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Background Undiagnosed diabetes is a significant public health concern in India, considering the accumulative burden of diabetes and its long-term complications. We have estimated the prevalence and factors associated with undiagnosed diabetes in India. Methods We used data from the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019-21) to estimate undiagnosed diabetes prevalence aged under 50 (15-49) years. A log-binomial model with survey-adjusted Poisson regression was used to estimate the prevalence risk ratio (PR) between undiagnosed diabetes and various factors. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the factors associated with diagnosed diabetes (vs. healthy) and undiagnosed diabetes (vs. healthy). All the analyses were survey-weighted and stratified by gender and reported with 95% confidence intervals. Results The prevalence of diabetes for individuals aged 15-49 years was found to be 4.90% (4.80 to 5.00%) from the NFHS-5. Among them, the proportion of individuals with undiagnosed diabetes was 24.82% (24.07 to 25.59%), with higher among males (28.82% (26.45 to 31.30%)) than females (24.22% (23.44 to 25.01%)). The overall prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 1.22% (1.18 to 1.26%), with a higher prevalence among males (1.60% (1.46 to 1.76%)) than females (1.17% (1.13 to 1.21%)). Individuals who are middle-aged (45-49), have a higher body mass index (BMI), and are in a lower wealth index group, or live in the southern regions of India are at a higher risk of being undiagnosed for diabetes. Conclusion One in every four having diabetes is undiagnosed. The study highlights the need for public health interventions to improve diabetes screening and access to health care, particularly among middle-aged individuals, and those with higher BMI, as well as addressing lifestyle and dietary factors. The findings also reveal disparities in diabetes burden among population subgroups in India, underscoring the need for targeted efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality in India. India has rolled out Comprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC) reforms including population based screening for hypertension and diabetes, facilitated by frontline health workers. Our study assessed blood pressure and blood sugar coverage achieved by frontline workers using Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS).Methods: LQAS Supervision Areas were defined as catchments covered by frontline workers in primary health centres in two districts each of Uttar Pradesh and Delhi. In each Area, 19 households for each of four sampling universes (males, females, Above Poverty Line (APL) and Below Poverty Line (BPL)) were visited using probability proportional to size sampling. Following written informed consent procedures, a short questionnaire was administered to individuals aged 30 or older using tablets related to screening for diabetes and hypertension. Using the LQAS hand tally method, coverage across Supervision Areas was determined.Results: A sample of 2052 individuals was surveyed, median ages ranging from 42 to 45 years. Caste affiliation, education levels, and occupation varied by location; the sample was largely married and Hindu. Awareness of and interaction with frontline health workers was reported in Uttar Pradesh and mixed in Delhi. Greater coverage of CVD risk factor screening (especially blood pressure) was seen among females, as compared to males. No clear pattern of inequality was seen by poverty status; some SAs did not have adequate BPL samples. Overall, blood pressure and blood sugar screening coverage by frontline health workers fell short of targeted coverage levels at the aggregate level, but in all sites, at least one area was crossing this threshold level.Conclusion: CVD screening coverage levels at this early stage are low. More emphasis may be needed on reaching males. Sex and poverty related inequalities must be addressed by more closely studying the local context and models of service delivery where the threshold of screening is being met. LQAS is a pragmatic method for measuring program inequalities, in resource-constrained settings, although possibly not for spatially segregated population sub-groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• School life expectancy is a comprehensive metric that aids in demonstrating the overall progress and effectiveness of an educational system. • School life expectancies are expected to exhibit greater stability and reliability, making them better suited for cross-country comparisons when compared to enrollment rates at each educational level. • While there has been notable advancement towards achieving educational equality, there has been a significant reduction in the socioeconomic gap in school life expectancy over the last decade. However, it is important to note that this gap still persists in a few Indian states. • Over the decade, school expectancy improved for males, urban, and wealthier; attributed to delayed enrollment for females, rural, and economically disadvantaged. There is a dearth of research on School Life Expectancy (SLE) in India, with limited studies addressing the influence of socioeconomic disparities on SLE. This study aims to investigate the changes in socioeconomic inequalities in SLE across India and its major states during the period spanning from 2007 to 2018. To accomplish this, we utilized data from two rounds of the National Sample Survey NSS 64th (2007–08) and 75th (2017–18), to compute the SLE of children aged 6 to 18, encompassing primary to secondary education. To quantify the educational disparities in SLE among various socioeconomic categories over the decade, we employed both Absolute Inequality (AI) and Relative Inequality (RI) indices. The overall SLE for primary to secondary education experienced a significant increase of 0.75 years between 2007–08 and 2017–18. Among the 15 major states of India, notable variations in the extent of SLE improvements were observed. During this period, there was an absolute gap that ranged from 0.61 to 0.44 years and a relative gap of 4.79 percent among the states. The disparities between urban and rural areas notably widened during this period. The gap between children from the lowest quintile of monthly per capita expenditutre (MPCE) and those from the highest quintile of MPCE decreased significantly, reducing from 2.18 years in 2007–08 to 1.20 years in 2017–18. Furthermore, differences in SLE based on caste and religion also exhibited significant reductions. This study reveals that socioeconomic disparities in SLE in India are relatively modest, highlighting the importance of further understanding the determinants of these inequalities and assessing the effectiveness of interventions aimed at addressing them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Infant mortality rate (IMR) and under five mortality rate (U5MR) are vital indicators of the health of a population. • For U5MR, mother 's age, birth order, and birth interval are significant factors, as discussed before. Parental education is an important factor for U5MR. • This paper focused more on the gender differential in child survival by selected sociodemographic and economic factors. Future research can take care of this limitation and take a holistic approach to child survival analysis. • Infant mortality rate (IMR) and under five mortality rate (U5MR) are vital indicators of the health of a population. • For U5MR, mother 's age, birth order, and birth interval are significant factors, as discussed before. Parental education is an important factor for U5MR. • This paper focused more on the gender differential in child survival by selected sociodemographic and economic factors. Future research can take care of this limitation and take a holistic approach to child survival analysis. Infant mortality rate (IMR) and under five mortality rate (U5MR) are vital indicators of the health of a population. Included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), they are, together with health and nutrition status, considered significant indicators of child well-being. In India, during the period 1990 to 2015, female IMR declined from 81 to 39 deaths per 1000 live births, while male IMR declined from 78 to 35. Further decline was reported by SRS 2018 (Female IMR 33, Male IMR 32). However, the female-male gap in IMR continues to persist. The aim of the present study is to assess the gender disparities in and the risk of infant and under five mortality in India. The study used data from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4, 2015–16). The study revealed that the risk of under-five mortality was higher among males. The pattern of sex differences in infant mortality appears to be the same across India, while that of under-five mortality shows slight differences among males and females. The findings of this study suggest that though socioeconomic characteristics appear to significantly influence infant mortality, sex differences in infant mortality are not influenced by these factors. These findings will enable policymakers and public health practitioners to develop cost-effective interventions targeting the sub-populations of children at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]