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With future global warming projections, how lightning activity changes in the warmer world is still a debated and challenging question. During the Indian pre‐monsoon season (March–May), land surface heating and moisture availability due to prevailing winds from the neighbouring oceans provide favourable conditions for thunderstorm formation. Based on 24 years of lightning data from 2000 to 2023 detected by Lightning Imaging Sensor/Optical Transient Detector (LIS/OTD) and Indian Lightning Location Network (ILLN), the trend of lightning flashes over western India (15°–22°N, 72.5°–81°E) has been investigated. Our results demonstrate a steady decline in lightning activity during the pre‐monsoon season over western India, which contradicts the previous studies suggesting an increasing lightning trend over the Indian Subcontinent and other parts of the world. Our analysis has shown a falling trend of lightning activity at a rate of −0.066 flashes·km−2 year−1 from 2000 to 2013 (LIS/OTD) and −0.14 M flashes·year−1 from 2014 to 2023 (ILLN). Our observation and previous research strongly suggested that the pressure difference between the land and the neighbouring oceans during pre‐monsoon and monsoon has been weakening for a long time over the Indian region, and we have found a consistent reduction in wind speed over the study region. Here, we propose that the enhanced Indian Ocean warming potentially weakens the land–sea thermal contrast and, thereby, reduces the horizontal pressure gradient. Further, the decreasing trend in the land–sea horizontal pressure gradient resulted in a declining rate of wind speed over western India, affecting moisture transport over land. Thus, the study emphasizes the impact of the decreased land–sea horizontal pressure gradient on declining lighting activity in western India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A business incubator is characterised as a point of contact between the market and the entrepreneurs’ proposed business concepts. It includes provision of differential facilities like infrastructure, mentorship, capital and expertise so that there is effective utilization of creativity and ability. This research work assess the performance of technological business incubators (TBIs) based on no. of patent granted, support services offered by TBI, services offered in TBI, selection criteria for incubate, exit criteria for incubatee, academia linkage, corporate linkage, nature of functioning as a performance indicator. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed for testing the significance of hypotheses. Findings show that no. of patent granted, selection criteria for incubatee, corporate linkage, and nature of functioning of TBI have a significant influence on TBI success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to find out digital marketing effectiveness for star category hotels in India which are classified by Hotel and Restaurant Approval & Classification Committee (HRACC), Ministry of Tourism, Government of India (GoI). Extensive literature review are the founding pillars upon which this researchbased study has been framed followed by categorising few research papers which have earlier examined related works in India/abroad. Findings of literature reviewed in the paper are that digital marketing is quite effective for 3 star and above category hotels in India. Optimal utilisation is the key factor. This research work is based only out of similar research works of the past and no empirical has been done. The findings of this study may be applicable to the star category or equivalent hotels in India or may be abroad. The outcomes cannot be related to other subsectors of the Hospitality industry or other constituents of wider Travel and tourism sector. The results of this study may surely help the hotel marketers to know the effectiveness of important digital marketing tools for hotels and use them strategically. It would also encourage more scholars and researchers from academia and hospitality industry to go about doing digital marketing studies exclusively for hotels in India. The value of the study is for its contribution to how digital marketing team can effectively optimise digital marketing strategies for Indian hotels. Due to the limited numbers of related papers exclusively written specifically pertaining to digital marketing for Indian hotels, the researchers have tried to examine research works of other researchers across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duodenal ulcer perforations have been known since 1600 AD. It is a common surgical emergency and every surgeon will encounter it. The perforation size of >2 cm has been used as the criteria for defining Giant duodenal ulcers. The management of giant duodenal perforations in hemodynamically unstable patient with comorbid condition is taxing because of high incidence of the postoperative leak and mortality. We have used the simple technique of Triple Tube Ostomy after the primary closure of the defect with encouraging results. It is a retrospective study done at the J. N medical college AMU Aligarh from May 2005 to May 2015. Hemodynamically unstable patients who have presented to the emergency with preoperative diagnoses of giant duodenal ulcer perforation and had undergone triple tube ostomy with primary repair of the perforation were included in the study. There were 34 patients of giant duodenal perforation who presented in shock. All of them underwent triple-tube-ostomy after primary repair of the duodenum. Thirty-two patients recovered with two mortalities (5.8 %). Several definite surgical techniques have been described for the management of giant duodenal ulcer perforation but they are complex, have very high morbidity and mortality rate and require an expert surgeon. A close retrospective scrutiny of the patients suggests that simple triple-tube-ostomy technique which is based on the principle of damage control surgery has good postoperative results Therefore, we recommend it as the procedure of choice in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the emergence of new challenges the traditional approaches have now been taken over by the non-traditional ones. Either it is the hard power or soft power every state mobilizes it to achieve the strategic ends. This paper focuses on India's soft power capabilities and its extensive use, particularly that of mass media for projecting country's image as the world's largest successful democracy and vocals of world peace. However, the employment of this strategic tool by India is not restricted to its image building but it is geared more on tarnishing the image of other countries particularly Pakistan. The paper further examines Indian media manipulation through 'Liberal' lens, which is based on liberals view of 'free media' and 'freedom of speech' identify Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's anti-Pakistan and Hindu nationalism agenda along with their negative framing of news contents targeting Pakistan. The key findings substantiate that India uses propaganda strategy against Pakistan, utilizing Sun Tzu and Kautilya's deception and isolation concept in their foreign policy towards Pakistan. It verifies that comparing all previous governments, Modi 'sarkar' has extensively mobilized media as soft power for achieving its strategic objectives. Indian new strategy of using soft power is not effective and conducive for regional peace at the moment rather it has proved to be supplementing its already existing hard power rhetoric for its gluttony of regional supremacy. The Bharatya Janata Party's (BJP) government seems to be adapting 'Liberal' approach, however, in practical terms the essence of 'Realist' sentiments are deeply engraved that would not be easy to root out. The paper concludes that BJP's xenophobic rhetoric is pro-Hindu nationalism and anti-Pakistan. It uses media and other concepts of strategic philosophies as the soft power and employs it as a strategic weapon for attaining regional hegemony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Ophthalmic complications in diabetes such as retinopathy, cataract, and infections have been extensively studied. Recently, attention has been drawn toward ocular surface changes in diabetes mellitus (DM). This study has been carried out to investigate the tear film and ocular surface abnormalities in type II DM patients.Materials and Methods: A total of 83 participants (130 eyes) were enrolled: 53 diabetics (80 eyes) and 30 healthy controls (50 eyes). Of the 53 diabetics, 24 patients (42 eyes) had some diabetic retinopathy. The tear film and ocular surface were evaluated using Schirmer test, tear film break-up time (TBUT), keratoepitheliopathy score (KES), Rose Bengal Staining (RBS) test, and conjunctival impression cytology.Results: When compared with the healthy controls, diabetics showed significantly reduced Schirmer, TBUT measurements and the higher grades of KES and RBS test (P < 0.001). Impression cytology analysis showed goblet cell loss and conjunctival squamous metaplasia in diabetics.Conclusion: Tear film abnormality is a significant feature of diabetic ocular surface diseases. These abnormalities are likely on account of poor quality and function of tears, combined with the subnormal ocular surface. Therefore, all diabetic patients especially those with evidence of retinopathy changes should undergo routine early examination and follow-up of tear function and ocular surface parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to determine the profile and outcome of acute paediatric poisoning presented in paediatrics emergency department of Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh. A retrospective study was carried out on 102 cases of acute poisoning among victims less than 18 years of age from period 1st July 2006 to 30th June 2007. Out of 102 cases, 39.2% cases were accidental, 56.9% cases were suicidal while 3.9% cases were homicidal. There were 59.8% males while 40.2% female. Among children less than 12 years of age, all were cases of accidental poisoning and among them 81.5% were in the age group of 1-6 years. Among age group 12-18 years, most common manner of poisoning was suicidal. The exact nature of consumed substances could not be assessed in 18.7% of our patients. 19.6% children died. We need to take preventive measures for intentional and accidental poisoning in chidren and adolescents. There is a need to spread awareness in our community about the emerging epidemic of childhood poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which investigates the motivation of organizations in India to adopt the enterprise systems such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) and supply chain management (SCM). Topics include the factors which influence the companies' motivation for adopting the new system, the use of information acquired from publications and company websites to determine the relationship between motivation and company size, and a sample case to illustrate the process of data extraction.

Ilex dipyrena Wall (Aquifoliaceae), is a traditional medicinal plant abundantly found in India and Pakistan. In the current research work, initially, the anatomical characteristics were recorded through microscopic examination of selected plant parts, such as leaf, petiole, and midrib. Then, the quantitative phytochemical screening was performed using standard tests reported in literature. The whole-plant powdered sample was then soaked in methanol to obtain crude extract, which was then fractionated into solvents of different polarities to obtain ethyl acetate, chloroform, butanol, hexane, and aqueous extracts. The phytochemical composition of the crude ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts (being the most active fractions) was then confirmed through HPLC analyses, where the possible phytochemical present were predicted through comparison of retention time of a given compound peak with the available standards. The extracts were also evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant and ani-lipoxygenase potentials using standard methods. The microscopic examination revealed the presence of anomocytic type stomata on the abaxial side of the leaf as well as unicellular trichrome and calcium oxalate druses crystals in the midrib and petiole, with a single, centered U-shaped collateral arterial bundle, which was directed toward the adaxial and the phloem toward the abaxial sides of the selected plant parts, respectively. Almost all tested representative groups of phytochemicals and essential minerals were detected in the selected plant, whereas five possible phytochemicals were confirmed in crude and chloroform extract and seven in ethyl acetate fraction. As antioxidant, chloroform fraction was more potent, which exhibited an IC50 value of 64.99, 69.15, and 268.52 µg/mL, determined through DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Ethyl acetate extract was also equally potent against the tested free radicals. Chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts were also potent against lipoxygenase, with IC50 value of 75.99 and 106.11 µg/mL, respectively. Based on the results of biological studies, Ilex dipyrena was found to good inhibitor of free radicals and lipoxygenase that could be further investigated to isolate compounds of medicinal importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the international relations between Pakistan and other nations. It states that the Joint Anti-Terrorism Mechanism was established by Pakistan and India during the meeting of President Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in Havana, Cuba in September 2006. It says that in Afghanistan, Pakistan has raised its development funds for the rehabilitation of the former from $250 to 300 million. The Debt Swap Agreement, indicating a €30 million loan given to Pakistan, was signed by Belgian Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt.

Lightning is known for its meteorological importance and associated hazard potential. It is known that the polarity of cloud-to-ground flash (CG) can act as a prognosis of the storm's characteristics. Ground-based observation of lightning over the Indian region suggests that during the break period in the summer monsoon seasons, CG lightning of positive polarity increases dramatically relative to the pre-monsoon days. Here we propose that for thunderstorms forming in the wet season, the non-inductive charge separation happens in the presence of larger mean cloud liquid water in the mixed phase region of the storms. This facilitates the positive charging of graupel particles, thereby producing a large amount of positive CG lightning on these days. This observation is found to be consistent with the laboratory results of Takahashi (1978). The implication of these results has been discussed from the perspective of hazard mitigation associated with positive lightning over India. From a ground-based lightning observation network, we have observed that the rate of positive cloud-to-ground discharges (+CG) which are known for their large current and associated hazard potential, dramatically increases during the break regime in summer monsoon season (June–September) due to the very high Cloud liquid water content in the mixed phase region relative to the pre-monsoon (March–May). [Display omitted] • The break days in the Indian summer monsoon season produce a very large number of positive cloud-to-ground (+CG) lightning. • We have observed that during the break days in the summer monsoon season, + CG lightning constitutes approximately 25% of all observed CG lighting. • The occurrence of +CG lightning is proposed to be facilitated by the non-inductive charge separation mechanism. • A warmer mixed-phase layer in the presence of larger supercooled liquid water may act to increase the rate of +CG lightning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]