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This paper aims to understand the changing dynamics of internal labour market segmentation intertwined with the history of working-class struggle in an industrial belt in India's National Capital Region (NCR). Nuances of workers' class struggle in the automobile sector in Delhi-NCR over the last 15 years have shown that unity between permanent and contract workers was key to several successful struggles against worsening work conditions and management control within the global value chains of automobile production. Our fieldwork findings, along with direct and indirect political engagement in the region, reveal that increasing salaries and allotment of supervisory roles to small sections of permanent workers, coupled with the simultaneous fragmentation a lower strata of workers into multiple categories with very low salaries, benefits and heavy workloads, have been significant attempts by capital to break class solidarity among different sections of workers. Relatively pro-labour legislation and trade unions tend to concentrate in high-wage zones, while low-wage and precarious employment remains unprotected by such institutional mechanisms. Labour segmentation is inherent to capitalist exploitation, guarded by institutional mechanisms. Advanced mechanisation reduces distinction of skill requirements between highly paid permanent and lowly paid contract workers. In this context, labour segmentation is a political response to trade unionism from the side of capitalist management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Siguiendo el marco de Dingeldey et al. (2021), pero con un enfoque cualitativo, se analiza la segmentación legal del trabajo en China, la India, Malasia y Viet Nam, prestando atención a los niveles de exclusión y a las jerarquías de protección otorgada. El autor observa varios factores que diferencian a estos países de los del Norte y que determinan sus mercados de trabajo: el tamaño relativo de la población activa que opera fuera de la cobertura efectiva de la reglamentación laboral; la terminología jurídica, de difícil traducción a los idiomas occidentales; y la historia jurídica, especialmente en lo que respecta al desajuste entre los marcos jurídicos y el mercado laboral resultante del colonialismo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The caste based discrimination does not only affect the spheres of education, work and employment but also the wide Horizons of life, which can be detrimental for the country's future. This paper concentrates on the detailed analysis of occupation segregation or should we say the discrimination and lower footing of the scheduled castes in India. The paper in its analysis focuses not only on the SCs but also the Other Backward castes, because both of these groups have been subjected to centuries' long discrimination. Therefore it is imperative that the paper dwells on lowers caste discrimination in a holistic manner. There is ample use of graphical, literary and explanatory techniques, the paper provides a widely spanning depiction of the situation, right from the 1992-93 to the 2014. Various aspects have been portrayed of caste based segregation in the sphere of employment in the modern India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses data from household surveys in six large Chinese cities in 2010 to describe the nature of informal employment and estimate the returns to education in the formal and informal labour markets. It is estimated that 25.4 per cent of the urban workers are informally employed and 22.2 per cent of them work in the informal sector. Wage equations for informal and formal workers are also estimated by using OLS, Heckman selection correction models, switching regression models, and quantile regressions. The results show that the returns to education are lower for those working informally as compared to formal workers, and that the gap in returns is even larger for those working in the informal and formal sectors (4.2 per cent versus 11.1 per cent per year of schooling according to a switching regression model). The quantile regression results reveal that the returns to education increase at higher quintiles for informal employment but not for formal employment. The results suggest that the formal and informal sectors are characterised by labour market segmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]