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Women are now participating in all components of the financial sector, particularly in the gender equal nation of Iceland. More than one-third of those who have education as stockbrokers are females, however, they rarely work as active stockbrokers. In this research, an attempt is made to answer why this is the case. We ask stockbrokers themselves what they think could be the explanation of this discrepancy between education and work participation. This qualitative phenomenal research, where six semi-structured interviews were carried out with Icelandic people with stockbrokers’ education and license, reveals three noteworthy themes. First, the work environment stockbrokers face is not family friendly, with dining and drinking frequent in the evenings. Additionally, clients are usually married males in their late forties or fifties, which does not suit young married female stockbrokers. There are far too few women in the stockbroking field and, finally, the stockbroker’s job is stressful, requiring 24/7 attention that females find unattractive in a profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In January 2015, radical prostatectomies (RPs) in Iceland changed almost entirely from being performed as open (ORP) to robotically assisted (RARP). This study assesses early surgical and short-term oncological outcome after ORP and RARP and evaluates the safety of transition between the two surgical techniques. The study population involved 160/163 (98%) of all radical prostatectomies performed in Iceland between January 2013 and April 2016. Data on patients was collected retrospectively from medical records. Early surgical and short-term oncological outcomes were compared between the two surgical techniques. The ORP and RARP cohorts were comparable with respect to all clinical and pathological variables, except for median prostate volume, which was 45 mL in the ORP cohort and 37 mL in the RARP cohort (p = 0.03). Intraoperative blood loss was higher, hospital stay longer, catheterization time longer, and risk of complications within 30 days of surgery higher after ORP than RARP (p < 0.01). The operative time, positive surgical margin rate and recurrence free survival, within two years, was comparable between the two surgical techniques. The transition from ORP to RARP in Iceland was safe and resulted in improved early surgical outcome. However, no conclusion can be drawn from this study regarding oncological outcome, due to short follow up and a small sample size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We tagged both wild and hatchery Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, smolts from River Ellidaar (64 ° 08′ N, 21 ° 50′ W) with ultrasonic tags. We caught the wild smolts in a smolt trap and selected the largest individuals from the run. We implanted the transmitters in the abdominal cavity of the fish and then released them in River Ellidaar close to the estuary. We used four ultrasonic receivers; one in the river’s estuary, one outside the estuary and two further away on both sides of an island in the estuary zone. The receivers recorded all transmitters within a 600 m radius. The hatchery smolts were larger than the wild smolts. Some of the smolts were lost on the way through the estuary. Only 4 out of 9 wild smolts and 14 of 17 hatchery smolts were recorded all the way through. The tags and the tagging likely affected the survival of the smolts especially the smaller fish. There were no differences in the smolt migration between the 2 years of study and no differences in the migration behavior between the wild and the hatchery smolts. After being released the smolts stayed on average for 10 h in the river then migrated into the estuary were they stayed for 54 h on average. Then they migrated straight through the area to the sea at approximately 0.2 fish lengths per second. We recorded large differences in the migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to an improved understanding of past climatological conditions, it has now become possible to study the potential concordance between former climatological models and present-day genetic structure. Genetic variability was assessed in 26 samples from different rivers of Atlantic salmon in Iceland (total of 2,352 individuals), using 15 microsatellite loci. F-statistics revealed significant differences between the majority of the populations that were sampled. Bayesian cluster analyses using both prior information and no prior information on sampling location revealed the presence of two distinguishable genetic pools - namely, the Northern (Group 1) and Southern (Group 2) regions of Iceland. Furthermore, the random permutation of different allele sizes among allelic states revealed a significant mutational component to the genetic differentiation at four microsatellite loci (SsaD144, Ssa171, SSsp2201 and SsaF3), and supported the proposition of a historical origin behind the observed variation. The estimated time of divergence, using two different ABC methods, suggested that the observed genetic pattern originated from between the Last Glacial Maximum to the Younger Dryas, which serves as additional evidence of the relative immaturity of Icelandic fish populations, on account of the re-colonisation of this young environment following the Last Glacial Maximum. Additional analyses suggested the presence of several genetic entities which were likely to originate from the original groups detected.

Objective: To study the use of ambulatory blood pressure measurement (ABPM) in primary care in Iceland., Material and Methods: All patients who had ABPM done during the period from 1st of June 2008 till 31st of May 2010 at three health care centers comprised the study group. Medical records of these patients were examined and information about previous diagnosis of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, smoking habits and drug prescriptions along with results of blood pressure measurements were registrated., Results: A total of 205 ABPM were done during the study period. Mean age of the patients was 54 years ±15.1, the youngest being 18 and the oldest 87 years old. The study group comprised 119 (58%) women and 86 men (42%). The ABPM was done as a part of follow-up of hypertension in 112 (55%) cases, but among 93 patients it was used as an aid in the diagnosis of hypertension. The study showed that 88 (41%) were defined as dippers. The ABPM did not result in a change of treatment in 14% of cases, among 19% of subjects antihypertensive treatment was initiated whereas 16% did not require any treatment; in 6% of cases the antihypertensive treatment was reduced while in 13% it was necessary to increase the treatment., Conclusion: We conclude that ABPM is a very useful tool in primary care settings, both to improve diagnosis and the treatment of hypertension.