forefront of current climate research, therefore, the present paper has two main aims. First, to assess two components of climate vulnerability regarding the Szekszárd wine region, Hungary; second, to collect and analyze adaptation farming techniques in terms of environmental sustainability aspects. Exposure analyses revealed that the study area will face several challenges regarding intensive drought periods in the future. Sensitivity indicators show the climate-related characteristics of the most popular grapevines and their relatively high level of susceptibility regarding changing climatic patterns. Since both external and intrinsic factors of vulnerability show deteriorating trends, the development of adaptation actions is needed. Adaptation interventions often provide unsustainable solutions or entail maladaptation issues, therefore, an environmental-focused sustainability assessment of collected interventions was performed to avoid long-term negative path dependencies. The applied evaluation methodology pointed out that nature-based adaptation actions are preferred in comparison to using additional machines or resource-intensive solutions. This study can fill the scientific gap by analyzing this wine region for the first time, via performing an ex-ante lock-in analysis of available and widely used adaptation interventions in the viticulture sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]