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Lifelong learning is self-initiated education with the focus of self-development. It generally refers to the learning that occurs outside of a formal educational institute, such as a school, university or corporate training. Journalism is the activity of gathering, assessing, creating and presenting news and information. It is also the product of these activities. Journalism intends to provide verified information they can use to make bett er decisions, and it's practices. Journalists use to find "the truth about the facts" Educational broadcasting refers to Television programming and Radio programming related to courses of study. The term "educational" is also applied at times to other programmes that are particularly enlightening, informative or intellectually stimulating. Educational broadcasting allows a single teacher to address thousands of people. For educational programme, several unique characteristics make television and radio especially useful. Among these are easy communication, sense of reality, technical assets available through the media, timeliness and special motivation. However, a number of short comings have been identified in educational programmes. They include general lack of such ingredients as reciprocal relationship, flexibility, regularity and system as well as limitation in the physical senses. The foundation of Indian broad casting lies in the country's network of radio and television stations that contribute the bulk of the telecast programmes. The satellite based network with high and low power transmitt ers have been located all over the country and more than 40 production centres form part of one of the largest television systems in the world. The structure of Akashavani (All India Radio) and Doordarshan in India is presently two-tier, with national and regional stations. With increased capacity on the latest INSAT (Indian Satellites System) satellites, there are a variety of services in various languages. The Indian broad casting has, since its inception, been an active partner in educational broadcasting. Both the broad casting organizations (All India Radio and Doordarshan) and other government agencies have been involved in the production of educational programmes, with transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shallow sub-surface condition of the hard rock terrain is highly heterogeneous and it requires investigation of geology at close interval. The purpose of the present work is to interpret the shallow sub-surface geology to a limited depth (<100m) and to reveal the thickness of the various layers through electrical resistivity survey. In this context, the Nallampalli block located in Dharmapuri district, Southern India is selected. The area is mostly covered by gneissic and charnockitic rocks. In addition to resistivity survey, well inventory data was also collected from field investigations. The thickness of various sub-surface layers such as weathered zone, partially weathered zone, fractured zone and depth to bedrock were estimated. The estimated thickness and resistivity values were correlated with well inventory data. The average resistivity values for weathered, partially weathered, fractured and massive formations in the block are 55Ωm, 96Ωm, <303Ωm and >400Ωm respectively. The average depth to massive rock in the block is 38m below ground level (bgl). Remote sensing data were utilized to assess the sub-surface condition to a limited extent. The results obtained from the electrical resistivity survey and well inventory data have appreciable correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climatic condition of Western Ghats has influenced the process of weathering and landslides in this mountainous tract along the southwest coast of India. During the monsoon period, landslides are a common in the Western Ghats, and its intensity depends upon the thickness of the loose unconsolidated soil formed by the process of weathering. Debris landslides with a combination of saprock, saprolite and soil, indicate the role of weathering in landslide occurrences. This paper reports on how the weathering in the windward slope of Western Ghats influences the occurrence of landslides and the factors which accelerate the weathering process. Rock and soil samples were collected from the weathering profile of hornblende gniess and granite gneiss. The chemical analysis and the calculated Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) indicate the significant weathering and its possible influence on landslide occurrences in the study area. Mainly, the CIA value of lateritic soil and forest loam indicated the extent of high chemical weathering in this region. Rainfall is the dominant parameter influencing the chemical weathering process. In addition, deforestation, land use practices and soil erosion are some of the other important factors accelerating the weathering process and landslide occurrences in the region. The locations of the previous landslides superimposed on geology and soil show that most of the landslide occurrences are associated with the highly weathered zone, particularly lateritic soil and the 'severe' (rock outcrop) erodability zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on artificial groundwater recharge study in ‘Ayyar basin’, Tamil Nadu, India. The basin is covered by hard crystalline rock and overall has poor groundwater conditions. Hence, an artificial recharge study was carried out in this region through a project sponsored by Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology. The Indian Remote Sensing satellite 1A Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor II (IRS 1A LISS II) satellite imagery, aerial photographs and geophysical resistivity data were used to prioritize suitable sites for artificial recharge and to estimate the volume of aquifer dimension available to recharge. The runoff water available for artificial recharge in the basin is estimated through Soil Conservation Service curve number method. The land use/land cover, hydrological soil group and storm rainfall data in different watershed areas were used to calculate the runoff in the watersheds. The weighted curve number for each watershed is obtained through spatial intersection of land use/land cover and hydrological soil group through GeoMedia 3.0 Professional GIS software. Artificial recharge planning was derived on the basis of availability of runoff, aquifer dimension, priority areas and water table conditions in different watersheds in the basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lunar Regolith Simulants are imperative materials required for In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), simulating physical and chemical properties of the lunar terrain, testing landers and mobility of rovers, and calibration of payloads and sensors. The available simulants do not represent all the lunar terrain environments and are insufficient to conduct the above experiments. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) took up necessary steps to launch the Chandrayaan-2 mission after successfully completing the Chandrayaan-1 mission. The Chandrayaan-2 mission included an orbiter, a lander and a rover. ISRO's UR Rao Satellite Centre (URSC) has decided to have a dedicated Lunar Terrain Testing Facility (LTTF) at Bengaluru. URSC has planned for a bulk quantity of lunar soil simulant similar to Lunar highland composition. The task was assigned to the Centre for Geoinformatics and Planetary Studies, Department of Geology at Periyar University in southern India. The bulk quantity of Lunar soil stimulant was produced from the anorthosite rocks collected from the Sittampundi Anorthosite Complex (SAC) exposed in the southern part of India. We report the merit of the source area, geological setting, chemistry, mineral phase, soil characteristics, and grain size distribution of simulant material. The anorthosite rocks collected from SAC have a higher abundance of calcic plagioclase, and the proportion of major oxides is mostly equivalent to lunar highland anorthosite. ISRO's lunar soil simulant LSS-ISAC-1 has similarity with the Lunar highland regolith in the majority and has fidelity to represent the highland terrain. The testing facility, LTTF, was used for testing the soft landing of the lander and mobility of the rover of the Chandrayaan-2 mission. • LSS-ISAC-1, a lunar soil simulant, is manufactured for testing lander and rover mobility in ISRO's Chandrayaan-2 mission. • LSS-ISAC-1 simulant represents lunar highland anorthosites. • Sittampundi Anorthosite Complex in southern India is the source area for the collection and production of simulant material. • The high calcic plagioclase in the simulant is one among the important parameters. • Chemistry and grain size distribution of simulant represent its merit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• During PRM, major ion concentrations are higher than PM season due to evaporation. • GW types varied from NaCl > CaMgCl > CaHCO 3 (PRM) to CaHCO 3 = NaHCO 3 = NaCl (PM). • PRM - Mineral weathering, reverse ion exchange and evaporation dominant processes. • PM - Mineral weathering, cation exchange and dilution regulate water chemistry. • Monsoon recharge facilitated the pollutant movement from the surface to aquifer. Impact of monsoon recharge on groundwater chemistry and geochemical processes was evaluated using geochemical methods in the shallow hard-rock aquifer, southern India. Groundwater samples were collected from Salem city and its outskirts during pre-monsoon (PRM) and post-monsoon (PM) seasons and analysed for major and minor ions. Results suggest that during PRM, the average concentration of TDS, major ions and electrical conductivity (EC) in groundwater are higher than the PM season except for Na+ and HCO 3 –. The major water types also varied with seasons (PRM: NaCl > CaMgCl > CaHCO 3 ; PM: CaHCO 3 = NaHCO 3 = NaCl). Pearson correlation analysis indicates that Cl− and SO 4 2− show a strong positive correlation with EC, TDS, TH and major cations during PRM season whereas HCO 3 – and NO 3 – have a strong positive correlation with most of the ions during PM season. Before monsoon, the water chemistry is governed by the weathering of carbonate and silicate minerals, reverse ion exchange and evaporation processes, which resulted in high EC, TDS, TH and major ions in the groundwater. After the monsoon, the water chemistry is regulated by the mineral weathering, cation exchange and dilution processes. Geochemical modelling studies indicate that groundwater is saturated and oversaturated with carbonate minerals and undersaturated with sulphate and chloride minerals. During monsoon, the recharging water flushed the weathered layer and dissolved the soil CO 2 in the vadose zone, which subsequently enhanced the concentration of Na+ and HCO 3 – in the aquifer. Further, the high concentrations of Cl−, SO 4 2- and NO 3 – imply that the aquifer is polluted by surface contamination sources. After the monsoon, NO 3 – implies that monsoon recharge facilitated the pollutant movement from surface to the aquifer. Hence, a proper aquifer management plan is required to protect this aquifer and to provide clean and safe drinking water to the local community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this study, the Tsunami-caused deterioration of soil and groundwater quality in the agricultural fields of coastal Nagapattinam district of Tamilnadu state in India is presented by analyzing their salinity and sodicity parameters. To accomplish this, three sets of soil samples up to a depth of 30cm from the land surface were collected for the first six months of the year 2005 from 28 locations and the ground water samples were monitored from seven existing dug wells and hand pumps covering the study region at intervals of 3 months. The EC and pH values of both the soil and ground water samples were estimated and the spatial and temporal variability mappings of these parameters were performed using the geostatistical analysis module of ArcGIS®. It was observed that the spherical semivariogram fitted well with the data set of both EC and pH and the generated kriged maps explained the spatial and temporal variability under different ranges of EC and pH values. Further, the recorded EC and pH data of soil and ground water during pre-Tsunami periods were compared with the collected data and generated variability soil maps of EC and pH of the post-Tsunami period. It was revealed from this analysis that the soil quality six months after the Tsunami was nearing the pre-Tsunami scenario (EC< 1.5dSm−1; pH<8), whereas the quality of ground water remained highly saline and unfit for irrigation and drinking. These observations were compared with the ground scenarios of the study region and possible causes for such changes and the remedial measures for taking up regular agricultural practices are also discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Several Pasteurella like organisms isolated from various avian species were recently reclassified into new genus based on whole genome sequence analysis. One such Pasteurella like organism, Bisgaard taxon 14 was classified as Spirabiliibacterium mucosae. In the present study, a Gram-negative organism was isolated from ailing pigeons with respiratory infection from a farm in Tamil Nadu, India and the organism was misidentified as Burkholderia mallei by Vitek 2 compact system based on biochemical characterization. Since, B. mallei is highly pathogenic and zoonotic, to further confirm, 16S rDNA sequencing and analysis was carried out which revealed that the strain belonged to Bisgaard taxon 14 (Spirabiliibacterium mucosae). To further confirm the findings, whole genome sequencing of the isolate was performed. Whole genome phylogeny and average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis showed that the genome was closely matching with Spirabiliibacterium mucosae type strain 20,609 /3. Hence, the strain from pigeon was named as Spirabiliibacterium mucosae TN&#95;CUL&#95;2021 and the genome was submitted in NCBI SRA database. The genome of S. mucosase TN&#95;CUL&#95;2021 is only the second genome available worldwide in the NCBI database. Comparative genome analysis of 26 Pasteurellaceae family strains revealed 1101 genes specific for Spirabiliibacterium mucosae. Similarly, luxS virulence gene was found only in S. mucosae and Bisgaardia hudsonensis strains. Since there are only 2 genomes available in the NCBI genome database, further studies on isolation of S. mucosae needs to be carried out to identify its epidemiology and pathogenesis so as to develop better diagnostic assays and vaccines., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)