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This study examines the nexus between oil prices (Oil) and economic output (IIP) asymmetrically in the Indian context using quarterly data from 1996–1997:Q1 to 2019–2020:Q4. To this end, we have used a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. The main findings of the study are as follows—firstly, the Wald test confirms the nonlinearities among the negative and positive shocks in Oil, EX and IR in the long run. Secondly, the NARDL model reveals that negative shock in oil price stimulate the IIP, whereas positive shock in Oil fails to influence IIP. The positive shock in EX strengthens the Indian economy by having a positive and significant impact on IIP, while the negative shock in EX is insignificant. The positive and negative shocks in IR negatively impact IIP in the long run. The study demonstrates that Oil, EX and IR exert asymmetric pressure on IIP in the long run. Concisely, India's economic output is more responsive to oil prices decrease than oil prices increase. Therefore, the asymmetric oil prices‐economic output nexus has substantial policy implications, particularly for prudent energy policy in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Carcinoma breast is the second most common malignancy next to carcinoma cervix in India and abroad. Hence, the expression of IL-10 m-RNA gene in tumour can be a novel prognostic indicator. Method: 30 mastectomy specimens of carcinoma Breast patients aged between 30 to 70 years were studied. 2 to 5 gram of tumour tissue and equivalent sample from normal peri-tumoral breast were taken from resected breast immediately after surgery and preserved in RNA-later solution. IL-10 m-RNA expression was detected and quantified by RT-PCR analysis through TaqMan chemistry, on 30 samples and 30 controls. After fixation with formalin 2 micro sections of 4-5micron thickness were taken from tumor area and corresponding paraffin blocks were prepared, mounted, on albumin coated slide for H & E staining and results were observed and recorded. Results: Histologically, 08 specimens were diagnosed as grade-I (26.5%), 16 were grade-II (53.5%) and 06 were grade-III (20%). 10 specimens (33.5%) had reactive lymph node, and the remaining 20 (66.5%) had metastatic lymph node. Mean RQ values for IL-10 were calculated by the formula for comparative ct (cycle threshold) method. 26 neoplastic tissue specimens (86.5%) showed strong expression of IL-10 mRNA, while only 2 (6.5%) normal peritumoral surrounding tissue showed IL-10 expression. 4 (13.5%) neoplastic tissue and 28 (93.5%) peritumoral tissue showed weak expression of IL-10. All grade 3 tumours showed strong expression of IL-10. Conclusion: Present pragmatic study had evidence that, IL-10 m-RNA gene expression was significant in neoplastic breast tissue and may have potential prognostic significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is the second most populous country in the world and stood at seventh rank in a major climate risk index in 2019, which is a grave concern for the Indian government, policymakers and environmentalists. Therefore, the present study examines the role of fiscal policy and monetary policy instruments along with select macroeconomic variables on carbon emission in India over the period 1971–2019 in the non‐linear framework. The outcome of the study reveals that the impact of fiscal and monetary policy instruments on carbon emission is asymmetric in nature. In addition, the positive and negative shocks in fiscal and monetary policy instruments have a positive and negative impact on carbon emissions, respectively. Based on the coefficients' magnitude, the role of fiscal policy instruments has a more prominent effect on carbon emissions than monetary policy instruments. The findings of the study imply that the Indian government is required to implement green fiscal and monetary policies. Use fiscal policy to implement a 'green tax ratio' and a 'green subsidy programme' for manufacturers and investors to reduce CO2 emissions. A 'green lending programme' should be introduced for commercial banks by implementing monetary policy via the central bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of rural infrastructure is an important component in improving the standard of living in developing countries. In India, the government has taken up numerous measures to contribute toward the development of rural infrastructure, thereby initiating the Bharat Nirman Yojana (BNY). In this research study, the Malmquist model of input‐oriented DEA has been conducted to determine the efficiency of six schemes of the BNY for the time period of 2013–2015. The input variables selected were; designated investment and total amount released by the central government against the output variable of number of villages covered or achieved. The analysis of the data observed that only the telecommunication scheme has constant efficiency of 1.000 for all the years. On the other hand, the least efficiency from the Constant Return to Scale model was found for Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) (0.014 for 2013; 0.026 for 2014 and 0.007 for 2015). Again, the Variable Return to Scale model indicated technical efficiency for the electrification scheme and telecommunication for all the years. Further, in terms of technical efficiency, all the schemes had decreasing change where Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) showed the highest change with 99.98% and the telecommunication scheme reflected the least change. Furthermore, the productivity index was found to be highest for Telecommunications (1.443) followed by AIBP (1.312), and the lowest productivity index was found for Rajiv Gandhi Gramin Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) (0.353). Thus, it was interpreted that among all the schemes, telecommunications scheme was the most efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]