Search

Zingiber zerumbet of the Zingiberaceae family is known as wild edible ginger having various medicinal properties. The present study was aimed at identification of high essential oil yielding genotypes tested through stability parameters at multilocation trials. During the year 2017, a total of 47 genotypes of Z. zerumbet was collected and planted at experimental farm of CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat, Assam India. A selection trial was conducted for two years viz., 2017 and 2018 for all the collected germplasm which led to the identification of a genotype with high fresh rhizome and essential oil yielding traits. The identified genotype "RRLJ ZB-103" was rich in fresh rhizome yield of 24.86 t/ha and essential oil of 0.75 % (FWB). The selected genotype was subjected to stability analysis along with two check varieties at five multilocation trials for two years. The assessment of stable performance was evaluated using Eberhart and Russell model. Variable environments were found to be present in the study as revealed by the significant variance due to environment and environment (linear). The genotype × environment interaction of the selected genotype also showed significant variance for all the traits revealing the good interaction of the genotype with all the environmental conditions. On comparative assessment, the selected genotype "RRLJ ZB-103" later named "Jor Lab ZB- 103" was found to be highly stable with high adaptability to varying environments for all the traits under study. While both the check varieties revealed low adaptability to varying environments for the higher-yielding traits. The GC/MS analysis of the essential oil of "Jor Lab ZB-103" revealed zerumbone (32.79 %) as the major compound followed by camphene (19.41 %) and eucalyptol (6.80 %). The other compounds were present as minor and trace compounds. The identified high yielding genotype "Jor Lab ZB-103" was found to be a highly stable genotype that could be made available in the public domain for commercial cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species of Zingiber viz. Z. cornigrum and Z. campanulatum from Arunachal Pradesh, North-East India are described. In addition to morphology, data from anatomy, pollen morphology and molecular biology are also used. A key to the Zingiber Sect. Cryptanthium from Northeastern India is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eleven fungal endophytes were isolated from the plant parts of Z. nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell, an endemic species of the Western Ghats, India, a biodiversity hotspot area. The endophytic isolates were characterized by the sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions and designated as strains by depositing ITS sequences in the Gen Bank sequence database. All the strains were cultured in Potato Dextrose broth (PDB, 500 mL) contained in Erlenmeyer flasks to obtain the secondary metabolites. The culture filtrate was extracted with ethyl-acetate (EA) three times and concentrated by flash evaporation to obtain EA crude dry extract. The strains were evaluated for the antibacterial potentials against six pathogenic bacterial strains viz., Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 121), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 7443) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 7093), Escherichia coli (MTCC 729), Enterobacter aerogenes (MTCC 111) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC 661). Nine endophytic fungal extracts except Alternaria consortiale and Hypocrea lixi showed inhibitory activities against at least two of the six test bacterial strains. Bipolaris specifera (KM114290) exhibited the highest inhibition zones ranging from 15.1 ± 0.3 to 26.7 ± 1.1 mm (diameter), against all six test bacteria in the agar disk diffusion assay, and with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC's) of 0.04–0.14 mg/mL, followed by Aspergillus terreus. B. specifera extract was therefore selected and characterized for the identification of antibacterial compounds by chromatographic techniques. Seven antibacterial compounds viz., (1) Bicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-2-one, 6-hydroxy-5-methyl-6-vinyl; (2) Adipic acid divinyl ester; (3) 1,4-Naphthoquinone, 6-acetyl-2,5-dihydroxy; (4) Decanedioic acid, 3,7-dimethyl ester; (5) (Z)-4-Hexenoic acid 2-acetyl-2-methyl-ethyl ester and (6) Butanoic acid 2-acetyl-3-methyl-methyl ester and (7) Caffeic acid, were identified through liquid and gas chromatography. These compounds are mainly volatile esters of fatty acids, phenolics and adipic acid found rare in nature. This study envisages the possible drug discovery using endophytes from traditional and endemic medicinal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eleven fungal endophytes were isolated from the plant parts of Z. nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell, an endemic species of the Western Ghats, India, a biodiversity hotspot area. The endophytic isolates were characterized by the sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions and designated as strains by depositing ITS sequences in the Gen Bank sequence database. All the strains were cultured in Potato Dextrose broth (PDB, 500 mL) contained in Erlenmeyer flasks to obtain the secondary metabolites. The culture filtrate was extracted with ethyl-acetate (EA) three times and concentrated by flash evaporation to obtain EA crude dry extract. The strains were evaluated for the antibacterial potentials against six pathogenic bacterial strains viz., Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 121), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 7443) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 7093), Escherichia coli (MTCC 729), Enterobacter aerogenes (MTCC 111) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC 661). Nine endophytic fungal extracts except Alternaria consortiale and Hypocrea lixi showed inhibitory activities against at least two of the six test bacterial strains. Bipolaris specifera (KM114290) exhibited the highest inhibition zones ranging from 15.1 ± 0.3 to 26.7 ± 1.1 mm (diameter), against all six test bacteria in the agar disk diffusion assay, and with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC's) of 0.04–0.14 mg/mL, followed by Aspergillus terreus. B. specifera extract was therefore selected and characterized for the identification of antibacterial compounds by chromatographic techniques. Seven antibacterial compounds viz., (1) Bicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-2-one, 6-hydroxy-5-methyl-6-vinyl; (2) Adipic acid divinyl ester; (3) 1,4-Naphthoquinone, 6-acetyl-2,5-dihydroxy; (4) Decanedioic acid, 3,7-dimethyl ester; (5) (Z)-4-Hexenoic acid 2-acetyl-2-methyl-ethyl ester and (6) Butanoic acid 2-acetyl-3-methyl-methyl ester and (7) Caffeic acid, were identified through liquid and gas chromatography. These compounds are mainly volatile esters of fatty acids, phenolics and adipic acid found rare in nature. This study envisages the possible drug discovery using endophytes from traditional and endemic medicinal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oil of twenty-five germplasms of Zingiber zerumbet from different accessions of Eastern India were analysed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS). A total of 29 constituents were identified representing between 72.45-98.93% of total area. Zerumbone content was found to be in a range of 60.1-79.59% for the tested rhizomes. Acc. Haroa (W.B) was found to contain highest amount of zerumbone (79.59%) in its rhizome oil. α-humulene, (0.62-7.15%), camphene (0.91-6.2%), α-fenchene (0.76-5.05%), eucalyptol (0.21-1.8%) and camphor (0.79-2.0%) were found as the other major constituents in all tested oils. According to agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) and principal component analysis (PCA), the essential oil from collected accessions were divided into two major groups. Furthermore ISSR analysis showed 59.6-100% polymorphism among the tasted samples. The PIC value and the resolving power (RP) were found to be in a range of 0.37-0.71 and 3.76-12.48 respectively. The unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis divided the germplasms in to two major clusters. Nei's genetic diversity (h) of 0.2874± 0.1592 and Shannon's informationindex (I) of 0.4421± 0.2046 describes a low genetic diversity in Z. zerumbet. Furthermore ISSR analysis showed 59.6-100% polymorphism among the tested samples. The PIC value and the resolving power (RP) were found to be in a range of 0.37-0.71 and 3.76-12.48 respectively. The results of this study will be helpful in the assortment of appropriate genotypes for different climatic conditions as well as for the conservation and enhancement programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. (Family: Zingiberaceae) traditionally known as bitter ginger or shampoo ginger in India is cultivated mostly in tropical and subtropical regions all across the world. All the plant parts of Z. zerumbet have wide applications for traditional as well as medicinal purposes. The present communication phytochemically analyzes different plant parts of Zingiber zerumbet viz. leaves (ZZLEO), cone (ZZCEO), root (ZZREO), and rhizomes (ZZZEO) cultivated in the foothills of Uttarakhand providing all the agroclimatic conditions. GC-MS analysis confirms (E)-nerolidol as the major compound in ZZLEO and ZZCEO with 49.44% and 52.67% contribution respectively while zerumbone was found to be the major compound of ZZREO and ZZZEO constituting 72.23% and 70.25% of the total oil respectively. Four of the collected oils were dominated by oxygenated sesquiterpenes viz. 81.61% in ZZREO, 78.16% in ZZZEO, 65.42% in ZZCEO and 51.50% in ZZLEO. Principal component analysis (PCA) presented a total variance of 98.0% showing a positive correlation with zerumbone (63.9% variation along PC1) and with (E)-nerolidol (34.1% variation along PC2). Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed two clusters grouped by a set of compounds from that of roots and rhizomes while another cluster characterized by the compounds obtained from leaves and cones due to their high chemical diversity in a number of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Therefore, there are significant differences in the chemical compositions of the different plant parts of Z. zerumbet. • The study analyzes the chemical composition of different plant parts of Zingiber zerumbet. • Leaf and cone oils were rich in (E)-nerolidol (49.44%–52.67%). • Zerumbone (70.25–72.23%) was identified as the major rhizome and root oil compound. • PCA showed the relation between EOs constituents and different plant parts used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed to investigate the anticancerin vitroactivity of two plants commonly used in traditional Indian medicine:Zingiber officinaleRoscoe andNerium oleanderL. The extracts of these plants were testedin vitroon several human leukemic cell lines, K562, THP-1, MOLT-4 and Jurkat. Cell growth inhibition was observed for both plant extracts with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging between 1 and 28 μg/mL using SRB (sulphorodamine B) and MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assays. Enhanced cell growth inhibition was observed when the extracts were combined with imatinib. Exposed cells showed cell cycle arrest, DNA damage and cytochrome c release, indicating that the mechanism of cytotoxicity could be via mitochondrial mediated apoptotic pathways. Combination of the extracts of these plants with standard cancer treatment may be a way of enhancing responses. Clinical studies in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia are planned at our center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intraspecific genetic variation was assessed in cultivated ginger (Zingiber officinale) and its three wild congeners: Z. neesanum, Z. nimmonii and Z. zerumbet from Western Ghats, South India using 169 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers generated by six primer combinations. Different genetic diversity estimates depicted a striking difference in the genetic diversity of the species studied. The very low level of genetic diversity recorded in ginger complies with its obligatory asexual breeding behaviour. Contrary to the expectations, the genetic diversity of the widely distributed Z. zerumbet was relatively low while that of the endemic species Z. neesanum and Z. nimmonii was higher. Mode of reproduction presumably governs the level of genetic diversity in Zingiber species. Further, the analyses of AFLP data provided an insight into the phylogenetic relationship between ginger and other three species, with ginger being closest to Z. zerumbet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four new combinations; Gobba salarkhanii (M.A.Rahman & Yusuf) Govaerts, Riedelia plectophylla (K.Schum.) Govaerts, Zingiber fraseri var. major (Ridl.) Govaerts, Zingiber fraseri var. nervifolium (C.K.Lim & Meekiong) Govaerts and one replacement name; Riedelia brunneopilosa Govaerts, are validated for outstanding nomenclatural issues with some Asian Zingiberaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]