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Several hepatitis A outbreaks have recently been reported in Kerala state, India. To inform coverage decision of hepatitis A vaccine in Kerala, this study aimed to examine the cost-effectiveness of 1) hepatitis A vaccination among children aged 1 year and individuals aged 15 years, and 2) serological screening of individuals aged 15 years and vaccination of susceptible as compared to no vaccination or vaccination without serological screening. Both live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine and inactivated hepatitis A vaccine were considered in the analysis. A combination of decision tree and Markov models with a cycle length of one year was employed to estimate costs and benefits of different vaccination strategies. Analysis were based on both societal and payer perspectives. The lifetime costs and outcomes were discounted by 3%. Our findings indicated that all strategies were cost-saving for both societal and payer perspectives. Moreover, budget impact analysis revealed that vaccination without screening among individuals aged 15 years could save the government's budget by reducing treatment cost of hepatitis A. Our cost-effectiveness evidence supports the inclusion of hepatitis A vaccination into the vaccination program for children aged 1 year and individuals aged 15 years in Kerala state, India., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Gurav et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Currently available evidence indicates that most parts of India still quality to be hyper-endemic regions and hence recommendations for vaccinations developed for low endemicity regions are not applicable. There are however, some pockets which showed evidence of distinct epidemiologic shift. There is need to identify geographic regions like Kerala which have potential for epidemic outbreaks through cyclic sero-epidemiological surveys. With economic development and consequent improvements in the levels of sanitation and quality of water supplies, more such areas will be identified. Efforts to improve sanitation and personal hygiene will remain as the most important and efficient intervention to retard the transmission of HAV. Unless a critical improvement in the living standards of our population is achieved, aim of eradicating HAV infection from the community is not realistic. Presently, the cost of three doses of HAV is exorbitant and the focus of HAV vaccination will have to be restricted to individual protection who are likely to remain unexposed till adulthood and can afford to pay for it. HAV Infection below 5 years is mostly asymptomatic. The most efficient use of resources will therefore be to offer HAV vaccine to high risk individuals beyond this age after screening for antibodies against HAV.