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The dropout rate is one of the determinants of immunization coverage and program performance, program continuity, and follow-up. The dropout rate refers to the proportion of vaccine recipients who did not finish their vaccination schedules, and it is determined by comparing the number of infants who started the schedule to the number who completed it. It is the rate difference between the first and final dosage or the rate difference between the first vaccination and the last vaccine dropout; thus, it denotes that the first recommended dose of vaccine was received, but that the subsequently recommended dose was missed. In India, immunization coverage has shown significant improvements over the last two decades, but full immunization coverage has remained stagnant at 76.5%, of which 19.9% are partially immunized, and 3.6% are children who have been left out. In India, the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) is challenged with cases related to dropout in immunization. Although immunization coverage in India is improving, the program is challenged by vaccination dropouts. This study provides an analysis of the determinants of vaccination dropout in India using data from two rounds of the National Family Health Survey. The finding shows that the mother's age, education, family wealth, antenatal care visit, and place of delivery were some of the variables that significantly contributed to reducing the dropout rate of immunization among children. The findings of this paper show that the dropout rate has reduced over a certain period of time. The overall improvement in the rates of dropout and increase in full immunization coverage could be attributed to various policy measures taken in the last decade in India, which brought structural changes with a positive impact on full immunization coverage and its components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green mutual funds may be right for you if you want to invest in stocks, these stock are environmentally conscientious, and are fed up with how huge businesses harm the environment. Despite being one of the industry's newest forms of funds and these mutual funds have lately garnered favour among many investors. Entities that invest in environmentally conscious firms manage green money. Some of these firms employ eco-friendly energy or trash management strategies. Then there are others that make recycled items or promote the use of green energy. Some of them have set aside funding for environmental cleanup. These are companies that, in addition to increasing their bottom line and profit, also benefit the environment. Aside from the 'feel good' factor of helping to keep the planet clean and being a socially responsible citizen, investing in these funds may also give financial rewards. There were relatively few enterprises long-ago that could be labelled as ozone-friendly. With numerous countries pledging their assistance for the planet and passing ozone-friendly policies, several firms have formed with the explicit objective of being environmentally conscious and lowering emissions. In the sector of green funds, Indian mutual funds have not been very active, despite the fact that their worldwide counterparts are. The purpose of this article is to raise mutual fund companies' attention to green mutual funds, which are beneficial to the environment and the protection of the planet. This study examines the numerous fields for green India like funds, investment firms, and mutual funds available in India. Green India refers to a country that is free of pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study on spatial analysis of child labour in India is a macro level analysis on child labour using the census data, 2011 of Government of India. The population census which is conducted once in 10 years only provides district level data on work-force distribution. The study has spatial analysis of child labour in the age group of 5–14 years in India. To assess the magnitude of the children in the labour force, district level data of Census 2011 has been used in the study. The study has made an attempt to identify the districts where there is high level of children in the labour force. This paper aims to estimate the magnitude and trends of children's workforce participation using the census data as it is the only data base, which is available at the district level since 1961 onwards. The study has made an attempt to identify the clustering of child labour across districts in India and how child labour is clustered by different background characteristics. Design/methodology/approach: The study has used ArcGIS software package, GeoDa software and local indicator of spatial association test. Findings: The findings of study reveal that the proportion of rural, total fertility rate (TFR) and poverty headcount ratio is positively associated, whereas female literacy and the pupil-teacher ratio are negatively associated with child labour. It suggests that in the hot-spot areas and areas where there is a high prevalence of child labour, there is need to increase the teacher's number at the school level to improve the teacher-pupil ratio and also suggested to promote the female education, promote family planning practices to reduce TFR in those areas for reducing the incidences of child labour. Research limitations/implications: The study also recommends that the incidences of child labour can be controlled by a comprehensive holistic action plan with the active participation of social workers. Practical implications: The promulgation of effective legislation, active involvement of judiciary and police, political will, effective poverty alleviation and income generation programmes, sensitisation of parents, corporates and media can play effective role in mitigating the incidences of child labour in India. To achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) adopted by world leaders in 2015 to eradicate child labour in all its forms by 2025. Social implications: The study aims to achieve the SDGs adopted by world leaders in 2015 to eradicate child labour in all its forms by 2025. Originality/value: The study is purely original and there are no such studies in Indian context by using the latest software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Infant and child mortality are considered as one of the most important indicators of social and economic development of the nation. This paper intends to shed light on the prevalence of infant and under-five death rates with special reference to differentials in SCs, STs, and non-SCs/STs population in India. In addition, to determine the factors affecting child immunization and institutional delivery by different background characteristics. Data source and methods: The present study has used Census 2001 and 2011 for estimating the infant and under-five mortality. The National Family Health Survey (2015–16) has been used to assess the gaps in institutional delivery and coverage of child full immunization between SC, ST, and other caste population and also to assess the covariates of insitutional delivery and full immunization. Results: The study observed the high infant mortality rate and under-5 mortality among Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe, while it is much lower among non-SC/ST population in 2011 census. The result of logistic regression suggests that caste has significant impact on access to institutional delivery and child immunization, adjusted for other socio-economic variables. All the castes are more likely to gain access to both institutional delivery and child immunization compared to scheduled tribe population. Conclusion: The study result shows the persistent poor health outcome among the SC/ST population in India. There is need to focus on this section of the population to achieve the sustainable development goals of child health and its core agenda "No one left behind". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to determine the differentials in the prevalence and risk factors of marital dissolution in poorly developed (i.e., empowered action group [EAG]) and better developed (i.e., non-empowered action group [non-EAG]) states in India. Data from the India Human Development Surveys (IHDS) Round 2, conducted in 2011 and 2012 in India, are used for the study. Multiple logistic regression analysis has been carried out. Higher education is related to elevated risks of marital dissolution in EAG states, whereas an inverse relationship is observed in non-EAG states. For EAG and non-EAG states, staying with one's parents and staying alone without a parent after marriage, working, and residing in urban areas significantly increase the risk of marital disruption for women. Lower marital dissolution risk is observed among women who have at least 1 child in both EAG and non-EAG states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unintended pregnancy accounts for more than 40% of the total pregnancies worldwide. An Unintended pregnancy can have serious implications on women and their families. With more than one-fourth of the children in India born out of unintended pregnancies such pregnancies are considered to be one of the major public health concerns today. The present study is aimed at determining major predictors of unintended pregnancy among currently pregnant ever-married women in India. The present study has used National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data, conducted by the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, to show the trend, pattern and determinants of mistimed and unwanted pregnancies. Bivariate and multinomial logistic regression model have been used with the help of Stata 13 software. The results show that the likelihood of a mistimed pregnancy is more prevalent among young women whereas the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy is observed more among the women aged 35 years or more. The results also show that the risk of experiencing mistimed pregnancy decreases if the woman belongs to ‘other’ castes and has higher education. The likelihood of unwanted pregnancy decreases among married women aged 18 years and above, those women having higher education, some autonomy and access to any mode of mass communication. Knowledge of these predictors of mistimed and unwanted pregnancy will be helpful in identifying the most vulnerable group and prioritize the intervention strategies of the reproductive health programmes for the population in need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: India still faces the burden of undernutrition and communicable diseases, and the prevalence of overweight/obesity is steadily increasing. The discourse regarding the dual burden of underweight and overweight/obesity has not yet been widely explored in both men and women. The present study assessed the determinants of underweight and overweight/obesity in India among adult men and women aged 15-49., Methods: Population-based cross-sectional and nationally representative data from the National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-16), consisting of a sample of men and women, were analyzed. Stratified 2-stage sampling was used in the NFHS-4 study protocol. In the present study, bivariate and adjusted multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the correlates of underweight and overweight/obesity., Results: The results suggested a persistently high prevalence of underweight coexisting with an increased prevalence of overweight/obesity in India. The risk of underweight was highest in the central and western regions and was also relatively high among those who used either smoking or smokeless tobacco. Overweight/obesity was more prevalent in urban areas, in the southern region, and among adults aged 35-49. Furthermore, level of education and wealth index were positively associated with overweight/obesity. More educated and wealthier adults were less likely to be underweight., Conclusions: In India, underweight has been prevalent, and the prevalence of overweight/obesity is increasing rapidly, particularly among men. The dual burden of underweight and overweight/obesity is alarming and needs to be considered; public health measures to address this situation must also be adopted through policy initiatives.