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Regular measurements of radio emission produced by relativistic air shower particles were started at the Yakutsk array in 1986. After monitoring of the background noise in the array area, the frequency of 30–35 MHz was chosen, because noise level is minimal in this frequency range. During this time, air showers with highest energies of 100 EeV were registered. By means of hybrid measurements of charged particles, Cherenkov light and radio emission, it was shown that signal amplitude proportional to air shower energy and shape of lateral distribution at sea level correlates with the depth of maximum development. By these characteristics, the atomic weight of primary particles that generated air shower is estimated within QGSjetII-04 framework simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers showers produced by primary particles with energies eV. The showers were registered in the course of continuous long-term observations at the Yakutsk array of extensive air showers. In the present work, the mathematical processing of showers was repeated and the phenomenology of the charged component, muons with threshold GeV in the region of highest energies was refined. Mass composition of primary particles producing air showers with energy greater than eV was made based on the muon component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of the longitudinal development of extensive air showers ( X max ) of ultra-high energies and mass composition of cosmic rays. The measurements of X max are based on data from observations of the Cherenkov radiation at the Yakutsk array for the period 1974–2014. The cascade curves of individual showers and the depth of maximum X max were reconstructed over the energy range 1016–5.7 · 1019 eV. It is shown that the displacement rate of the parameter d X max /dE in the atmosphere is nonlinear and depends on the energy. Such a feature indicates a change in mass composition, which is confirmed by fluctuations of X max in this energy region. The composition of cosmic rays was determined by interpolation using the QGSJetII-04 model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents results on longitudinal development of air showers with ultra-high energies and mass composition of cosmic rays 〈ln A〉. The data is obtained from observations of Cherenkov emission at the Yakutsk array in 1974–2014. Cascade curves of individual showers reconstructed by lateral distribution of Cherenkov light and depth of maximum Xmax are analyzed in the energy region 1016–6 × 1019 eV. Composition of cosmic rays is determined by interpolation of hadronic interaction QGSJETII-04 model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]