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The purpose of this paper is to measure the intrinsic characteristics of the Indian capital market through the long and short strangle options strategies. The study uses the trigonometric ratio Tan θ to form the monthly angle between strategy profit and Nifty closing. Further, the results of monthly angle formation have been verified by the regression analysis. The result of the angle formation indicates that the short strangle option strategy may perform better on the Nifty Index in the future. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research where different properties of any index through the strangle options strategies using the Angle (Tan θ) have been analyzed on the Nifty Index of India. These findings will help investment management companies, retail investors, and investment advisors for profit maximization while trading in Nifty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family firms are the foundation of economies across the world. Yet, little is understood about what motivates sustainability in these firms, particularly in developing economies. In this study, we examine family forestry and tourism firms in Chile and India and use a novel stated-choice method to understand preferences for sustainability and the trade-offs with profit maximization, law and regulation, and family relations (among others). There were heterogeneous preferences across the sample, with respondents favoring financial outcomes and viewing regulation negatively. Respondents preferred positive environmental impacts, and this was significantly favored by tourism firms. Forestry firms were particularly focused on maintaining satisfactory family relationships, where there was stronger family involvement in the firm's management decisions. Indian respondents were more likely to prefer the expansion option in the choice study (financial outcomes), while Chileans preferred the eco-labeling choice (sustainability), suggesting more supportive sustainability norms in Chile. Chileans were more likely to exceed legal compliance in their choice selection and favored positive environmental impacts more. Overall, tourism firms were larger in terms of revenues and favored the eco-labeling choice with positive environmental impacts but with minimal regulations, while forestry favored expansion. These differences may be driven by the resources available to tourism firms for supporting sustainability measures and the importance of sustainability to their business models. Policies to support sustainability among family firms must account for their heterogeneity and must provide supports and incentives rather than regulations to facilitate sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The micro manufacturing enterprises in Coonoor, Niligiris manufacturing woolen sweaters have to depend on the common facility centre to meet their technology, value addition and productivity needs by adopting the Cluster Development Approach. They formed the Coonoor Sweater Cluster (CSC) to make use of the common facility centre through technology inter-relationships for cost minimization and profit maximization by converting wool into sweaters. The objective is to study the effects of technology adopted by the Coonoor Sweater Cluster and the Difference in Differences (DID) between the control and experimental variables on productivity after the policy interventions by the Government of India and the Government of Tamil Nadu. The value chain was studied and cluster maps were formed. Data was collected from 125 Coonoor sweater manufacturers and analysed using statistical tools like Descriptive Statistics, CAGR, Correlation, Trend, Regression Analysis, and Structural Equation Modelling. Physical Performance is on an increasing trend in terms of no. of units, employment and production, as are financial performance measures like turnover as per increasing CAGR. To conclude, after the new technology intervention and value chain analysis, the profit earned per firm has increased. The difference in difference (DID) of the control group (who have not undergone Cluster Development Approach) and the treatment group (who have undergone Cluster Development Approach) shows a significant difference in the number of units, employment, production, and turnover, with an increase in productivity. This is due to the adoption of latest technology in cluster development approach by experimental group by managing latest technology in common facility centre available in the Cluster. The interrelationships because of the cluster approach enables members make use of infrastructure, procurement, technology, production, and marketing successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farming is the most dominant land-use in the Kashmir valley, India. However, the region is characterised by low productivity of agricultural crops that includes rice. To this end, the present study aims to measure economic efficiency of farm land inputs using Cobb-Douglas production model and MVP/MFC ratio. The results reveal that rice production operates at diminishing returns to scale as summation of estimated coefficients of significant variables was found to be less than unity (0.76). Coming to the MVP/MFC ratio, the labour was found to be operating beyond price efficiency frontier, indicating allocative inefficiency of the said resource. The study calls for immediate reallocation of resources so that optimum use of inputs is ensured not only to sustain rice production but also enhance profit maximization of indigent rice farmers in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the journey of the small family owned enterprise called "Sangisathi," which aims to build a sustainable business model in handloom sector. Founders started their operations with the conflicting objectives of empowering small marginalized weavers and maximizing the profits at the same time. They soon realized that engaging with small weavers has significant downsides in terms of profitability. Supplier/weaver selection is very crucial for the survival of Sangisathi in a competitive environment. It intends to maximize the profit while at the same time, attempts to engage with small marginalized weavers. This paper shows how various models on supplier selection in literature can be utilized by Sangisathi to optimally trade‐off their conflicting objectives (profit maximization and engaging with small weavers). Further, literature on sustainability is referred to evaluate the long‐term sustainability of the business model. Our discussion on various challenges faced by Sangisathi and their prospective solutions will be helpful for various other similar handloom aggregator firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro and Small Manufacturing Enterprises in Chennai who are manufacturing Heavy Engineering Components are dependent on common infrastructure resource, technology resource, procurement resource, production resource and marketing resource by adopting Cluster Development Approach. They formed the Chennai Heavy Engineering Cluster (CHEC) to make use of common resources through interrelationships, for cost minimization and profit maximization. The objective is to study on the Resource Management of CHEC and to find Difference in Differences (DID) on the control variable, and experimental variables on productivity after Government of India and Tamil Nadu Policy interventions on CHEC. Physical Performance is an increasing trend for a number of units for employment and machinery, and also for financial performance like Turnover as per increasing CAGR. To conclude, as per DID the control group (who have not undergone Cluster Development Approach) and Treatment Group (who have undergone Cluster Development Approach) have much Difference in Differences on employment, machinery, turnover and export, and there is an increase in productivity due to adoption of Cluster Development Approach by the experimental group by managing common resources available in the Cluster. The interrelationships / cluster approach made Chennai Heavy Engineering Enterprises and cluster members make use of resources like infrastructure, procurement, technology, production and marketing successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous demand of groundwater for irrigation in the agricultural sector has shown remarkable development of groundwater resources in Haryana. Small farmers with limited resources cannot install deep tube wells and therefore have to buy groundwater from large farmers for irrigation. These groundwater irrigation markets have emerged as robust and leading irrigation institutions. Their prevalence supports about 15% of the total irrigated area. Amongst the different size of land ownership, the small farmers irrigate nearly 44% of their cultivated land with purchased water from the neighboring large farmers. The cropping intensity achieved by groundwater buyers is far higher than the sellers. However, on an average each seller supports 1.6 buyers, 6.1 ha of land and 34% of the buyer's land. Generally, the sellers exploit groundwater buyers in groundwater transactions. The sellers follow the principle of profit maximization and do not negotiate with buyers on groundwater irrigation markets norms. The major objective of this study is to highlight the patterns and practices of groundwater irrigation markets in Haryana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased awareness of contemporary consumers towards environmental issues has led to a proliferation of regulations that companies must comply with. In such a dynamic business environment, companies must look beyond the profit-maximisation paradigm, and move towards a sustainable development model for their survival in the long run. The concept of corporate sustainable development (CSD) encompasses the dimensions of environmental integrity, social equity, and economic prosperity. The present study analyses the extent of CSD and its driving factors in the Indian cement industry. The study finds that CSD has been increasing in importance in the Indian cement sector, in terms of increased emphasis on environmental integrity and on economic prosperity. However, there is no significant change in emphasis on social equity, particularly in large companies, though profitability does not play much of a role. The study also finds that media exposure related to environmental issues and liquidity was the significant determinant of CSD in the Indian cement sector. Each CSD dimension was found to have distinct determinants: environmental integrity was determined by incurrence of fines/penalties/court cases; economic prosperity by media attention and liquidity; and social equity by diversity of exposure, media attention, and capital intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on the core idea of lean production of eliminating wastes, while incorporating the major lean principle 'pull system' in the Rapsri Engineering Products Company (REPCO) Limited, Harohalli Industrial Area, Ramanagar District, Karnataka. The aim of this project is to increase the productivity in order to maximize the financial profits in the manufacturing of a product named GEIS-2, which has a wide domestic as well as international market. In order to achieve this objective, the lean principles are applied to reduce the waste and to create continuous flow of production. For the purpose of analysis, step-by-step procedure of implementing lean techniques is used. The value-added activities and non-value activities have been analyzed, time study has been done on all the operations. The analyzed data are placed in value stream mapping to get the overall results of efficiency and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's automobile sector has emerged as an important growth engine of the Indian economy. The Northern automobile cluster in Haryana is not only the center of the automobile sector, but also a center of industrial unrest. This article questions informality in India's automobile sector through the application of commodity chain analysis to explain why India's automobile sector is beset by informality, low wages, and insecure working conditions. The article illustrates how leading firms in India's automobile industry, with the connivance of the Indian state, exploit the automobile commodity chain to marginalize both subordinate firms and the contract and casual workers who now make up the majority of the industry's workforce. The very structure of India's automobile industry locks many workers and firms into insecure work, where productivity gains are eaten up by leading firms, further reducing the margins of lower level suppliers and the wages of workers. While the automobile sector, and the demand for vehicles in India is growing, the wages and conditions of the workers in the sector are not improving. This qualitative study of Haryana's automobile sector attempts to explain why this is the case. The article concludes that India's industrial relations regime has long ceased to reflect the actual balance of power between labor and capital, institutionalizing noncompliance with the labor law and providing the basis for the industry's informalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the study that investigates the capitalism and speculation of the economy of Hooghly River, India. The topics discussed include the devices used in economic governance, the short-term plans of entrepreneurs and bureaucrats in generating publicity and raising profits, and the speculative governance in the area.

Wealth maximisation and profit maximisation is the ultimate goal of a business enterprise. Achieving this goal calls for augmentation of production and sales on the one hand and effecting reduction in business costs, on the other. In modern society, taxes constitute major cost of doing business and they take away a big slice of business income. This is true in a country like India because of the omnipotent and omnipresent character of its taxation which has now entered in to all departments of a business enterprise. The notable features of Indian tax system include multiplicity of taxes, recurring changes in tax system and gradual but certain upgrading of the incidence of tax. Tax consideration helps the finance manager in making financial decisions in such a way as may be conducive to the accomplishment of profit and wealth maximisation and there by maximise the value of the firm. Hence, in this paper an attempt is made to study the implications of corporation taxation on the financing decisions of the companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical trials industry has seen a phenomenal increase in last ten years or so, and India has emerged as one of the foremost global destinations for clinical trials. Changed intellectual property regimen after WTO has been the prime mover of the phenomenon, and maximizing profits rather than serving any altruistic motives forms the main ideological underpinning of the rise of clinical trial industry in India. The paper examines the ideological underpinnings of the rise of clinical trials industry in the country in detail and how the ruling classes of India have tried to capitalize on this as a great economic opportunity. In the process the interests of India's poor have been the main casualty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, during the last three decades, the government is gradually receding from financing the institutions of higher learning and the private enterprises are coming up to meet the demand for higher education. An in-depth study of the issue of pricing policy has assumed importance, as private institutions work and charge prices on market principle. Their main objective is profit maximization, which may be attained in various ways like charging higher admission fees, tuition fees, hostel-mess fees, rent, etc. The paper focuses on the pricing cost and in terms of its revenue of self-financing engineering education in Tamilnadu state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil crises of the 1970s were the major driving factor which made the government to intervene in the oil & gas sector. Until the late 1990s, the country's fuel prices were controlled by the government through a policy called the Administered Pricing Mechanism (APM). Subsequent to the 1991 economic reforms in India, had given a new direction to the oil & gas sector. The oil industry is divided into three streams like upstream, midstream and downstream. The upstream basically covers exploration and production of crude oil & gas, midstream covers movement of materials through pipelines and downstream covers marketing of petroleum products through retail outlets (ROs). In general term selling petroleum products through outlets is known as Petro-retailing business. Petro-retailing is the face of oil marketing companies and sells products/services directly to the customers. Petro-retailing in Indian market is facing many challenges like low margins, increasing cost of land in urban as well as in rural areas, since switching cost for customer is low and expecting high services leads to a very low loyalty for the outlets and increasing competition due to entry of private players like Reliance, Shell & Essar etc. To overcome all burning challenges oil marketing companies now thinking of offerings non-fuel services/allied services like convenience stores, ATMs, Fast food outlets etc. The basic objectives behind such offerings are not only to maximize the profit but increase the customer loyalty towards the company hence outlets. The author has tried to understand the importance of allied services/Non-fuel retailing (NFR) offerings by oil marketing companies (OMCs) in India and its overall impact on the health of petro-retailing business. To support the investigation, author also has conducted a survey with 100 customers along with reviewing previous research done by research scholars, organization etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the financial strengths and weakness area of particular software companies listed in the Bombay Stock Exchange in India aimed to help the companies maximize their profitability. The financial, accounting and quantitative data covering a period of ten years are considered in the study. To examine the companies' financial performance, key variables such as return on investment, return on equity and the factors which influence earnings were examined.

A parsimonious hydro-economic model for a data scarce dryland area is presented. It features a basin level decentralized water allocation mechanism which is adapted to incorporate sustainable water use and to deal with the externalities from upstream–downstream linkages. We formulate the profit maximization problem of various agents in a basin, each identifying a sub-basin, who operate within the boundaries of a spatially explicit model that describes the dominant hydrological processes. We address issues of non-convexities and non-steady state conditions and elicit the dependence of a decentralized water allocation on geophysical properties of the basin. In particular, the approach describes how the competition between the drying and drainage functions of sub-basins in dryland areas manifests itself in the optimal valuation of water. The application to an area of over 500,000km2 and 34 sub-basins in western India indicates that intra-basin cooperation could be beneficial; valuation of inter basin flows as a percentage of respective sub-basin income is on an average around 30% when each sub-basin includes downstream valuation as well. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

With the technical growth and the reduction of deployment cost for distributed energy resources (DERs), such as solar photovoltaic (PV), energy trading has been recently encouraged to energy consumers, which can sell energy from their own energy storage system (ESS). Meanwhile, due to the unprecedented rise of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, some countries (e.g., Republic of Korea and India) have mandated using a renewable energy certificate (REC) in energy trading markets. In this paper, we propose an energy broker model to boost energy trading between the existing power grid and energy consumers. In particular, to maximize the profits of energy consumers and the energy provider, the proposed energy broker is in charge of deciding the optimal demand and dynamic price of energy in an REC-based energy trading market. In this solution, the smart agents (e.g., IoT intelligent devices) of consumers exchange energy trading associated information, including the amount of energy generation, price and REC. For deciding the optimal demand and dynamic pricing, we formulate convex optimization problems using dual decomposition. Through a numerical simulation analysis, we compare the performance of the proposed dynamic pricing strategy with the conventional pricing strategies. Results show that the proposed dynamic pricing and demand control strategies can encourage energy trading by allowing RECs trading of the conventional power grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An in-depth survey of productionmanagement in India: production, aspivotal function in any industrialorganisation, seeks to achieveproductivity and profitability and holdsthe key to survival in the present competitiveworld of business. To meet thegoals of a nation, production managersare expected to understand and to perceivetheir roles and responsibilities veryclearly in concrete and precise terms.India, being a very large country andhaving a very diversified set of industrialorganisations, employs a substantialnumber of technically qualifiedmanagers in the production functions.These people sometimes lack coherentthinking and there is a measure ofresponsibility/activity incompatibility.This paper aims to clarify role perceptionsin respect of those tasks for whichproduction managers are responsible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents econometric tests of a neoclassical competitive profit function model using Farm Management Studies data from the Ferozepur district of Punjab (India) for 1969/70. The aim of the paper is twofold: firstly, to test for differences in production and market behaviour of small (tenant) and large (owner) farms, and secondly, to test the validity of competitive profit-maximising models for the agricultural sector of a less developed country. The model is estimated by Zellner's 'Seemingly Unrelated Regressions' method with restrictions within and across equations. Our results suggest that the neoclassical model works very poorly and that we need to explore alternative avenues of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a generalized profit function which incorporates price distortions resulting from imperfect market conditions, socio-political, and institutional constraints as well as technical and allocative inefficiency. The model is applied to test (i) the appropriateness of the neoclassical profit function and (ii) the effect of education and farm size on allocative performance using farm-level data from Indian agriculture. Empirical results reject the neoclassical profit maximization hypothesis based on market prices in favor of the general model with price distortions. Education is found to reduce price distortions and therefore help to improve allocation of inputs and output. Farm size is found to reduce price distortions only for small farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]