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Introduction: Left Ventricular False Tendons (LVFT) is normal and common anatomical variants of the left ventricle. They may be associated with findings of cardiac pathology or they may be an isolated finding from 2D echocardiogram. These structures may mimic pathologic structures, such as intraventricular chorda rupture, vegetation or thrombus, but considered as false tendon. Aim: To study the morphology, age and gender specific proportions of false tendons in cadaveric heart specimens. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, India, from October 2015 to March 2017. A total of 100 human cadaveric heart specimens of both male and female (n=50) and female (n=50) aged 18-76 years were collected from Department of Anatomy and postmortem specimens from Department of Forensic Medicine. The morphology of tendons was studied regarding its location, gross appearance and parameters such as its length and width. The statistical analysis was done using Chi-square test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test appropriately using the software Statistical Package for Social Service (SPSS), version 20.0 for windows. Results: False tendons were seen in 49 of heart specimens. Total 40 of the specimens showed one LVFT and nine showed two LVFT. Out of total 44 (58.67%) specimens aged 50 years or less had false tendons, while in older specimens, only 5 (20%) were found to have false tendon (p-value <0.05). The common location of false tendons was Posteromedial Papillary Muscle (PMPM) to mid interventricular septum 11 (18.9%), followed by PMPM to free wall 9 (15.5%). The tendons were fibrous in 53 (91.4%), fibromuscular in 4 (6.9%)and 1 (1.7%) was muscular in nature. Out of 50 female and 50 male heart specimens, 24 and 25 had LVFT, respectively (p-value=0.891). Conclusion: Sound knowledge of heart morphology can avoid false diagnosis in patients with false tendon, as it can simulate other pathological murmurs and structural heart disease in echocardiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

.Palatal rugae refer to the ridges on the anterior part of the palatal mucosa, each side of the median palatal raphe and behind the incisive papilla. Various studies on different populations have reported unique rugal patterns within each population. Aim: To study, analyse and report the significant palatal rugae patterns among West Godavari District population and compare with the patterns reported in the literature, which can aid as an additional method of identification in cases of crime or mass disasters. Material and Methods: Pre-orthodontic casts of 100 samples (50 males and 50 females) were selected. The method of identification of the rugae pattern used was that of Thomas et al (1983) which includes the number, shape and unification patterns of rugae. The different types of rugae between males and females were statistically analyzed and compared with other population studies in the literature. Results: A statistically insignificant (p>0.05) higher mean primary rugae scores was found in males (7.48±2.45) while secondary (3.38±2.02) and tertiary (2.56±1.84) rugae were more among females. Both genders showed predominance in wavy (males = 4.82±1.91 and females = 4.74±1.98) type of distribution. Commonly observed pattern in the mode of unification was converging (58%) in males and diverging pattern (62%) among femaleswhich was statistically significant (p=0.04). Conclusions: The findings showed a specific rugae pattern in this group when compared to other populations reported in the literature. Palatal rugae patterns are definitely associated with regional variation and can aid as an additional tool in forensic identification procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]