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Objectives: The goal of the present study is to describe how the transition to remote emergency delivery was addressed in three universities during the COVID-19 pandemic, to determine the satisfaction levels of their students and faculty with this new teaching-learning experience, and to gather their opinions about the future of higher education. Method: The study uses a mixed-methods approach, including faculty and student surveys and focus groups. Results: The study shows high satisfaction with the emergency remote delivery and clearly reflects the relevance of enhancing the digital components of future learning experiences in higher education and a unanimous preference for hybrid education. Participants provide recommendations to institutions regarding what students and faculty would like to keep for a more effective learning experience when the new normal comes. Conclusions: COVID-19 has had terrible consequences; however, the pandemic has brought along some positive effects and improvement opportunities in higher education, and, if the results of the present study are any indication, the future of face-to-face higher education should be hybrid. Implication for Theory and/or Practice: The study results can provide recommendations and inform decision-making by institutional leaders and policy makers regarding the necessary enhancement of the digital component of the teaching and learning process in higher education.

Whether faculty research affects college student learning has long been the subject of debate. Previous studies use subjective measures of student learning; focus on correlation rather than causation; and typically focus on one college, thus lacking generalizability. Using unique, large-scale survey and assessment data that we collected from nationally representative samples of STEM undergraduates in China, India, and Russia, as well as a causal identification strategy that accounts for differential sorting of students to faculty, we present generalizable estimates of the effect of faculty research on objective, standardized measures of student learning. Results show that faculty research has a negative effect on student learning, suggesting direct trade-offs between the university's dual mission of producing research and learning.

The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of "Strengths Gym" (Proctor & Fox Eades, in Strengths gym: Year 8, Positive Psychology Research Centre, Pennsylvania, 2009; Proctor et al., in J Posit Psychol, 6:377-388, 2011)--an intervention based on the Values in Action (VIA; Peterson & Seligman in Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004) classification of character strengths among Indian students. Participants in this classroom-based intervention were 121 students from grades 7 and 8 (Age = 11-13 years, M = 11.22 years, SD = 1.61, 53% male) from two schools in the National Capital Region of India. Using quasi-experimental design, participating classrooms in each school were randomized into intervention or control conditions. Intervention group engaged in 24 sessions--one corresponding to each character strength, spread over 12 weeks. All participants completed a questionnaire comprising measures of well-being, life satisfaction, happiness, affect, and self-esteem at pre- and post-test. Participants reported significant gains in happiness, life satisfaction, and positive affect at post-test. Findings suggest promising evidence for character strength interventions among Indian students, while also contributing to research evidence about cross-cultural relevance and validity of an existing intervention. Fostering character strengths and well-being among Indian students emerges as an area of tremendous importance in the face of the stressors and challenges faced by this demographic group in the present times.

In this article, the authors describe the outcomes of a workshop of pre- and in-service secondary school English teachers in New Delhi, India, working with a literature-based curriculum that required striking a balance between teaching the text or series of texts and creating opportunities for communicative interaction. The authors describe freewriting--and the sense of inquiry it generates--as a way of introducing the students to the exploratory, open-ended thinking that reading literature requires. The authors also explain freewriting about unfamiliar text as a powerful starting point for readers to make connections: text to self, text to text, and text to the world. Drawing from a robust body of writing-to-learn literature, the authors outline how freewriting and the literature curriculum works--its formats and variations--followed by a set of strategies for sharing and responding to freewriting in ways that elevate it as participatory analysis.

Background: Menstrual hygiene management is a significant issue affecting the health of women around the world. Lack of knowledge and awareness about menstruation and the silence surrounding it is a risk factor for all women. Objective: The objectives of this study were to elicit the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of adolescent girls (13-15 years) regarding issues related to menstruation and to assess the barriers that prevent them from practising menstrual hygiene. Design and Setting: Cross-sectional study involving 187 adolescent girls from four government schools of Delhi. Method: Information was obtained using a mixed-methods approach, including a pretested questionnaire and focus group discussions with girls, parents and school staff. Results: Only 40% of girls were aware of menstruation prior to menarche. The majority of girls (95.7%) did not know the source of menstrual blood. About two-thirds (65.8%) of girls were unaware that the menstrual blood flow could be affected by anaemia. Approximately 17% of the girls believed a woman to be impure during menstruation. About half of the girls absented themselves from school for the first 2-3 days of their menstrual cycle. Thirty-four percent girls did not bathe at all during their menstrual period and a similar number of girls did not bathe daily while menstruating. Dysmenorrhoea was a common problem among 60% of girls. The mothers of girls were identified as the major source of information about menstruation. However, mothers believed that school teachers should also be imparting this knowledge. Teachers expressed the belief that menstrual hygiene was poor among girls. The provision of free sanitary napkins in school has improved hygiene levels. Conclusion: Strategic behaviour change interventions should be designed involving all stakeholders to ensure a sustained change in knowledge, attitude and practices so as to ensure the better health of adolescent girls.

This paper describes an open educational resources (OER) architecture framework that would bring significant improvements in a well-structured and systematic way to the educational practices of distance education institutions of India. The OER architecture framework is articulated with six dimensions: pedagogical, technological, managerial, academic, financial, and ethical. These dimensions are structured with the component areas of relevance: IT infrastructure services, management support systems, open content development and maintenance, online teaching-learning, and learner assessment and evaluation of the OER architecture framework. An OER knowledge and information base, including a web portal, is proposed in the form of a series of knowledge repositories. This system would not only streamline the delivery of distance education but also would enhance the quality of distance learning through the development of high quality e-content, instructional processes, course/programme content development, IT infrastructure, and network systems. Thus the proposed OER architecture framework when implemented in the distance education system (DES) of India would improve the quality of distance education and also increase its accessibility in a well-organised and structured way. (Contains 1 figure.)

It is proposed to establish an Integrated Distance Education System in India by designing modern technology based information communication network, connecting all its ODL (Open and Distance Learning) institutions to the headquarters of the ODL system in India. The principle roles to be performed by such a system have been discussed; according to which it would enable, educate and empower every member of the academic community including distance learners so as to provide them quality distance education. The connectivity between the ODL institutions would be achieved through the use of VPN (Virtual Private Network) involving wireless networking and optical networking. Various benefits of providing VPN connectivity to the ODL institutions in India, such as cost effectiveness, security, and shared applications/services have also been discussed. Thus, the networking of all the ODL institutions in India would provide a national framework so as to build an excellent Integrated Distance Education System necessary for providing equity and quality distance education at national level. (Contains 4 figures.)

This paper describes a good governance architecture framework that would bring significant improvements in the overall working of open and distance learning institutions in a well-structured and systematic way. The good governance framework is articulated with seven basic principles which are performance, transparency, accountability, participation, leadership, consensus orientation and fairness. These principles are structured with the good governance practices which relate to performing well for the assigned goals and objectives, promoting values for the organisation, making well-informed and transparent decisions, focusing on the organisation's purpose and outcomes, capacity building and managing risks effectively. These principles and suggested practices in the framework would become tools for developing an improvement strategy so as to help in the smooth operation and efficient management of the institution concerned. The developed system would bring about significant improvement in the teaching-learning activity as well as in the quality of distance education. It would also enhance the efficiency, effectiveness and overall performance of the institutional management which is crucial to the continuous development of the institution concerned. Thus, the proposed good governance framework when implemented in an open and distance education institution would improve the quality of distance education and also increase its accessibility in a well-organised and structured way.

The aim of the present paper was to study the impact of a gratitude building intervention on adolescents' gratitude and well-being indicators. The sample comprised 177 students aged 11--14 years (M[subscript Age] = 12.29 years, SD = 0.67, 58% male) attending two schools in North India. Using quasi-experimental design, participating classrooms from both schools were randomly allocated to intervention group (n = 95) or control group (n = 82). Participants completed an assessment battery comprising measures of well-being, positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, gratitude and cognition of benefit-appraisal at pre-test and post-test. Intervention group attended 30-min-long weekly sessions based on the gratitude curriculum (Froh et al. "School Psychology Review," 132-152, 2014) for five consecutive weeks while control group attended neutral sessions for the same duration. Analysis of covariance was used to examine the differences between the intervention and control groups at post-test. Results suggested significant intervention effects on psychological well-being, positive affect, positive feelings, life satisfaction and gratitude. The cascading effect of gratitude was also observed. Overall findings rendered favourable evidence for Froh et al.'s ("School Psychology Review," 132-152, 2014) gratitude intervention among North Indian adolescents.

In today's instantly interconnected world, sectors like higher education, which were once considered safe havens, are now being exposed to competitive forces. Education is an experiential service where the active involvement of both the service provider (higher education brand) and the consumer (student) is important. This research paper identifies 13 influencing touchpoints during the various stages of the educational journey--pre-admission stage, course stage and post-passing as alumnus stage.

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is one of the underdiagnosed and undertreated vascular diseases despite its significant burden in India. In India, the etiological aspects, diagnostic approaches, treatment modalities, and other preventive measures probably vary in different regions. Therefore, this consensus was developed that provides a unified approach for physicians to effectively diagnose and manage PAD in India. In this consensus, we identify that the prevalence of PAD varies from 5% to 25% in Indian setting. Both atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic risk factors may underlie PAD. Asymptomatic PAD remains the most common presentation of the disease. The detailed clinical history, physical changes in the lower leg skin, and examination of peripheral pulses can provide clues to the diagnosis. Ankle-brachial index and Duplex ultrasound are advised as the initial choice of diagnostic measures. Besides control of risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and smoking, pharmacological treatment with anti-platelet and antithrombotic drugs is advised. By efficacy, ticagrelor is considered equivalent to clopidogrel and cilostazol is advised in intermittent claudication. In the revascularization of tibio-pedal lesions, endovascular therapy is effective and arterial bypass with vein graft may be needed in difficult and extensive revascularization scenarios. In these lesions, prosthetic grafts must be avoided. Diabetic foot ulcer management is challenging as foot care among diabetics is poor. In limb, salvation should always be a priority with avoidance of amputation if possible. Stem cell therapy has been successful in PAD which can be advised to "no-option" patients to prevent amputation. Physicians should undertake effective screening of PAD and be considered "PAD Clinics" in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article gives an overview of special education legislation in India and focuses on the success of one school in meeting the needs of students with moderate to profound mental retardation through an integrated approach. The school has created two cooperative business enterprises with donations and parent involvement. (Contains 8 references.) (CR)

In recent times, the COVID-19 epidemic has spread to over 170 nations. Authorities all around the world are feeling the strain of COVID-19 since the total of infected people is rising as well as they does not familiar to handle the problem. The majority of current research effort is thus being directed on the analysis of COVID-19 data within the framework of the machines learning method. Researchers looked the COVID 19 data to make predictions about who would be treated, who would die, and who would get infected in the future. This might prompt governments worldwide to develop strategies for protecting the health of the public. Previous systems rely on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for predicting new instances of COVID-19. The LSTM network findings suggest that the pandemic might be over by June of 2020. However, LSTM may have an over-fitting issue, and it may fall short of expectations in terms of true positive. For this issue in COVID-19 forecasting, we suggest using two methods such as Cat Swarm Optimization (CSO) for reducing the inertia weight linearly and then artificial intelligence based binomial distribution is used. In this proposed study, we take the COVID-19 predicting database as an contribution and normalise it using the min-max approach. The accuracy of classification is improved with the use of the first method to choose the optimal features. In this method, inertia weight is added to the CSO optimization algorithm convergence. Death and confirmed cases are predicted for a certain time period throughout India using Convolutional Neural Network with Partial Binomial Distribution based on carefully chosen characteristics. The experimental findings validate that the suggested scheme performs better than the baseline system in terms of f-measure, recall, precision, and accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shows how a number of readability measures developed in English were applied to a textbook written in Hindi. Emphasizes that the more recent approaches to readability that focus on syntax, conceptual difficulty, and organization are a teacher's best help in selecting materials for students. (SR)

This study intends to identify and evaluate the preference of tea varieties among the foreign tourists in India. The significant aspects which resulted in the selection of these tea varieties demarcating their importance as a destination attraction are also briefly discussed. A structured survey instrument was used for data collection from 279 inbound foreign tourists applying location intercept method at Delhi International airport (IGI). Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model and chi-square (x2) statistics were used to evaluate the preference of tea amongst the tourists. A total of 13 tea varieties based on their origin and preparation styles were identified which were found to be most preferred by the tourists, with Darjeeling tea being most favoured and Dooars Terai tea being least favoured. Findings revealed that amongst the seven socio-demographic variables analysed, five have a momentous and significant influence on their inclusive tea preferences. This study also posits on the role of tea as a tactical tool to re-create the destination image of India as a tea tourism destination. It is a novel attempt to examine the tourist's tea preference in India which can be used by stakeholders to entice, rewire and enhance their re-visits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• South Asians have extreme ASCVD risk, necessitating updated recommendations for ACS. • Risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes after ACS is highest within the first 30 days. • Many patients have persistent hypercholesterolemia and risk after ACS despite statins. • Lipoprotein(a) elevation is prevalent and increases risk of adverse CV outcomes. • The Lipid Association of India recommends earlier aggressive lipid lowering after ACS. Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have a high risk of subsequent adverse cardiovascular outcomes, particularly within the first 30 days. Although it is well documented that initiation of statin therapy in the setting of ACS improves short- and long-term cardiovascular outcomes, and achievement of lower levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) incrementally improves outcomes, many patients with ACS have persistent hypercholesterolemia after discharge from the hospital. This is a missed opportunity that prompted the Lipid Association of India to develop recommendations for earlier initiation of more aggressive LDL-C lowering treatment, particularly for patients of South Asian descent who are well-documented to have earlier onset of more aggressive atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The Lipid Association of India recommends individualized aggressive LDL-C goals after ACS, which can be rapidly achieved with high intensity statin therapy and subsequent goal-directed adjunctive treatment with ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors. Improved treatment of hypercholesterolemia achieved within weeks after ACS has the potential to reduce the high rate of morbidity and mortality in these high risk patients. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Covid19 has negatively impacted global economies and employment and has brought about career shock. To be career adaptable, MOOCs offer a platform whereby the Gen Z students can enhance their competencies and be career adaptable. Methodology / Approach: Pre-final year engineering students of a University situated in north India were offered free licenses in a popular MOOC, Coursera to enroll in courses that will support in enhancing i their competencies and be career adaptable. Findings: From April to August 2020, 690 pre-final year graduate engineering students enrolled in 7211 courses, of which, 3869 courses were completed by them. The students opted for inter, even multi-disciplinary courses with 83% saying that it supplemented their learning on being career adaptable. Limitation: Psychological areas have not been explored for the gap between enrollment and discontinuance of courses by the students. Implications: Universities can adopt MOOCs as a supplement to develop competencies in Gen Z. This will support them in managing their careers in light of national trauma, Covid19 pandemic. Value: The availability of MOOCs provides self-paced and relatively inexpensive courses to Gen Z to enhance their competencies. This will enable them to be career adaptable especially during disruptive events like the Covid19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: There is a marked inclination towards cesarean sections as the preferred mode of delivery in parturients with COVID-19 disease. However, the challenges associated with planning and performing a surgery in the COVID-19 setup are considerable. These factors may lead to widespread changes in obstetric decision-making, operative planning, and perioperative outcomes. Thus, our study aimed to study the clinical and logistical factors involved in cesarean sections in COVID-19 parturients. Material and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study performed at a dedicated COVID-19 tertiary care center in India. All women undergoing cesarean section in the specially earmarked operating room between 1st May 2020 and 31st December 2020 were included in the study. The clinical characteristics, operative details, and neonatal details, along with maternal and fetal outcomes were noted and analyzed. Results: A total of 44 women underwent cesarean section during the study period, with elective and emergency surgeries numbering 22 each. No indication, apart from COVID-19 status, was listed in over one-fourth of the women (13/44). The most common preoperative comorbidity was hypothyroidism (12/44). Median surgical duration was 117.5 min (IQR 100-133), with a median of 7.5 (IQR 6-8.25) healthcare personnel in the OT. Over one-fourth (12/44) of the delivered babies had low birth weight, while 4.5% (2/44) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion: COVID-19 status alone continues to be a common indication for cesarean section. Operative time is increased, but the number of healthcare personnel involved can be trimmed with proper planning. Maternal and fetal outcomes are largely positive, with low transmission rates, but a considerable proportion of low-birth-weight neonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary education is one of the most important indicators of development. In addition to direct contribution to development, it generates numerous externalities such as poverty alleviation, increased life expectancy, reduced inequalities, improved healthcare quality, technological advancement, democratic citizenship, social cohesion, and so on. For a long time, quantitative expansion of secondary education has been the primary concern of policymakers. To cater to this problem, the government of India has taken various measures, one such being Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA). In light of the above facts, the present study attempts to analyse the performance of Secondary Education in the state of Odisha from two dimensions: (a) educational progress in terms of enrolment ratio, drop-out rate, gender parity index, transition rate, and retention rate, etc.; (b) financial patterns of secondary education with a special focus on the Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan during the study period, by means of tables, ratios, and percentages. The present study is based on secondary data taken from different sources. The study reveals that the goal of universalisation of secondary education in Odisha, an educationally and economically backward state in India, seems to be elusive in the near future. Neither the financing pattern of education per se nor secondary education in particular, is conducive to achieving the goal of universal secondary education. On the developmental aspects, although the scheme has enhanced access to secondary education, but is characterised by social inequities. Further, the study identifies a number of issues in the financial performance of the scheme which include the gap between the approved and the actual amount released from the central government to state government, underutilisation of resources, and violating the fund sharing ratios. Both the physical and financial achievements in secondary education in Odisha seriously raise concerns about the effectiveness of this programme. The study emphasized from policy options that to have inclusive and quality secondary education, it is crucial that government must target proper allocation and utilisation of funds, keeping in view the state specific targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding COVID-19 among COVID-19 patients and their relation with the outcomes. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among COVID-19 patients (18-year-old or older) consecutively admitted to a dedicated COVID-19 hospital located in northwest Rajasthan, India. Data regarding socio-demographic parameters, KAP, and primary composite outcome (admission to intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation, or in-hospital death) were collected. KAP scores were compared between different demographic variables and primary composite outcomes. Association between different demographic variables, primary composite outcomes, and KAP scores were determined through multivariate linear regression. Besides, the correlation among KAP scores was analyzed. Results: Out of the total 222 patients, most of them (65.76%) had average KAP scores towards COVID-19. The mean scores for knowledge were 7.88, with an overall correct rate of 71.63%; the mean attitude scores were 2.42, with an overall correct rate of 60.50%; the mean practice scores were 5.12, with an overall correct rate of 64.00%. Patients who met the primary composite outcomes had higher knowledge scores, but lower attitude and practice scores. The result showed a significant positive correlation between the level of education, socioeconomic class, and knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19. Knowledge towards COVID-19 was significantly associated with a positive attitude and good practice. Conclusions: Our findings show that adult COVID-19 patients have average KAP towards COVID-19 among COVID-19 patients. Poor attitude and practice towards COVID-19 are associated with adverse outcomes, so it is suggested to strengthen attitude and practice towards COVID-19 to improve the outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changing paradigm of dental education in India has led its way to the development of Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC). This article describes the process of developing CBC in the specialty of Pediatric Dentistry under the initiative of Dental Council of India. Rationale behind CBC development is to bring uniform system of education for improving oral health outcomes of the society in long term. The process of CBC development was a collaborative teamwork, planned meticulously with predefined outline, tasks and timelines. Workflow involved identification of curricular content, defining program goals, outlining competencies, assigning them domains / levels of clinical competence, priority, educational strategies, assessment practices, integration and numbers needed for certification in selected competencies. Early clinical exposure was introduced in CBC. The final content was validated and submitted to the Council. CBC output can be summarized as competencies with fair share of all domains, levels, prioritization and integration. It is characterized by flexibility for choosing educational strategies and assessment practices. It opens up ways for global competition. However, it still has some inherent weaknesses like diverging learning paths, time constraints and number chasing. CBC can further have more academic flexibility and develop toward an outcome-based approach. Faculty preparedness and acceptability shall be the biggest challenges in CBC implementation besides resources' availability, support from leadership and acceptability from our primary stakeholders, our learners. CBC is the beginning of evidence-based delivery of education in dentistry. An effective implementation of CBC in current form would result in increased numbers of competent oral healthcare professionals for the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discussed some of the important issues regarding the effect of epidemics like COVID-19 on the migrant population. These impacts are most troubling for low-income households, which are less well positioned to cope with earnings losses during a recession, have no alternative earnings and have no social security available. Most of these workers earn little more than a subsistence wage and have no other means to protect their incomes if they lose their jobs. Migrant workers constitute quite a large proportion of such vulnerable population. Millions of migrant workers are anticipated to be left unemployed in India due to the lockdown and subsequent fear of recession. Many of the migrant workers have returned to their villages, and many more are just waiting for the lockdown to be lifted. The risk is particularly higher for those who are working in unorganised sectors, and those who do not have writer contracts, or those whose contracts are at the verge of completion. The lockdown and the subsequent recession are likely to first hit contract workers across many of the industries. On the one hand, lockdowns and social distancing measures are drying up jobs and incomes, whereas they are likely to disrupt agricultural production, transportation systems, and supply chains on the other. This poses a challenge of ensuring food security and controlling already rampant malnutrition, particularly among children, which is likely to result in increased infant and child mortality. There is a need to relook at the national migration policies, which should accommodate the assistance and protection of migrants arriving from, or faced with the prospect of returning to, areas affected by health crises. Also, there is a need to establish resilient food systems that could reduce food insecurity and the pressure to return to origin among migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rates of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) are strikingly high in India compared to Western countries and are increasing. Moreover, ASCVD events occur at a younger age with only modest hypercholesterolemia, most commonly with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The course of ASCVD also appears to be more fulminant with higher mortality. In light of these issues, the Lipid Association of India (LAI) endeavored to develop revised guidelines with more aggressive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals in secondary prevention and for patients with familial hypercholesterolemia compared to guidelines in the United States and other countries. Owing to the paucity of clinical outcomes data in India, it was necessary to place major emphasis on expert opinion as a complement to randomized placebo-controlled data generated mostly in non-Indian cohorts. To facilitate this process, the LAI conducted a series of 19 meetings among 162 lipid specialists in 13 cities throughout India over a period of 11 months before formulating this expert consensus statement. The LAI recommends an LDL-C goal <50 mg/dL in all patients in secondary prevention or very high-risk primary prevention but proposes an optional goal ≤30 mg/dL in category A extreme-risk patients (eg, coronary artery disease + familial hypercholesterolemia) and a recommended goal ≤30 mg/dL in category B extreme-risk patients [coronary artery disease + (1) diabetes and polyvascular disease/≥3 major ASCVD risk factors/end organ damage, or (2) recurrent acute coronary syndrome within 12 months despite LDL-C <50 mg/dL, or (3) homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia]. More aggressive LDL-C goals are needed for prevention of ASCVD in India, as described in this expert consensus statement. Use of statins and ezetimibe needs to increase in India in combination with improved control of other ASCVD risk factors. Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 inhibitors can improve LDL-C goal achievement in patients with refractory hypercholesterolemia. • Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events are skyrocketing in India and occur with only modest hypercholesterolemia. • More aggressive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals are needed in India, especially in secondary prevention. • Statin and ezetimibe use needs to increase in India. • Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 inhibitors can facilitate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal achievement, but cost is a barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Obstetric fistula is a serious obstetric and social morbidity among women. Reliable data on incidence and prevalence of obstetric fistula are not available. Aims: The present study attempted to measure the prevalence of obstetric fistula and evaluate factors associated with it. Settings and design: Study was conducted in Rajasthan, India. The cross-sectional data were used for estimation of prevalence of obstetric fistula, while the case comparison design was used to identify the risk factors associated with obstetric fistula. Methods and material: A cross-sectional population-based district level survey covered 41,448 ever married women of age group 15–49 years in 40,052 randomly selected households. Statistical analysis used: To explore association between various identified demographic, social, economic, service delivery and utilization variables and obstetric fistula, simple and multivariate logistic regression was performed. Results: The estimated prevalence of obstetric fistula was 4 per 1,000 women. About 85 per cent of the women with fistula were married below 18 years of age, and 48 per cent gave birth to the first child before 20 years of age. The risk of developing obstetric fistula was more than twice among women who experienced obstructed labour, the adjusted odds ratio being 2.21 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.12 −4.80). Conclusions: Obstructed labour was most prominent obstetric risk factor for obstetric fistula. The other risk factors were early marriage and early child birth. Ironically, obstetric fistula is preventable by improving quality of maternal care and effective emergency obstetric care. Education and communication can play an important role in postponement of early marriages and early child birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Colonic barotrauma induced by high-pressure air compressors has been reported more frequently these days due to the widespread use of air compressors in industries. Such enormous pressure into the rectum can lead to devastating injuries. Patient's concern: A 35-year-old male was referred to our emergency department with an alleged history of directing high pressure compressed air jet towards the anus. There was diffuse subcutaneous emphysema over the neck, chest, abdomen, and extremities, and he presented with hemodynamic instability and respiratory failure. Diagnosis: Rectosigmoid perforation due to exposure to high-pressure air jet causing tension pneumoperitoneum, pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and extensive subcutaneous emphysema. Intervention: In view of tension pneumoperitoneum, urgent percutaneous needle decompression was performed using 16 G needle, 5 cm superomedial to the anterior superior iliac spine. The gush of air was released along with reduction in abdominal distension and improvement in hemodynamics. Outcome: The patient succumbed two days later due to septic shock. Lessons: This case highlighted the importance of promoting education about work safety among industrial workers especially in developing countries like India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is an agriculture based economy and sugarcane is one of the major crops produced in northern India. Productivity of sugarcane decreases due to inappropriate soil conditions and infections caused by various types of diseases; timely and accurate disease diagnosis, plays an important role towards optimizing crop yield. This paper presents a system model for monitoring of sugarcane crop, the proposed model continuously monitors parameters (temperature, humidity and moisture) responsible for healthy growth of the crop in addition KNN clustering along with SVM classifier is utilized for infection identification if any through images obtained at regular intervals. The data has been transmitted through a wireless network from the site to the control unit. Model achieves an accuracy of 96%. on a sample of 200 images; the model was tested at Lolai, near Malhaur, Gomti Nagar Extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study attempts to analyse research contributions of the Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar in physics and astronomy during the period 2006-15. The data for this study was extracted from Scopus. The study analyses the year-wise research productivity, national and international collaborations, top collaborating institutions, most prolific authors, journals used for communication, most preferred journals for publication, number of citations received by the University during the period under study. This paper analyses that the university has published 652 papers in physics and astronomy. The University had registered the average citation impact per paper of 7.01 per cent and 6 publications received 51 to 100 citations. Among the Indian universities, University stood at 23rd rank in term of publications output (652) and h-index (29), 16th rank in average citation per paper (7.01 per cent) and 18th rank in share of high cited papers (1 per cent) and 19th rank in terms of international collaborative papers (27.45 per cent) during 2006-15. Around 68.71 per cent publications of the University in physics and astronomy were in national collaboration between GNDU and several other Indian organisations. The study clearly indicates that journals are the most preferred form of publication to communicate research works by the researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the use of recycle flower as natural dyes on silk in India, along with analysis on environmental impact, supply chain, and colouring techniques.

Squeeze-outs are both visible and palpable manifestations of a controlling shareholder's raw power within the corporate machinery--the ability to openly force minority shareholders to exit the company by accepting a certain price for their shares. Yet, squeeze-outs can be value enhancing at times due to the benefits of enabling the controller to acquire the entire company. Perhaps due to this rather conflicted and dramatic background, squeeze-out regulation takes on varying hues across multiple jurisdictions. In this Article, we analyze the regulation of squeeze-outs from a comparative perspective, with India as the primary frame of reference. In India, the controllers can choose among several available transaction structures to implement a squeeze-out. These include the compulsory acquisition mechanism, scheme of arrangement, and reduction of capital. Unsurprisingly, the structure most commonly used by controllers is the reduction of capital, which provides the least protection to minority shareholders. After analyzing the level of minority protection in a squeeze-out in India, we explore potential reforms by examining how other jurisdictions such as the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom regulate these transactions. The goal is to examine which approach (or combination of approaches) may present attractive options for India. Drawing from these other jurisdictions, we suggest reforms for the regulation of squeeze-outs in India. Given the institutional landscape and ground realities in India, we conclude that it is more effective to protect minorities by reducing reliance on court decisions and instead increasing reliance on regulatory enforcement that grants greater decision-making powers to independent boards and to the minorities themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism demand is very sensitive to safety concerns. The protection of tourists from threats of crime and harassment is critical for an industry which has frequently been a target of unethical practices, crimes and scams. The risks to tourists arising from exposure to safety and security concerns may have serious repercussions on any tourism destination, particularly on a pilgrimage destination, as pilgrims are motivated by the push forces of faith and beliefs. Pilgrimage destinations attract mass tourism and many remain crowded and therefore are prone to increased risks and crimes. The high tolerance of many pilgrims to discomfort and their tolerance for spending time and money in the name of their deity make them highly vulnerable to compromises, unethical practices and frauds. Many pilgrimage destinations are located in places with tough physical and climatic conditions and few sanitation and health facilities adding to the risks of natural calamities and health problems. Therefore, assuring the safety of the pilgrims and minimizing the exposure of any tourist to risk or crime is a prerequisite for any pilgrimage destination. This paper is a case study of Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine, India, which attracts about 10 million pilgrims every year. It is an empirical study of 120 pilgrims and records their experiences as to how they feel while they travel to this particular destination vis-à-vis various safety concerns in the terms of tourist risks and crimes. The result shows that the studied destination is considered safe among the pilgrims and suggests some measures for further improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the ionic sources and chemical quality of the waters (surface and groundwater) around the Tehri reservoir in Uttarakhand, Garhwal, Himalaya, for drinking and irrigation purposes. The main Bhagirathi river, tributary streams and springs and groundwater are the main sources of water for the reservoir and inhabitant living around it. Fifty-two water samples were collected from springs, handpumps (borewell) and streams and were analysed for major ions. The pH is varying from 6.8 to 8.6 and EC from 28 to 820 μS/cm. The chemical composition of water is dominated by Ca, Mg and HCO. The high ratio of Ca + Mg /Na + K and low ratio of Na + K/TZ indicate dominance of carbonate dissolution as the main solute acquisition process in this part of Lesser Himalaya. The trilinear and X-Y plots suggest less contribution from silicate weathering and anthropogenic activities. The excess of Na over Cl indicating much of the alkalis in the waters of Tehri area have source other than precipitation possibly from silicate weathering. Recharged by meteoric water, the quality of water in the study area is controlled essentially by chemical processes occurring between water and lithology and locally altered by human activities. Among the trace metals the concentration of Fe at few locations has marginally exceeded the WHO and BIS standards of drinking water. The analytical result computed from various water quality indices indicate fairly good quality of water for both drinking and irrigation purposes. The factor analysis performed on the major ion data indicate two factors are the most important affecting the water quality of the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A buried channel has been located, in the basaltic terrain, near village Shenoli, District Satara, Maharashtra. It is composed of a gritty mass formed of a semi-consolidated material. The resistivity value of the semi-consolidated formation is 6.30 Ohm - m whereas the resistivity values of the vesicular basalts range between 18 and 32 Ohm-m. The specific capacity, unit area specific capacity, specific capacity index, transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity, with respect of the buried channel, are 609.07 LPM/m of drawdown, 12.12 LPM/m, 95.47 LPM/m, 353.26 m/day and 55.37 m/day, respectively whereas the values of these parameters for basalt aquifers range from 67 to 117 LPM/m of drawdown, 0.7 to 4.27 LPM/m, 14.08 to 31.04 LPM/m, 33.5 to 73.71 m/day and 9.44 to 18.32 m/day, respectively. A comparison of the well characteristics and aquifer parameters reveal that the buried channel with semi-consolidated formation has distinctly better groundwater yielding properties. The groundwater from the semi-consolidated formation has distinctly different quality. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the water from the basalt aquifers ranges between 417 and 555 micro mhos/cm with a modal value of 430 micro mhos/cm, which is 960 micro mhos/cm at 25° C for the semi-consolidated material forming the buried channel. The plots on the Trilinear diagram show that all the samples fall in field 5 where alkaline earths exceed alkalies and weak acids exceed strong acids but it is clear that the proportion of alkalies and weak acids in the water from the buried channel aquifer is higher than the water from the basalt aquifers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Independent review boards can provide an objective appraisal of investigators' decisions and may be useful for determining complex primary outcomes, such as bipolar disorder relapse, in cross-national studies. This article describes the use of an independent, blinded relapse monitoring board to assess the primary outcome (relapse) in an international clinical trial of risperidone long-acting therapy adjunctive to standard-care pharmacotherapy for patients with bipolar disorder. Design: The fully autonomous relapse monitoring board was composed of a chair and two additional members-all psychiatrists and experts in the diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic management of bipolar disorder. The relapse monitoring board met six times during the study to review patient relapse data and was charged with the responsibility of determining if the events described by investigators qualified as relapses. Additionally, the relapse monitoring board reviewed data for all randomized patients to identify any relapse events not recognized by investigators. Results: Primary efficacy results were similar and significant for investigator- and relapse monitoring board-determined relapses. Ten discrepancies were noted: two of the 42 investigator-determined relapses did not meet the intended clinical relapse threshold as determined by the relapse monitoring board; conversely, the relapse monitoring board confirmed eight relapse events not identified by investigators. The relapse monitoring board had no direct interactions with patients and had to rely on the accuracy of investigator assessments. Also, once an investigator determined a relapse and the patients discontinued the study, less information was available to the relapse monitoring board for relapse assessment. Conclusions: Use of the relapse monitoring board supported the validity of the study by incorporating a level of standardization to mitigate the risk that local practice in different cultures and medical systems at the sites would confound study results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article describes how a community-based nongovernmental organization—the Society for Health Alternatives— implements the concept of sexual rights among the urban poor in India. After defining sexuality, sexual health, and sexual rights, the article describes activities with specific groups in the community that help actualize sexuality and sexual rights. Sexual health issues of women and how they are addressed are illustrated through case studies. Educational interventions with adolescent boys and girls through group sessions in the community, premarriage counseling workshops, residential "boys-only" spaces, public debates, and campaigns have begun to shift values and attitudes. For example, girls and boys are resisting parental pressure to marry before the legal age, and boys are beginning to practice transformative masculinities (e.g., are realizing that "eve-teasing" is not really a sign of masculinity). Action research on child sexual abuse and follow-up advocacy efforts provide valuable lessons on collaboration and networking for the sexual rights of children. The article concludes by discussing future directions, including the implications of specific sexual rights—to promote the highest standards of sexual health care services, to receive information on sexuality and sexual education, and to enhance bodily integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this review is to share with developing countries how a dedicated agricultural university helped enhance food production and thwart Malthusian scenario. The Indian adequacy on the food-front has largely been attributed to the development of improved seeds of different crops, in particular wheat and rice, efficient system of agro-technology generation and its transfer to farmers, and useful coordination between state development departments and suitable government policies. We have discussed the revolutionary role of Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) in transforming a food-deficient India into a food self-sufficient nation. This dramatic transformation is dubbed the Green Revolution. Fueled by scientific research, PAU has, since its inception in 1962, released more than 580 improved varieties/hybrids of field crops, vegetables, fruits, fodder, and ornamentals. Now, almost the entire cropped area of the Punjab state is under improved varieties. This is because PAU has one of the best seed-production and delivery programs among agricultural universities in India. Its total seed production capacity during the last five years was >30,000 tons. Millions of disease-free nursery plants of fruits and ornamentals are supplied to farmers annually. The seed-production technology, together with an improved seed-distribution system, has given an impetus to agriculture in recent years. New breeding methods and modern technologies, such as biotechnology, electron microscopy, and nanotechnology, should provide even better seeds in the future. The scanning electron microscopy facilities at PAU have helped distinguish between seed surfaces of drought-resistant and drought-susceptible genotypes of Indian mustard, and, revealed that seed coat microstructure could be used as a selection criterion for stress tolerance. Farmer training in the production of hybrid seed and nursery help boost seed production and farmers' income. The seed-plot technique in potato and rhizobium inoculation of pulse seeds have had a strong impact on production. The supply of high-quality mushroom spawn and quality Kinnow (citrus) plantlets to farmers has boosted mushroom and citrus production, and thereby the farmers' incomes. Ever-increasing population requires universities, such as PAU, to continue to play pivotal roles in enhancing food production. Seed production programs will need to be put on a new trajectory to double food production by 2050 and agricultural universities would need to be strengthened to meet this critical goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the positive benefits attributed to the social and cultural aspects of tourism are the promotion of goodwill, understanding and peace among people across cultures. The role of tourism as an ambassador and vehicle of international understanding and peace has even been acknowledged by the United Nations. World Tourism Conference in 1960 in Manila has declared that tourism as a vital force for world peace since it brings both "hosts" and "guests" together to learn about peace by understanding and appreciating diverse cultural issues. Kashmir despite of a major tourist destination, the spread of terrorism especially during the last two decades have hindered the smooth growth of tourism industry. Thus following the principle of tourism as a strategic tool to counter terrorism, the present research is conducted to study the tourism's contribution to the peace building in Kashmir in terms of residents' and tourists' perception. The research concludes that tourism has a significant contribution towards peace building in the study area and the study also suggests a strategic model based on developing guest-host relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The making of the Constitution brought the women legal equality. Though the constitutional provisions allowed the women to leave the relative calm of the domestic sphere to enter the male-dominated political sphere, the involvement of women in politics has been low key. This article enumerates the factors which have resulted in a wide chasm between the 'dejure' and 'defacto' status of political participation of women in India. Political participation is a complex phenomenon, which can be comprehended by analyzing several factors. With a purpose of studying this complex situation the article has classified the factors into three categores - psychological variable, socio-economic variable and political variable. It concludes that the participation of women is essential as a demand of simple justice as well as a necessary condition for human existence. This can be achieved not just by increasing the numbers but by ensuring that women leaders perceive the problems and effectively resolve the issues. The acceptance of their own equality and confidence in their ability will go a long way in altering the political scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis of relations between India and China, focusing particularly on the 2005 China-India Strategic and Cooperative Partnership for Peace and Prosperity signed by India's Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and China's Premier Wen Jiabao. The author considers economic development in the two countries, their international significance and political power, and Asia's efforts at regional cooperation. Other subjects considered are relations with the Group of Eight, energy security, and the prevention of terrorism.

Abstract: Background: Heterozygous transmission of gene for Haemoglobin S leads to sickle cell trait. Mostly the trait remains silent with no additional morbidity or mortality. When these persons migrate to higher altitudes, in times of high oxygen demand, some of them develop splenic infarction. This is a rare phenomenon and only 47 such cases had been reported till 2005. Methods: This study was conducted at an Indian military hospital serving the troops deployed in Kashmir valley at altitudes ranging from 5500 ft to 13000 ft. When two consecutive splenectomies for splenic abscesses, turned out to be sickling induced infarction histopathologically, we reviewed splenectomy specimens received in last six years for evidence of sickling. Result: Out of 33 splenectomies performed during the period of study, 22 were due to trauma (gun shot injury 11; splinter injury one and blunt injury 10). Of the rest eleven, who presented without any history of trauma, seven had evidence of vascular occlusion with aggregates of sickled red blood cells. In none, Gram stain or Periodic Acid Schiff stain revealed any bacterial or fungal colonies. One patient of splenic syndrome was found to have unrecognised sickle cell trait and he was managed conservatively. Conclusion : Sickle cell trait should be excluded before considering splenectomy in ethnically vulnerable patients presenting with splenic syndrome. An uncomplicated splenic infarction can be managed conservatively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Geochemical studies on metavolcanic rocks of the Gadwal greenstone belt (GGB), eastern Dharwar craton, have documented several rock types that are indicative of subduction zone tectonics reflecting on the crustal growth processes in the Dharwar craton. The dominance of komatiites in the western Dharwar craton (WDC) and the arc volcanics in the eastern Dharwar craton (EDC) is an indication for the predominance of plume magmatism in the WDC and the intraoceanic subduction zone processes in EDC which together played a significant role in the growth and evolution of continental crust in the Dharwar craton. Boninites of GGB are high calcic type with high MgO (13–24 wt.%) and a characteristic MREE depleted U-shaped REE patterns whereas the basalts have flat REE patterns with no Eu anomalies. Nb-enriched basalts exhibit slightly fractionated REE patterns with high Nb (8–26 ppm) content compared to arc basalts. Adakites of GGB are Sr depleted with highly fractionated REE patterns and no Eu anomaly compared to rhyolites. The occurrence of boninites along with arc basalts, Nb-enriched basalts–basalt–andesite–dacite–rhyolites and adakites association in Gadwal greenstone belt indicate the intraoceanic subduction zone processes with a clear cut evidence of partial melting of metasomatized mantle wedge (boninites), melting of subducting slab (adakites) and residue of adakite–wedge hybridization (Nb-enriched basalts) which have played a significant role in the growth of continental crust in the Dharwar craton during the Neoarchaean. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper estimates inequities in production and income for different categories of water users in the context of a rapidly depleting resource by estimating technical inefficiency using frontier techniques. The research is based on primary survey data from a North Indian village that shares characteristics commonly observed in other groundwater-dependant agricultural areas. Estimated technical efficiency scores are highest on plots where water is sourced from a privately owned tubewell, followed by plots serviced by partnered tubewells and lowest on plots where water is bought. Income gains from improved efficiency follow the reverse patterns with the largest gains of Rupees (Rs) 1082 per bigha estimated for buyers' plots and Rs. 649 per bigha for plots with their own tubewell with the average of Rs. 867 for all plots. A policy package of improved power, joint ownership of tubewells, farmer training and better water transportation systems are prescribed as policy measures to alleviate the differences amongst water users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the factors causing reproductive tract infection (RTI) and sexually transmitted infection (STI) among women in Punjab, India. RTI and STI were vital elements for family planning, child survival, women's health, safe motherhood, and human immunodeficiency virus prevention programs in the country. Several factors that increased women's risks to infection of sexually transmitted disease were identified, including biological, medical, induced abortion, and the socio-cultural environment.

Urban suspended particulate pollutants differ with place of occurrence, meteorological conditions, physicochemical compositions, and the response of the bronchopulmonary apparatus. Lung injury following intratracheal instillation of respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) collected in an urban setting in India was investigated in rats. The animals were killed 15 days after exposure to 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg of RSPM. We examined the changes in lung histology, enzymatic activity in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and the oxidant/antioxidant status in lung homogenates. The alterations in these parameters were compared with those in rats instilled with quartz particulates, which were used as positive controls. Exposure to RSPM resulted in an increase in the relative weight of lungs and inflammatory changes evidenced by an increase in the total cellularity of the lungs, predominantly polymorphonuclear cells, demonstrable both in the lungs sections and in the bronchoalveolar lavage of the exposed animals. An increase in the protein content and in the lactate dehydrogenase activity in the BAL was found in the RSPM-exposed rats. A marked increase in the output of lipid peroxides and a dose-dependent increase in the formation of reactive nitrogen species (NO) in lung homogenates and BAL, respectively, was found in the RSPM-exposed rats. A significant decrease in the enzymatic lung antioxidants, superoxide dismutase, and catalase was observed. However, the alterations in the levels of glutathione in the lungs of the RSPM-exposed animals were not significant. The inflammatory reaction, oxidative changes, and enzyme release, were more marked in quartz-exposed animals in comparison to the RSPM-exposed rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]