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The nine Indian planetary magic squares of order 3 are attributed to Garga, who is said to belong to the hoary past. Formation of magic squares of order 9 from those of order 3, as bimagic squares, is found both in India and China. BhuvaneœvarÁ yantra is a bimagic square of order 8. Its full Sanskrit text, along with translation and the method of construction is described in the present paper. Construction of bimagic squares of orders 8 and 9 from simple orthogonal Latin squares is dealt with in detail. Recalling that Euler’s conjecture on Latin squares has been disproved, a counter-example of order 10 is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in 11 plant protein sources fed to growing pigs. Methods: Eleven feed ingredients used were sesame meal, two sources of soybean meal (SBM) produced in the Republic of Korea, a source of SBM produced in India, high-protein distillers dried grains (HPDDG), perilla meal, canola meal, copra meal, corn germ meal, palm kernel expeller, and tapioca distillers dried grains (TDDG). Experimental diets were prepared to contain each test ingredient as a sole source of AA, and a nitrogen-free diet was also prepared to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. Twelve barrows surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum with an initial body weight of 29.0 kg (standard deviation = 3.0) were individually housed in metabolism crates equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. A 12×9 incomplete Latin square design was employed with 12 experimental diets, 12 animals, and 9 periods. After a 5-d adaptation period, ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 in each experimental period. Results: Values for apparent ileal digestibility of most indispensable AA in three sources of SBM were greater compared with other test ingredients except HPDDG and canola meal (p<0.05). Pigs fed diets containing SBM sources had also greater SID of most indispensable AA compared with those fed diets containing other test ingredients (p<0.05) except for HPDDG and canola meal. There was no difference in the apparent ileal digestibility and SID of AA among sources of SBM. The TDDG had the least value for the SID of methionine among test ingredients (p<0.05). Conclusion: The SID of most AA in SBM, HPDDG, and canola meal were greater than those in sesame meal, perilla meal, copra meal, and TDDG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cattle are the most preferred host of Culicoides species in presence of other livestock (sheep and goat). • Most of the midge species preferred ventral regions (belly/flank) of the cattle for landing and feeding. • To minimize nuisance effect of Culicoides , sheep and goats herd can be maintained distantly from the cattle. • First report of C. fulvus, C. palpifer and C. similis choosing humans as a blood meal source. Determination of host choice of Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), the vectors of bluetongue virus (BTV), is pivotal to ascertain the role of each species in the transmission of pathogens, pest management and enumeration of disease prediction models. Host preference of livestock associated Culicoides midges was investigated in West Bengal, India with four replicates of a 3 × 3 Latin square design during August and September 2021. Adult Culicoides were mouth aspirated from three BTV hosts viz., cattle, sheep and goats. Mouth aspirating was validated by the sweep net collections. The host-baited collections recorded seven Culicoides species; with the highest landing rate on cattle (n = 5,667; 92.9%) followed by sheep (n = 365; 6.0%) and goat (n = 67; 1.1%). Based on the Jacob's selectivity index, all midge species, except for Culicoides fulvus Sen & Das Gupta, encountered, preferred cattle over other mammalian hosts. Culicoides oxystoma Kieffer, the subgenus Trithecoides Wirth & Hubert and Culicoides actoni Smith, predominated on the ventral region (belly/flank) of the cattle. However, Culicoides peregrinus Kieffer and C. actoni were observed to be prevalent in the leg region of sheep. A significantly higher percentage of female (99.9%) with only 0.3% of male were trapped in aspiration based animal baited collections. On the other hand sweep net and light trap catch comprises of 50.7%, 89.7% female and 49.2%, 10.2% male respectively. Surprisingly, DNA based blood meal analysis revealed human blood from the midges trapped in UV-LED light traps. Supplying the first evidence that Culicoides similis Carter, Ingram & Macfie, C. fulvus and Culicoides palpifer Das Gupta & Ghosh, feed on humans. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Cet article présente un panorama de la recherche indienne des 70 dernières années dans le domaine des plans d'expériences. Le travail accompli dans ce cadre est considérable, tant par le volume que par l'importance des contributions, et nous nous sommes attachés à en présenter un historique cohérent. Les sujets traités incluent les carrés latins mutuellement orthogonaux, les plans en blocs incomplets, les plans factoriels, les plans factoriels fractionnaires, les surfaces de réponse, les plans mixtes, les plans ligne-colonne et les études croisées. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design Theory, a branch of mathematics, was born out of the experimental statistics research of the population geneticist R A Fisher and of Indian mathematical statisticians in the 1930s. The field combines elements of combinatorics, finite projective geometries, Latin squares, and a variety of further mathematical structures, brought together in surprising ways. This essay will present these structures and ideas as well as how the field came together, in itself an interesting story. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]