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Storage insect pest sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, is one of the important secondary pests encountered in grains and packaged commodities. It is emerging as one of the important storage pests due to the development of resistance against phosphine fumigants in many countries. Several studies were carried out to ascertain the susceptibility of this pest to phosphine fumigation from India. Dose-response probit assays conducted against larval (second and fourth instar) and adult stages of O. surinamensis revealed significant dose-dependent and time-dependent variations in these stages. The adults were relatively less susceptible to phosphine (LC50 = 36.84 ppm) than the larval stages (LC50 = 13.12, 18.68 ppm respectively, for second and fourth instar at 72 h exposure). Comparative toxicity of phosphine at 24, 48 and 72 h exposures revealed that extended exposures led to linear decrease in lethal concentrations irrespective of life stage of the pest. The discriminating dose bioassay at 0.04-0.2 mg l-1 phosphine with 20 h exposure revealed weak resistance to phosphine in this population. The present study confirmed the tolerance of O. surinamensis to phosphine as comparable with that reported from other countries. Large-scale sampling of field populations of O. surinamensis from different geographical regions will update the current levels of resistance in field populations of O. surinamensis from India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India published its first edition of the National Essential Diagnostics List in 2019. The list depicts the list of diagnostic tests that can ensure affordable and quality healthcare delivery by removing barriers toward accessibility and reducing out-of-pocket expenditure. In 2024, the Indian Council of Medical Research has invited suggestions for revision of the list. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has been a promising modality and has been useful for a range of indications like monitoring medication adherence, diagnosing suboptimal treatment, detecting drug interactions, and guiding initiation or withdrawal of therapy. In this article, the authors make a case for inclusion of TDM for certain psychotropic drugs like lithium, sodium valproate, carbamazepine, and clozapine at the district hospital level. The authors have tried to justify the inclusion backed by recent evolving evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water bodies play a crucial role in supporting life, maintaining the environment, and preserving the ecology for the people of India. However, in recent decades, human activities have led to various alterations in aquatic environments, resulting in environmental degradation through pollution. The safety of utilizing surface water sources for drinking and other purposes has come under intense scrutiny due to rapid population growth and industrial expansion. Surface water pollution due to micro-plastics (MPs) (plastics < 5 mm in size) is one of the emerging pollutants in metropolitan cities of developing countries because of its utmost resilience and synthetic nature. Recent studies on the surface water bodies (river, pond, Lake etc.) portrait the correlation between the MPs level with different parameters of pollution such as specific conductivity, total phosphate, and biological oxygen demand. Fibers represent the predominant form of MPs discovered in surface water bodies, exhibiting fluctuations across seasons. Consequently, present study prioritizes understanding the adaptation, prevalence, attributes, fluctuations, and spatial dispersion of MPs in both sediment and surface water environments. Furthermore, the study aims to identify existing gaps in the current understanding and underscore opportunities for future investigation. From the present study, it has been reported that, the concentration of MPs in the range of 0.2–45.2 items/L at the Xisha Islands in the south China sea, whereas in India it was found in the range of 96 items/L in water samples and 259 items/kg in sediment samples. This would certainly assist the urban planners in achieving sustainable development goals to mitigate the increasing amount of emergent pollutant load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study assesses environmental background radiation from radon, thoron, and thoron decay products across distinct geological settings in the Garhwal Himalaya region by using RADUET, CR-39 plastic track detectors, and deposition-based thoron (220Rn)progeny detectors. The measurements were conducted indoors throughout the winter, summer, and rainfall seasons during the year 2013. The annual inhalation doses from 220Rn progenies ranged between 0.83 and 2.99 mSv y−1, averaging 1.94 mSv y−1. The annual effective dose (AED), reflecting biological radiation impact, varied from 0.58 to 2.78 mSv y−1, with an average of 1.75 mSv y−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the concentrations of uranium and heavy metals in drinking water samples from Garhwal Himalaya, India determined using LED Fluorimeter and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), respectively. The radiological (carcinogenic) and chemical (non-carcinogenic) risks associated with the consumption of uranium in water were estimated for the public. The concentrations of natural uranium in the analyzed drinking water samples vary from 0 to 21.57 ppb with a mean value of 1.54 ppb. The average concentrations of heavy metals in the analyzed drinking water samples were found to be in the order of iron (3.99 ppm) > zinc (0.32 ppm) > copper (0.04 ppm) > nickel (0.01 ppm) > chromium and lead (Below Detection Level). The estimated risk quantities were found to be lower than World Health Organization (WHO) and United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guideline values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, where millions of people use groundwater for drinking, arsenic pollution in groundwater is a major environmental and public health issue. The review begins by analyzing the sources and causes of groundwater arsenic pollution, including natural geological processes and anthropogenic activities like mining and industrial discharge. It emphasizes India's most arsenic‐contaminated regions and the health risks of long‐term exposure. The review's second section focuses on the use of biosensors to find arsenic in groundwater. A potential method is provided by biosensors because of their great sensitivity, selectivity, and quick response. The benefits and drawbacks of several types of biosensors, including optical, electrochemical, and microbiological biosensors, are discussed. The utilization of nanomaterials, biomolecular recognition components, and miniature devices are only a few of the most recent developments in biosensor technology for arsenic detection that are studied. The review's last section discusses methods for bio‐remediating aqueous systems that have been contaminated with arsenic. Various bioremediation techniques are covered in detail, including microbial degradation, phytoremediation, and biosorption. The promise for removing arsenic using native microbes and plant species is highlighted, along with the difficulties of widespread application and long‐term sustainability. Overall, focusing on the detection of arsenic using biosensors and investigating bioremediation techniques, this review offers a thorough grasp of the arsenic poisoning in groundwater in India. In order to combat arsenic contamination and protect the health and wellbeing of the impacted populations in India, it emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary research and collaboration among scientists, engineers, policymakers, and local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological integrity of several freshwater ecosystems has been disrupted by the rapid and unrestrained accumulation of toxic heavy metals (HMs) from various sources. Changes in land use and land cover, in the form of urbanization and industrialization, have significantly affected the surface-water quality of freshwater ecosystems by causing an upsurge in pollutant loads. In addition, agricultural runoff has contributed to the decrease in water quality. Almost 70% of India's surface-water resources have become polluted owing to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents, according to a recent report by the Central Water Commission (CWC) of India, with 42 rivers containing at least two HMs in concentrations above the permissible limit. The aquatic biota inhabiting contaminated sites can accumulate HMs from the surface water. In high concentrations, these HMs can damage biotic components, predominantly by triggering oxidative stress and becoming bioaccumulated in different trophic levels of freshwater ecosystems. Heavy metal contamination in the aquatic environment can also cause direct potential hazards to humans, mostly through their consumption of fish and waterfowl. Thus, it is recommended that the untreated wastewater discharge from industry, agricultural fields, and households be curtail to improve surface-water quality. In this systematic review, we investigated the probable sources of the HMs, the HM contamination in the important rivers and wetlands of India, the effects of HM toxicity on freshwater food chains, and potential remediation measures. The findings of the present study will improve our knowledge about the spectrum of HM toxicity and the effects of HM contamination on the biota in freshwater bodies throughout India, and will also aid policymakers in building strategic and sustainable freshwater management plans around the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urbanization of agriculture sector leads to an increased chemical affliction on the environment. Pesticides are the chemicals used in agriculture to protect the plants from weeds, pests or diseases and human being from various diseases. In this review, the literature of different types of pesticides, pesticide usage and its toxic effects on mammalian systems are summarized. Most commonly used pesticides are fungicides, insecticides and herbicides to control the weeds and pest from agricultural sites. In the usage of pesticides, India stands 12th in the world even though the use of pesticides in India is low as compared to other nations in the world. However due to their negative impacts on human and the environment there is a requirement for an ecological and sustainable approach, as the public needs the execution of the latest concept of agriculture that is safe for humans and the environment. For the sustainable agriculture development and to protect the environment from adverse effects of chemical pesticides, formulation and utilisation of bio-pesticides should be encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyantraniliprole belongs to new chemical class of diamides and used Plutella xylostella one of the highly devastating lepidopteran insect pests of cole crops has been found to develop resistance to cyantraniliprole worldwide including India. However their mechanism of resistance is not examined in Indian scenario. Hence a survey was conducted to analyse the current resistance status of field population of P. xylostella to cyantraniliprole. The maximum lethal concentration expressed by field population in Tamil Nadu was 19.81 ppm which had higher ratio (2828.57) of resistance to that of susceptible population. The enzyme analysis revealed the over expression of GST up to at 24 hr after exposure (HAE) and MFO up to 48 hr upon exposure. Further the synergistic study stated that PBO and DEM could increase the toxicity of cyantraniliprole to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Out of all the essential eight trace elements, boron is an indispensable nutrient required for the growth and development of plants. The importance of boron as an essential micronutrient in agriculture cannot be overstated because both its deficiency and toxicity in soils can have a negative impact on plant growth and development. Boron deficiency is the second most widespread nutrient deficiency and gained economic importance in horticultural crops. Boron plays a significant role in cell wall formation; its functioning and strength as the majority amount of boron (>90%) is found in the cell wall of plants. India ranks second in fruit production after China. Fruits are considered a vital source of carbohydrates, protein, fiber, essential amino acids, minerals, vitamins etc. The immobile nature of boron increases its unavailability in plants and hence produces a wide range of deficiency symptoms in younger parts of fruit crops. Imbalanced boron uptake disrupts the pollination process which consequently reduces flowering, fruit set, yield, and henceforth deteriorates fruit quality by increasing fruit acidity. Application of boron fertilizers at different rate has shown a significant influence on the yield and quality of fruits. So, the main objective of this paper is to focus on the critical role and significance of boron in managing higher fruit crop yield as well as their quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Surgical intervention serves as the primary treatment modality for operable oral cavity cancer. However, patients with locally advanced disease or unfavourable prognostic factors often require adjuvant Radiotherapy (RT) with or without concurrent Chemotherapy (CT). Advanced radiation techniques, such as Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT), have shown potential in minimising radiation-related toxicities while ensuring effective tumour control. Aim: To assess common late toxicities, namely xerostomia, dysphagia, and hoarseness, in patients with postoperative Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity, who received adjuvant RT or concurrent Chemo-Radiotherapy (CRT) utilising IMRT with a Simultaneous Integrated Boost (SIB) approach. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in the Department of Radiotherapy at IMS, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India, from June 2018 to December 2021. Study was done using the medical records of 62 patients with SCC of the oral cavity and received adjuvant radiation by the IMRT technique with or without concurrent CT. Late toxicities were evaluated according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0 (CTCAE v3.0). Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 28.0, and a logistic regression model was used to establish the association between Organ-At-Risk (OAR) doses and the development of late toxicities. Results: The median age of the study participants was 45 years (range: 25-68), and 95.2% (n=59) of the patients were male. A total of 62 patients (59 male, 3 female) were included. The median follow-up duration was 21.5 months. At two years, the cumulative incidence of xerostomia, dysphagia, and hoarseness was 28.5% (n=8), 21.4% (n=6), and 28.5% (n=8), respectively. Logistic regression showed that both the D mean of >26 Gy to the contralateral parotid (HR=4.32; 95% CI, 1.03-18.05; p=0.045) and the D mean of >26 Gy to the contralateral Submandibular Gland (SMG) (HR=6.41; 95% CI, 1.48-27.81; p=0.013) were significantly associated with the incidence of xerostomia. The D mean of >47 Gy to the pharyngeal constrictors (HR=17.89; 95% CI, 3.15-101.62; p=0.001) and the D mean of >50 Gy to the larynx (HR=5.77; 95% CI, 1.82-18.24; p=0.003) had a significantly high risk of dysphagia and hoarseness, respectively. Conclusion: Adjuvant IMRT resulted in acceptable rates of late toxicities in oral cancer. Doses to the contralateral parotid and SMGs, pharyngeal constrictors, and larynx had a significant impact on late xerostomia, dysphagia, and hoarseness, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tinospora cordifolia (TC), a medicinal plant deeply integrated into India's folklore and Ayurvedic medical tradition, has been a reliable remedy for addressing various health concerns. Despite its proven efficacy in managing diseases, it is essential to exercise prudence regarding its dosage, as excessive consumption may result in undesirable consequences. This present study seeks to ascertain if the methanolic extract of TC triggers any adverse effects on organ function, haematological parameters, or biochemical profiles. The extract was administered intra peritoneally (IP) into the Swiss albino mice at a concentration of 300mg/kg body weight and observations were taken on 7th and 14th day. In comparison to control groups, the levels of haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PVC), red blood corpuscles (RBC), red cell distribution width (RCW), and platelet count increase. However, significant decrease was also observed in the levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and lymphocytes. Blood biochemical analysis reveals a significant increase in urea but a subsequent decrease in blood sugar levels. The findings unequivocally illustrate the disruption in the seminiferous tubules of the testis, accompanied by a decrease in spermatid count. Furthermore, observable damage to kidney tissues was noted. Based on these observations, it can be inferred that, despite its multifaceted therapeutic applications, TC extract may exert toxic effects in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumption of wild edible plants has played a significant role in supplying food and nutritional requirements and increasing the health status of underprivileged communities in many rural parts of the world. The present investigation was to evaluate the nutritive value, mineral content, vitamin content, and toxicological status of ten wild edible plants viz. Phlogocanthus thrysiflorus, Lasia spinosa, Eriosema chinense, Polygonum microcephalum, Nasturtium indicum, Spinacia oleracea, Malva parviflora, Leucaena leucocephala , Elsholtzia blanda, and Sonchus oleraceus , consumed by the tribal people of Meghalaya State in India, as their nourishment. All investigated plants were collected from different areas of Meghalaya state, and their nutraceutical potential was evaluated following the standard food analysis methods described in the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Protein contents were very high in several species, especially in N. indicum (24.75%). Carbohydrate content ranged from 5.86% (S. oleracea) to 21.28% (E. chinense). All plants contained significant amounts of minerals (Na, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mg), and water soluble vitamins such as vitamin C (0.24–5.79 mg/100 g of dry plant material), B1, B2, B3, B5, B6 and B9. Antinutrients such as oxalate, phytate, saponin and heavy metal (Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg) levels in all plants were estimated below fatal levels. The consequences of haemolytic toxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of water extracts of wild edible plants ensure safety for human consumption. Therefore, this study focuses on the utilization of wild edible plants as a source of dietary supplements, which may result in the commercialization of the produce; hence, it assesses consumer perceptions towards wild edible plants in India. [Display omitted] • Evaluation of nutritive value, minerals content, vitamin content, anti-nutritional properties and toxicity studies of five wild edible plants. • The result showed that these plants are rich wellsprings of protein, carbohydrate, minerals and vitamins. The heavy metals and anti-nutrients were recognized which are below the harmful levels. • The result of haemolytic toxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of aqueous extracts of each wild plants ensure the safety at cell and genomic level and furthermore safe to consume and sustainable utilization. • So the development of these wild edible plants should be incorporated in enormous scale, which will deliver financial advantages for poor farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an emerging concern about the accumulation of MPs in aquatic ecosystems. In this context as compared to the study of marine environment the freshwater environment has not yet been explored. Microplastics have become an emerging hazard to the natural environment and humanity, which can now be frequently found in different aquatic bodies. Due to their pervasive occurrence in the environment, it can impose severely negative impacts on aquatic organisms. Microplastic particles can also associate with other pollutants like metals and different organic pollutants, which further increase their toxicity. Riverine systems are the most important transporters of these materials from terrestrial to marine environments. It is documented that amongst the rivers, Yangtze (China) contributes the highest plastic litter discharge followed by the Indian, Ganges to the marine environment. In India, scanty data are available on MPs contamination in freshwater environs and it was found that more weightage has been given to the marine environment of east and west coastal regions. Therefore, this paper aims at reviewing the existing as well as current research progress on the abundance, distribution, toxicity, and effects of MPs pollution in the riverine ecosystem in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the most frequent method of suicide attempt in India is intentional super vasmol poisoning. If it is untreated, it leads to many complications such as, rhabdomyolysis, angioedema, acute kidney injury, and hypocalcemia. Of all above mentioned; hypocalcemia can cause pathologies of the neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. Early detection and treatment of the issue can reduce the diseases and fatalities that are related to it. Aim: This study aims to assess the incidence, clinical manifestations, and management of hypocalcemia in super vasmol poisoning patients. Methods: A prospective observational study was undertaken on 50 super vasmol poisoning patients for about six months at the government general hospital, RIMS, Kadapa from November 2021 to April 2022. Only subjects who are willing to give their consent were included in the study. All trial participants were observed for the duration of their hospital stay to evaluate hypocalcemia. Results: Out of the 50 subjects, 22 (44%) were male, 28 (56%) were female, and the majority (40%) were in between the age group of 21 to 30 years. 15 patients (30%) out of the 50 subjects were developed with hypocalcemia, particularly those who consumed more than 50 ml of super vasmol. We observed that 66.5% of subjects received parenteral calcium gluconate while 33.5% subjects received oral calcium carbonate. Conclusion: Hypocalcemia is a hidden complication of super vasmol poisoning, and there is a need to raise awareness among the among medical professionals about the necessity of routinely checking serum calcium levels as well as public regarding the dangers of super vasmol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Arsenic toxicity in humans is well recognized. It has been classified as a class I human carcinogen by the International Agency of Research on Cancer. Arsenic enters the human body mainly through drinking water, dermal contact, food chain, and inhalation. The Gangetic belt of India is considered as one of the most arsenic-affected sites in India. Health risk assessment of the human population exposed to arsenic in drinking water is important. The present study was conducted to assess the groundwater quality and associated health risks on the people of Samastipur district in the middle Gangetic belt of Bihar. Groundwater samples from 40 different study sites were collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical properties of water. Results: Arsenic (> 0.01 mg/L) was present in 33% of the water samples analyzed. Subsequently, an assessment for carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic health risk (HQ) for children, females, and males in the study area was performed. Risk assessment showed that 100% of the population may be at carcinogenic health risk and 35% may be at non-carcinogenic health risk, and among these, children were at maximum risk. Furthermore, the computational assessment of the arsenic–protein interactome revealed the enrichment of cancer-related pathways. Conclusions: It is recommended to provide arsenic-free alternate sources of water in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Indians have a higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases, often at a younger age, than other ethnic groups. This higher baseline risk requires consideration when assessing additional cardiac morbidity of breast cancer treatment. Superior cardiac sparing is a critical dosimetric advantage of proton therapy in breast cancer radiotherapy. We report here the heart and cardiac-substructure doses and early toxicities in breast cancer patients treated post-operatively with proton therapy in India's first proton therapy center. Materials and Methods: We treated twenty breast cancer patients with intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) from October 2019 to September 2022, eleven after breast conservation, nine following mastectomy, and appropriate systemic therapy, when indicated. The most prescribed dose was 40 GyE to the whole breast/chest wall and 48 GyE by simultaneous integrated boost to the tumor bed and 37.5 GyE to appropriate nodal volumes, delivered in 15 fractions. Results: Adequate coverage was achieved for clinical target volume (breast/chest wall), i.e., CTV40, and regional nodes, with 99% of the targets receiving 95% of the prescribed dose (V95% > 99%). The mean heart dose was 0.78 GyE and 0.87 GyE for all and left breast cancer patients, respectively. The mean left anterior descending artery (LAD) dose, LAD D0.02cc, and left ventricle dose were 2.76, 6.46, and 0.2 GyE, respectively. Mean ipsilateral lung dose, V20Gy, V5Gy, and contralateral breast dose (Dmean) were 6.87 GyE, 14.6%, 36.4%, and 0.38 GyE, respectively. Conclusion: The dose to heart and cardiac substructures is lower with IMPT than published photon therapy data. Despite the limited access to proton therapy at present, given the higher cardiovascular risk and coronary artery disease prevalence in India, the cardiac sparing achieved using this technique merits consideration for wider adoption in breast cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total metals and their speciation were investigated in sediments from lower Chapora Estuary, middle Zuari Estuary, and Moira River in Goa, India. The study aims to understand metal bioavailability in sediments and bioaccumulation in two edible bivalves (Cassosstrea spp. and Polymesoda spp.) in three water bodies of different lengths, catchment areas, hydrodynamics, and anthropogenic stress. Considerable differences in total metal level (Mn and/or Zn) from November to December were attributed to their additional input and variation in physicochemical processes. Contamination factor revealed moderate contamination by Zn at Chapora (November), while Zuari was moderately contaminated by Zn, Cu, and Co. The presence of metals in considerable or significant amounts in bioavailable fractions indicated their bioavailability. Variation in metal accumulation in gills, adductor muscle, and digestive gland at three stations and between months was the result of varying hydrodynamics, trophic levels, feeding habits, and enrichment gradients of metals. The abundance of metals in water, sediments, and bivalves when compared revealed variations in accumulation of metals. This might be attributed to the differential response of species to varying physical and biological factors at study sites. Bivalves showed a selective preference for Zn at three stations highlighting its importance in biological activities. Moreover, metals in bivalves at one or more stations exceeded the standard permissible limit and, thus, indicated their toxicity to bivalves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garcinia gummi‐gutta, also known as Garcinia cambogia, is a member of the Guttiferae family. Garcinia is a polygamous genus consisting 200 species of trees and shrubs. It is found in different zones of the planet including Asia's tropical regions. In India alone, around 30 species have been discovered. They are widely used as a flavoring agent to garnish fish curry in southern India, particularly in Kerala and Karnataka. The fruit rind of G. gummi‐gutta has traditionally been used to treat gastrointestinal problems, diarrhea, and ulcers. South Indian people have been utilizing it traditionally as evidenced by its ethnobotanical properties. In vivo and in vitro effects of the crude fruit extract showed anti‐inflammatory, anti‐cancer, anthelmintic, anti‐microbial, and antioxidant activities. G. gummi‐gutta fruit rind is medicinally significant and is frequently used in ayurvedic and traditional medicine for many diseases. Various secondary metabolites such as organic acids—hydroxycitric acid (HCA), flavonoids, terpenes, polysaccharides and polyisoprenylated benzophenones—garcinol, xanthochymol, guttiferone, benzophenone, xanthone, biflavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, and saponins isolated from the G. gummi‐gutta have diverse pharmacological activities. This review provides a summary of G. gummi‐gutta, including its biological activities, phytochemistry, and ethnobotanical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangrove forest is one of the productive ecosystems that provide essential habitats for various fauna as breeding and feeding drives. However, heavy metal pollution in the mangrove forest has led to severe health problems for several aquatic species. Biomonitoring of metals using a nondestructive method is an emerging technique. Scats of the fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) were collected from five locations in the Godavari estuary mangrove habitats, Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India, to determine the level of various metals. An opportunistic method was applied to collect scats in the mangrove forest. Six scat samples were collected from each of the sampling sites. The following prey species, such as crabs, fishes, birds, rodents, plants, plastics, and unidentifiable prey matters, were found in the scats. Select metals, such as chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) were analyzed from the scats of the fishing cat since they intensively influence the physiology and behavior of top predators. The concentration of Cu in fishing cat scats was higher than the other two metals assessed. Metals showed statistically substantial variation across locations (p < 0.05). According to the current study, heavy metals may significantly threaten the fishing cat in the Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary. The fishing cat is a vulnerable species in accordance with the ICUN categories. Due to pollution and other human pressures, the fishing cat may soon be categorized as a threatened or endangered species; the research advises that authorities should prioritize the protection of the vulnerable species of the fishing cat from the Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Susceptibility to phosphine was compared in 15 populations of lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica) collected from grain storage godowns across India. A high level of resistance to phosphine was noticed in R. dominica collected from northern India compared to those collected from northeastern regions of India. The median lethal concentration values varied from 0.024 mg/L to 1.991 mg/L, with 1.63 to 82.96-fold resistance compared to laboratory susceptible checks. Antioxidant enzymes have been reported to negate the reactive oxygen species generated upon encountering the fumigant phosphine. Distinct differences in the activity of antioxidant enzymes were noticed in the field populations exposed to phosphine. Peroxidase activity varied between 1.28 and 336.8 nmol H2O2 reduced/min/mg protein. The superoxide dismutase inhibition rate was between 81.29 and 99.66%, and catalase activity varied between 6.28 and 320.13 nmol H2O2 reduced/min/mg protein. The findings of our investigation show that the activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase are positively linked (p < 0.01) with an increase in resistance ratios, whereas catalase was found to have a negative association with resistance to phosphine. The reported results elucidate the differential activities of principal antioxidant enzymes in scavenging the oxyradicals (O2•−, H2O2,•OH) associated with tolerance to phosphine in R. dominica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh. (DF) and Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. (DP) have been traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments, such as cancer, ulcers, asthma, paralysis, skin diseases, tuberculosis, and menstrual troubles, in the ethnomedicinal systems of India and Indonesia. Currently, the chemical structures of 46 compounds have been elucidated from DF and DP, including flavonoids, triterpenes, tannins, steroids, open-chain aliphatics, benzyl derivates, and cyclic chain derivatives. In vitro assays have revealed their anti-tumor and anti-microbial activities. In vivo studies have unraveled their pharmacological properties against tumors, depression, fertility disorders, inflammatory responses, and so on. Additionally, their weak toxicity to rats and brine shrimp, as well as their promising applications for pharmaceutical preparations and combined medication, were also revealed. Herein, we not only recapitulated traditional medical uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and applications of DF and DP but also discussed current research limitations and future perspectives, which are instructive for those interested in them and are committed to advancing parasitic plants to the Frontier of phytomedicine. We highlighted that DF and DP will become promising medical plants rather than being discarded as notorious pests, provided that more and deeper research is undertaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is Known and Objective: Solute Carrier (SLC) transporters are known mediators of drug disposition that facilitate the influx of substrates and various chemotherapeutic agents into cells. Polymorphisms in the SLC19A1, SLCO1B1, and SLCO1B3 gene influence the prognosis in the cancer patients, but little is known about their role in lung cancer in Asians. So, the current study aims to investigate the polymorphisms in SLC19A1, SLCO1B1, and SLCO1B3 genes in Northern Indian lung cancer patients. Methods: Patients with lung cancer who had a confirmed histology and cytology diagnosis were enrolled in the study. SLC polymorphisms were assessed by Polymerase Chain Reaction‐Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) for variations in SLC19A1 (G80A), SLCO1B1 (A388G, T521C), and SLCO1B3 (A1683‐5676G). Results and Discussion: Our results showed that mutant genotype for SLC19A1 G80A polymorphism had higher median survival time (MST) compared to wild genotype. ADCC patients with mutant genotype showed better survival compared to wild genotype for SLC19A1 G80A. SCLC patients G80A polymorphism showed increased survival in patients with mutant genotype (p = 0.04). In SLCO1B3, A1683‐5676G patients carrying heterozygous alleles and administered with platinum and docetaxel showed inferior survival (p = 0.006). In T521C variant, patients with carrier genotype had reduced chances of developing anaemia (p = 0.04). Patients with SLC19A1 and SLCO1B3 variants showed lower incidence of thrombocytopenia and nephrotoxicity. What is New and Conclusion: Our findings imply that Solute Carrier gene polymorphisms modulate the overall survival in lung cancer patients undergoing platin‐based doublet chemotherapy, also these polymorphisms have a modifying impact on the associated adverse events/toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants accumulate minerals and synthesize phytochemicals valuable for treating human diseases. The objective of this work has been to characterize the polyphenol and mineral contents of 25 medicinal plant leaves grown in the urban environment of India to know their antioxidant, nutritional potentiality, and ease of contamination with toxic elements. Total polyphenol (TPh) and flavonoid (Fla), and mineral concentrations were determined spectrophotometrically and by X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively. The leaves under study were found to be rich in polyphenols, nutrients (P, S, Cl, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mo), and other metals (Rb, Sr, Ba, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Co, As, Se, and Pb), with concentrations ranging from 1.28 to 3.96 g 100 g−1, from 219.8 to 7159.9 mg 100 g−1, and from 4.3 to 334.0 mg 100 g−1, respectively. Maximum polyphenol and mineral (nutrient and other elements) concentrations were detected in Melia azadirachta L. and Solanum lycopersicum L. leaves. Enrichment factors, correlations among elements, sources, health hazards associated with heavy metals, and potential applications of plant leaves are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reports concerning the occurrence and fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) at municipal solid waste (MSW) dumping sites are scarce, and considering the Indian context, no study has been conducted to assess PBDE contamination at MSW dumping sites and associated exposure and health risk. Therefore, in the present study, the concentration of PBDE congeners was investigated in soil samples amassed from MSW dumping sites of India and the factors affecting the dissemination of different PBDE congeners in soil were evaluated. Also, the human exposure and health risk through soil intake and dermal contact were also evaluated the first time in India. The total PBDE concentrations from tri- to deBDE congeners in soil ranged from 6.81 to 33.67 μg/g dw and showed a trend towards higher levels of PBDEs in the dumping sites of more populous cities. BDE 183 was found to be the main congener in the soil of the dumping sites. The congener profile in the soil exhibited the composition of the octa- and deBDE technical mixture and possibilities of biological and photodegradation of deBDE into lower brominated congeners. A significant correlation was observed between the measures of BDE 183 and BDE 209 congeners and carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen contents of the soil. The measured exposure doses of PBDEs through soil intake and dermal contact and the hazard index was estimated higher in children as compared to adults, which indicates the increased risk and susceptibility of infants and children to PBDE exposure. The results of the present study revealed that the MSW dumping sites in India are a sink of PBDEs and might have detrimental effects on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even today methotrexate (MTX) remains the backbone of psoriasis management in dermatological practice. The widespread usage as well as over the counter availability of drug in India has led to frequent incidents of overdosing, resulting in toxicity. However, there is a lack of large size, comprehensive study in literature emphasizing upon reasons behind drug toxicity, clinical manifestations, and various management aspects. The present study aims to evaluate risk factors, clinical features, and suggest best management protocol based upon our experience in the management of MTX toxicity. A multicentric, retrospective study was conducted including all cases of psoriasis who were treated for MTX toxicity in the last 5 years. Complete information including demographic details, drug history, detailed clinical evaluation, laboratory parameters, management protocol, and outcome were studied and analyzed. A total of 21 patients of psoriasis with MTX toxicity were included, of which 20 had mucocutaneous ulcerations and hematological abnormalities were found in 76% patients. All cases were treated with folinic acid and 85% patients recovered within 7–14 days. Three out of 21 patients succumbed to their illness despite the best possible treatment. Overdosing was found to be the most common cause (66%) of drug toxicity, either inadvertent or due to self‐medication. Patients must be counseled regarding course of the disease, drug regimen, and dreaded side effects prior to initiating the drug. In case the symptoms of toxicity appear, a prompt medical advice must be sought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was performed with 50 patients, 24 patients in Arm A and 26 patients in Arm B. Arm A—Conventional Telecobalt RT 66 Gy/33 fraction in stage T1N0M0 and stage T2N0M0 and Arm B—3D-CRT 66 Gy/33 fraction in T1N0M0 and T2N0M0 used. At the end of RT, 6 weeks, 3 months acute and late toxicities were noted by RTOG/EORTC morbidity scoring criteria for skin reaction, dysphagia and laryngeal toxicity. Fiber optic Laryngoscopy clinical assessment criteria were used to assess response after 6 weeks, 3 months of treatment completion. At 6 weeks of follow-up—Both Arm A and B complete response rate were 83.3% and 88.5% respectively and at 3 months rate were 85.0% and 95.7% respectively. There was no superiority of results with 3D-CRT over 2DRT. At the end of RT dysphagia grade 3 toxicity seen 1 patient (4.2%) but in Arm B (total 26 patients) no grade 3 toxicity found. At the end of 6 week and 3 month, one patient (4.3%) had grade 3 toxicity on Arm B only at 3 month. All these results are comparable. At the end of RT, one patient (3.8%) had incidentally dermatitis grade 3 toxicity in Arm B only. But all the results are comparable. On follow up, 6 week and 3 months, no grade 3 toxicity noted. At the end of RT, grade 3 laryngeal toxicity noted in 3 (12.5%) in Arm A and 2 (7.7%) in Arm B, not statistically significant. At 6 week, grade 3 toxicity found in 3/24 (12.5%) in Arm A and 2/26 (7.7%) in Arm B, at 3 months, 1/26 (4.3%) patient had incidental grade 3 toxicity only in Arm B. As conformal radiotherapy is more time consuming, less available in India and more costly than 2DRT, we can consider Conventional 2D planning for patients in India where most of people belong to low economic profile. Due to limitation in sample size and long-term follow-up further randomized studies are needed to validate the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABVD regimen for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is frequently used in children and young adults in low-middle income countries (LMIC). The feasibility and safety data for 'non-ABVD' protocols from LMIC is limited. The retrospective study was conducted in a single center in India. The Euronet PHL-C1 based protocol was administered during 2010-19. A PET-CT was performed at diagnosis and following two OEPA cycles. Radiotherapy was administered for inadequate PET response. During the 10-year period, 143 patients with HL were treated. The mean age was 7.8 ± 2.5 years. Bulky disease was observed in 82 (59%). Treatment abandonment was recorded in 13 (9.1%). The median follow-up duration was 46.4 months. An inadequate PET response was observed in 41/119 (34.4%), of which 56.1% received radiotherapy. Twelve (29.3%) patients who were supposed to receive radiotherapy received 2-cycles of COPDAC instead. Sixty-nine episodes of febrile neutropenia were observed in 54 patients. Treatment-related mortality (TRM) was observed in 7 (5.3%). The majority of episodes of febrile neutropenia (61%) and TRM (86%) occurred in the first cycle of OEPA. The 4-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were 86.2 ± 3.4% and 93.5 ± 2.2%, respectively. Nine (6.3%) patients relapsed. Bulky disease lacked association with inadequate PET response (p =.800) or relapse (p = 1.000). OEPA/COPDAC regimen and response assessment by PET-CT permitted therapy reduction, including radiotherapy. Febrile neutropenia and resultant TRM (5.3%) are concerning and occurred frequently in the first cycle of OEPA. The support system for managing febrile neutropenia should be optimized for administering OEPA in LMIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hazardous materials have become a popular home item in many developing countries over the last few decades. It has become a huge global health problem due to their simple availability, marketing, accessibility, and lack of knowledge. According to current figures, unintentional and domestic poisoning is the 13th biggest cause of mortality in India in an urban setting in India; Patil et al. (2014) identified home items to be the most common poisoning agents. Data sources Study selection: This is a review paper. All the content in this article is taken from several reviews and guidelines published by WHO, HSRA etc. Conclusion: To lower the prevalence of poisoning in urban settings, it is crucial to educate and raise awareness among the general public about chemical poisoning from home chemicals. Early diagnosis of suspected poisoning symptoms, implementing effective preventive measures and providing fast, focused treatment will help you win the war against poisoning in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The susceptibility of five north Indian populations of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) against a neonicotinoid insecticide, imidacloprid and a comparatively novel, diamide insecticide cyantraniliprole has been analysed in this study. It was found that the Sriganganagar and Bathinda populations were moderately resistant to imidacloprid with LC50 values 845.55 and 765.65 mg/ l, respectively; while, the LC50 value for cyantraniliprole was around 4.5 and 4.3 mg/ l for both the populations. The relative resistance ratio for imidacloprid was 14.53 and 13.16 for Sriganganagar and Bathinda populations, respectively, whereas, for cyantraniliprole, no resistance was observed. The pairwise comparisons of LC50s of various populations did not exhibit any cross-resistance. The results of the study demonstrate the possibility of using cyantraniliprole as an alternative for imidacloprid resistant B. tabaci populations in north India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Childhood cancers are a significant global health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where over 80% of childhood cancer patients reside. In India, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) constitutes a significant portion of childhood cancers; however, the data on the cost-effectiveness of childhood AML treatment in India and other LMICs remain limited., Methods: The study focused on children (<15 years of age) diagnosed with AML at a tertiary care cancer center in North India. Data, including treatment outcome, treatment-related morbidity, mortality, and costs were retrospectively collected from the electronic medical record and hospital database. Cost-effectiveness was assessed using disability-adjusted life years (DALY) averted in relation to the country-specific cost-effectiveness threshold., Results: Among 59 AML patients, treatment-related high mortality rates, abandonment, and limited access to bone marrow transplantation were notable challenges. Intensive chemotherapy resulted in substantial sepsis-related complications, with treatment-related mortality reaching 30%. The 3-year event-free survival and overall survival of the 43 patients who received intensive therapy were 24.5% ± 7.6% and 27.9% ± 8.3%, respectively. Despite these challenges, treating childhood AML was still found to be cost-effective. The total cost per newly diagnosed patient treated with curative intent was $4454. Cost per DALY averted accounted for 24% of the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, rendering the treatment to be cost-effective with a stringent cost-effectiveness threshold utilized., Conclusion: The study underscores the challenges faced while treating childhood AML in LMICs, including treatment-induced high sepsis-related mortality and abandonment. Despite these challenges, it remains cost-effective to treat childhood AML in India. Future efforts should focus on reducing treatment-related morbidity and mortality to further improve outcomes and cost-effectiveness., (© 2024 The Author(s). Pediatric Blood & Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Several experimental evidences and field data documented that zooplankton may alter its behavioral response in the presence of toxic phytoplankton, reducing its consumption to the point of starvation. This paper is devoted to the mathematical study of such interactions of toxic phytoplankton with grazer zooplankton. The non-toxic phytoplankton is assumed to adopt a density-dependent refuge strategy to avoid over-predation by zooplankton. Both groups of phytoplankton are assumed to suffer direct harm from anthropogenic toxicants, while zooplankton is affected indirectly by ingesting contaminated phytoplankton. We calibrate the proposed model with the field data from Talsari and Digha Mohana, India, and estimate some crucial model parameters consistent with the behavior of the observed data. Our results demonstrate that zooplankton grazing on toxic phytoplankton plays a key role in the emergence or mitigation of plankton blooms. We also highlight the system's potential to exhibit multiple stable configurations under the same ecological conditions. The plankton system experiences significant regime shifts, which are explored through various bifurcation scenarios, such as transcritical and saddle-node bifurcations. These shifts are influenced by changes in refuge capacity, species growth rates, and environmental carrying capacity. Furthermore, we incorporate environmental variations due to seasonal periodic or almost periodic changes, allowing the refuge parameter to be time-dependent. We observe that the forced system exhibits double periodic solutions. Moreover, stronger seasonal variations in the refuge pattern lead to irregular chaotic blooms. In conclusion, the results offer valuable insights into the sustainability of biodiversity, potentially shedding light on the origin of diverse plankton bloom phenomena., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: The concentration of silica in occupational conditions is well defined and estimated around the world. Many countries in the world have developed air standards for occupational conditions based on the percent silica in ambient air. This is due to the pulmonary effect caused by silica yielding diseases like silicosis and pneumoconiosis. In India, occupational exposure to silica dust is regulated by Directorate General of Mine Safety (Tech.) (S&T) Circular No. 1 of 2004 Under Reg. 123 of Coal Mines Regulations, 1957 for any metal/non-metal mining operations estimated gravimetrically. As no silica standards are prescribed in India for non-occupational conditions, venturing into such analysis was well envisaged and perceived. Methodology: Air sampling was done at identified locations through high-volume samplers for 24 h, twice a week in pre-monsoon season (March to June) and the Whatman filter paper was sonicated at sufficient speed to isolate dust particles for energy dispersive X-ray. Results: The percentage of silica in "PM10" was found lowest in mining sites (15%), and highest in transportation sites (35%) and mid-value for mixed sites (24%). Thus, risk level gets magnified due to addition of finer dust generated in transportation and mixed sites than mining due to diesel driven vehicles. Burning of any fossil fuel generates high percentage of finer dust (< 2.5 µm). Conclusions: There should be proper prescribed standard for silica for non-occupational conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on B-non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in India is restricted to individual hospital data. The study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology and outcome of B-NHL in our country. One hundred and ninety-one patients of B-NHL from 10 centers diagnosed between 2013 and 2016 were analyzed retrospectively. B/T lymphoblastic lymphoma and patients with inadequate data were excluded. The median age was 88 months (IQR: 56, 144) with an M:F ratio of 5.6:1. Undernourishment and stunting were seen in 36.5% and 22%. Primary site was abdomen in 66.5%. Hypoalbuminemia was noted in 82/170 (48.2%). Histological subtypes: Burkitt lymphoma (BL): 69.6%, Burkitt-like: 10.4%, and diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL): 13.6%, unclassified and others (6.4%). Stage distribution: I/II, 33 (17.3%), III, 114 (59.7%), and IV, 44 (23%). One-eighty-six patients took treatment. Protocols used were LMB and BFM in 160/186 (86%). At a median follow-up of 21.34 (IQR: 4.34, 36.57) months, the disease-free-survival (DFS) was 74.4% and event-free-survival (EFS) was 60.7%. Treatment-related mortality (TRM), relapse/progression and abandonment were 14.3%, 14.5%, and 8.4%, respectively. Bone marrow positivity, stage IV disease, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) > 2,000 U/l predicted inferior EFS. Stage IV disease, LDH > 2,000 U/l, bone marrow positivity, tumor lysis syndrome and low albumin predicted TRM; LDH retained significance on multivariate analysis for EFS and TRM [OR: 4.54, 95% CI: 1.14–20, p 0.03; OR 20, 95%CI: 1.69–250, p 0.017]. BL was the main histological subtype. High TRM and relapse/progression are hampering survival. An LDH > 2,000 U/l was adversely prognostic. These data demonstrate a need to develop a national protocol that balances toxicity and potential for cure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study aims to record the quality of life (Qol) and its changes while ovarian cancer (OC) patients undergo debulking surgeries and chemotherapy in a tertiary care hospital of Eastern India. Methods: Patients with advanced epithelial OC (FIGO stages III–IV) were recruited. They underwent primary/interval debulking surgeries with classical chemotherapy (adjuvant/neoadjuvant) of intravenous tri-weekly doses of paclitaxel + carboplatin. QoL was assessed using Fact- O + FACIT-Sp-12 questionnaire with a set of 51 questions in different domains (spiritual, physical, social, emotional, and functional factors) and a special set for OC patients under the heading "Additional concerns." The responses from patients were recorded at baseline (diagnosis/study entry), 2, 4, and 6 months during the treatment visits. Overall survival (OS) was assessed using Kaplan Meier curve. Results: A majority of patients were 49.15±10.8 years of age, school-educated (54%), unemployed/homemakers (73.5%), belonging from rural setup (64.6%) with a monthly income of Rs. 2000/- to Rs. 5000/-. There was no statistically significant (p>0.05) improvement found in Qol from the baseline till the end of the study, neither overall nor in subsets (responders (Rs)/partial responders (PRs)/non-responder (NRs) groups or the adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy groups). The common toxicities like anemia, constipation, and weight loss were significantly (p<0.05) correlated with the patients' physical, functional, emotional, and social well-being. Conclusion: Ovarian cancer patients represent a poor functional, social, and disease-specific quality of life that needs to be addressed, identified, and improved by the growing nexus of healthcare providers and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Paraquat is (N, N´-dimethyl-4, 4´-bipyridinium dichloride; PQ), is an effective herbicide which has increasingly been used for self-harm. PQ exerts injurious effects through oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction but therapy with antioxidants and immunosuppressants has not been helpful. As currently there is no plausible antidote for acute paraquat toxicity, there is a need to study the predictors of mortality and outcome. Aim: To study clinical spectrum and predictors of early mortality in patients of intoxication. Method: The study was conducted from July 2019 to Dec 2021. Patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria i.e., acute paraquat intoxication were included and relevant investigations were done. Patients with history of chronic lung, kidney, heart, or liver disease were excluded. Result: In our study, 15 out of 18 patients were male and mean age of presentation being 25 yrs. Breathlessness being the most common symptoms of presentation, while 50% of patients had paraquat tongue. Out of 18 patients just a single patient had survived with mortality of 94.4%. Patients with early mortality had ingested double the dose of paraquat and manifested most severe renal and hepatic dysfunction as compared to the late mortality group. Conclusion: The mortality in patients with paraquat ingestion is positively correlated with dose of ingestion. Our results showed that the eGFR (Estimated glomerular filtration rate) and SOFA (Sequential organ failure assessment) score can serve as the predictors of early mortality in paraquat intoxication. SOFA scores are simple and easy to perform and include parameters of lung, liver and kidney which are the major organ systems affected in paraquat intoxications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relative toxicity of (07) seven plant extracts (Azima tetracantha, Chloroxylon sweietenia, Clerodendrum viscosum, Cleistanthus collinus, Lippia javanica, Ocimum americanum and Sphearanthus indicus) to (04) four test insects (Hyblea purea Tinolius eburneigutta, Eutectona machearalis, and Atteva fabricella) at different concentrations of was done and toxicity was observed in all the plant extracts based on the feeding behavior of the test insect and arranged in the descending order is 1.0%>0.8%>0.6%>0.4%>0.2%>0.1% concentrations and uncontrol. All insect cultures were maintained in a growth chamber in the laboratory at a temperature of 27 ± 2° C, 12: 12 L:D and with 70 ± 5 % RH during the experiments. Among all plant extracts O. americanum (LC50-0.3169 and LC50-0.3115 against H. purea and E. machaeralis) followed by C viscosum (LC50-0.4316 and LC50-0.5253 against T. eburguneita and A. fabricella) were found to be effective and more toxic against selected major insect pests that tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Along with COVID‐19 pandemic, India has faced an outbreak of COVID‐19–associated mucormycosis (CAM). Due to restricted availability of amphotericin B during this outbreak, clinicians were forced to use posaconazole or isavuconazole preparations as first‐line or alternate therapy in many patients. We planned an early monitoring of posaconazole trough level while using delayed release (DR) tablet as first‐line or alternate therapy. Objectives: Primary objective of the study was to determine percentage of patients achieving arbitrarily decided therapeutic posaconazole levels (≥1.2 μg/ml) after using standard dosages of posaconazole. Secondary objective was to identify potential factors associated with sub‐therapeutic posaconazole levels. Methods: We performed retrospective chart review of the hospitalised patients, who received posaconazole DR tablet as first‐line or alternate therapy to treat CAM during outbreak period (March 1 to May 31, 2021). High‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was used to measure trough level of posaconazole. Results: Posaconazole serum levels of 29 patients were analysed, who received posaconazole DR tablet. Majority (n = 23) were male with the median (range) age 53 (24–86) years. The mean (SD) posaconazole level was 1.66 (0.76) μg/ml. Sub‐therapeutic posaconazole trough level was observed in 7 (24.1%) patients. Relatively younger patients were associated with lower posaconazole level (p =.046). Except two patients, all the patients tolerated posaconazole well. Conclusions: The study supports the posaconazole trough level measurement on day 4 while using posaconazole DR tablet as first‐line or alternate therapy to treat mucormycosis during limited supply of amphotericin B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metals including lead (Pb), aluminum (Al), and zinc (Zn) are widely used in factories such as welding, handicrafts, and paint. Occupational exposure to such metals causes a wide range of biological effects, depending upon the metal levels and duration of exposure. Accumulation of these metals may lead to several adverse health effects such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. The study aimed to evaluate Pb, Al, and Zn levels in occupationally exposed workers of North-Western India and create awareness about its toxicity and adverse outcomes. The study included 120 factory workers (exposed) and 100 healthy controls (nonexposed); age ranged 18–78 years. Blood Pb and serum Al was estimated by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry and serum Zn was estimated by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (ICE 3000, Thermo Fisher Scientific). Results indicated significantly higher levels of Pb, Al, and Zn in the exposed than the nonexposed. No significant difference was observed in metal levels, based on age and duration of exposure. Painters showed higher blood Pb, whereas welders were found to have higher serum Al and Zn levels. To conclude, workers showed higher levels of metals and it may cause deleterious effects on the health of workers occupationally exposed to these metals. Appropriate maintenance regarding worker's safety and hygiene is required to protect them from the harmful effects of these toxic metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, herbs have been the primary means of treatment. The existence of secondary plant metabolites, which are combinations of chemical substances with different amalgams, in one or more sections of medicinal plants confers therapeutic qualities. Ficus religiosa, sometimes known as peepal, belongs to the Moraceae family of plants. The Bo tree, Ficus religiosa, provided shelter to the Buddha as he divined the "Truths." In Ficus religiosa, phenolic components, hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, volatile components, phytosterols, amino acids, furanocoumarins, and a few more types of secondary metabolites have been isolated by phytochemical studies. Both (In vitro and in vivo) pharmacological activities of Ficus religiosa crude extracts and isolated components included anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antiviral, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antiasthmatic, parasympathetic modulator, estrogenic, anticancer, antiulcer, antianxiety, anthelmintic, endothelial receptor antagonistic, apoptosis inducer, and hypotensive activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using ethnographic data, this article suggests that the therapeutic use of various mercury compounds in siddha medicine has so far not decreased despite international regulation of the substance and discussions surrounding the safety of mercury. Siddha practitioners portray mercury as central to their therapeutics. The article demonstrates this for different contexts, including the preparation of mercuric medicines; the production of mercury amulets; and recent research studies on mercury-based siddha drugs, targeting, for instance, dementia-related syndromes. Contextualizing siddha mercurial procedures and preparations through interlinking therapeutic, historical, and global frames underscores the fact that mercury use in siddha medicine today derives from alchemical traditions, but also transcends them. It is embedded in political contexts of science and healthcare in India, as it answers to concerns about safety and toxicity and at the same time takes center stage in negotiating siddha medical specialty and alterity vis-à-vis other medical practices, most notably ayurveda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of uranium in drinking water has ignited concerns among the public, regulators, and policymakers, particularly as around 1% of the 55,554 water samples in India have shown uranium levels surpassing the 60 µg/l guideline established by the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) based on radiological toxicity. Further, the Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS), has given a limit of 30 µg/l, which is derived from World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Besides the chemical and radiological aspects associated with uranium, factors such as technological constraints in water purification, waste management, environmental factors, and socio-economic conditions significantly influence these guideline values, which are often overlooked. This manuscript explores the variations in approaches for establishing guideline values and highlights the uncertainties arising from dependence on various variables such as intake and usage patterns, inter- and intra-species distinctions, and epidemiological data. A critical analysis indicates that adherence to global guidelines may result in some undesirable environmental issues. By considering factors such as population dynamics, socio-economic conditions, and geological influences, we suggest that limit of 60 µg/l for uranium in drinking water is appropriate for India., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Ayurveda and Siddha are two important components of the traditional Indian medicine (TIM). The regulatory mechanisms have been insufficient, and heavy metal toxicity with TIM preparations continues to be a public health nuisance, putting integrated medicine practice in jeopardy. The current study was undertaken to review the potential health hazards of the heavy metal content in the TIM and formulate patient-safety recommendations for integrative medical practice. Materials and Methods: Systematic MEDLINE searches were performed using a combination of relevant MeSH terms and keywords, and case report/series of Ayurveda or Siddha-induced heavy metal toxicity, published in the previous two decades, were included. Risk of bias was assessed with the tool by Murad et al. Results: A total of 220 cases (51 case reports and 14 case series) were found (lead, n = 156; arsenic, n = 11; mercury, n = 47; thallium, n = 1; gold, n = 1; combination of heavy metals, n = 4) after screening for the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among them, 169 (76.8%) had a low risk of bias, 113 (out of 135 [83.7%] analyzed) contained higher-than-permissible heavy metal content in the drug samples, and the majority showed elevated biological levels of the heavy metals in the body. Conclusion: The heavy metals in TIM are often the result of adulteration or improper manufacturing and prescribing practices, despite national and international guidelines recommending quality standards and protocols for preparing and dispensing TIM. We thus propose multipronged approaches and provide recommendations at various levels, including individual, institutional, national policy decisions essential to establish patient safety of TIM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant common metabolic disorder seen all over the world. In 2020, according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), out of 463 million people who have diabetes all over the world, 77 million belong to India. As per the statistical prediction, the affected numbers are probably expected to rise to 642 million by 2040. The commercially available anti‐diabetic drugs in the market include metformin, sulphonyl urea, meglitinides, miglitol, acarbose, biguanides, and thiazolidinediones cause side effects like hypoglycaemia, dizziness, liver cell injury, digestive discomfort, neurological defects, etc. Hence, bioactive organosulphur based functional ligands are chosen in this study to arrive at a newer drug for DM. In this work, in silico analysis of organosulphur molecular descriptors like physicochemical properties, solubility, drug score, and toxicity predictions are evaluated using OSIRIS and Toxtree freeware. The essential parameters for discovering drugs for biopharmaceutical formulations viz the solubility of drugs and toxicity have been calculated. The protein target Dipeptidyl peptidase DPP4 (PID: 2RIP) was docked against energy minimised sulphur compounds using Hex 6.3. The results indicate that the drug likeliness of the molecule 4, that is, N‐[(3,3‐dimethyl piperidin‐2‐yl) methyl]‐4‐ethyl sulphonyl aniline is active with decreasing binding energy score (−212.24 Kcal mol−1) with no toxicity and also few sulphur compounds are active against diabetes compared to standard drug metformin (−158.33 Kcal mol−1). The best drug‐like ligand N‐[(3,3‐dimethyl piperidin‐2‐yl) methyl]‐4‐ethyl sulphonyl aniline, was docked using commercial Maestro Schrodinger software to predict the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic (As3+) is a toxic metalloid found in the earth's crust, its elevated concentration is a concern for human health because rice is the staple grain in eastern part of India and the waterlogged rice field environment provides opportunity for more As3+ uptake. Magnesium (Mg2+) is an important plant nutrient. Present work is a search for reducing As3+ toxicity in plants through Mg2+ application. The findings are quite impressive, the root to shoot biomass ratio showed more than 1.5 times increase compared to the control. Total protein content increased 2 folds. Carbohydrate and chlorophyll content increased two to three times compared to control. On the other hand, Malondialdehyde content showed a decline with the application of increased Mg2+ dose. The in-silico study shows a better interaction with As3+ in presence of Mg2+ but interestingly without stress symptoms. These findings from the research indicate that Mg2+ application can be effective in reducing As3+ induced stress in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Seaweeds harbour a wide array of bioactive compounds shown to be effective in support of sustainable agricultural practices. The green seaweed Chaetomorpha antennina found in abundance in coastal areas of India has been reported with various bioactivities. Owing to the requirement of alternative and economical natural pest control method to be applied in sustainable agronomic strategies, the current study attempts to evaluate the efficacy of chemical toxins from C. antennina, as insecticidal agents, by inspecting their effects on the physiology, biochemistry, immune system, and histology of one of the most important insect pests of agricultural crops in the Asian tropics, the polyphagous lepidopteran Spodoptera litura. Results: The active fraction 5 isolated from C. antennina using methanol extraction produced significant mortality rates of S. litura among all the other fractions obtained. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of various pesticide compounds. The toxin compounds (active fraction 5) were found to negatively influence the pest's immune system performance at sub-lethal concentrations (LC50 38.73and LC90 53.60 ppm), affecting insect development, reducing the haemocyte count (69.24%) and reduced the activity of major defence enzyme phenoloxidase decreased post-treatments. Digestive phosphatase enzymes, acid phosphatase, ACP, alkaline phosphatase, ALP, and ATPase were demodulated by 37.5, 39, and 23.9% compared with untreated. Increase in detoxification enzymes coupled with mid-gut collapse are indicative of the toxicity of the compounds. Earthworms exposed to seaweed compounds displayed no debarring effects. Conclusion: Extracted seaweed compounds produced significant lethal effect on the insect larvae, affecting the immune as well as digestive systems of the pest. However, no such toxicity was observed in earthworms treated with the seaweed fraction supporting their environmentally benign nature. Since the insect immune system is responsible for the development of resurgence against pesticides, suppression of immunological activities by seaweed toxins indicate the long-term applicability of these compounds as prospective pesticides. The results support the potential of chemicals from C. antennina for biopesticide development to manage economically important agricultural pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) used as flame retardants in the products utilized in day-to-day life. Their bioaccumulation, low volatility, and high persistence in the environment have led to their global spread even to remote and distant regions. The present study identifies gaps in the investigation of the neurotoxic potential of PBDEs, their effects on brain development, toxicokinetic, and their potential as a carcinogen. In India, to date, only human breast milk was assessed for levels of PBDEs, and it is suggested that other human tissues can also be explored. No data on the reproductive toxicity of PBDEs are reported from Indian cohorts. Long-range transport and deposition of PBDEs in colder regions necessitates monitoring of Himalayan regions in India. An inventory of PBDEs is required to be made for addressing the worrisome situation of the unregulated import of E-waste from the developed countries in India. The study also emphasizes providing guidelines for the articulation of policies regarding sound surveillance and management of PBDE production, consumption, and release in the Indian context. It is recommended that a separate cell for monitoring and follow-up of PBDEs should be established in India. Also, the development of better alternatives and environment-friendly remediation technologies for PBDEs is the need of the hour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that the long-term intake of water contaminated with arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and fluoride (F−) can develop carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health problems. This review study for the first time presents the comprehensive data analysis of the groundwater levels of As, Cr and F− reported in different states of India. The experimental studies conducted in different regions of India were compiled for inclusive data analysis. This study emphasizes on the severe carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic impacts of these contaminants on the health of the natives. The studies published in peer reviewed journals indexed in Scopus, Science Citation Index and Web of Science have been compiled and represented systematically in order to make the interpretation more visible and clear to the scientific community. The levels of selected elements have been compared with the limits set by Bureau of Indian Standards and World Health Organization and further interpreted for the health hazards of the natives of that particular region. The highest concentration of As, Cr and F− reported in India remained 1.36 mg/L (West Bengal), 33.80 mg/L (Uttar Pradesh) and 85 mg/L (Haryana), respectively. These values were 136, 676 and 57 times higher than the standard limits set for these elements (0.01 mg/L; 1.0 mg/L and 0.05 mg/L, respectively). The state-wise patterns of concentration levels have been shown in graphical forms. This review also highlights the regions severely affected due to As, Cr and F− contamination and reveals the research gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is essential for all living organisms in the universe. Chemicals can cause contamination in groundwater near aquacultural activity areas. Keeping in view the hectic aquacultural activity in surrounding locations of Akividu town in West Godavari District of AP, India, it is proposed to assess the chemical and microbial contamination of waters to suggest remedial measures to protect the quality of water for safeguarding the health of the public residing in the nearby habitations who consume these waters for drinking purposes. 16 Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for assessing the physicochemical parameters viz., pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved solids (TDS), Total hardness (TH), Total Alkalinity (TA), Na+, K+, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate and Phosphate, Irrigation parameters like %Na, SAR, KR RSC, and microbial analysis. The study results revealed that the samples were contaminated chemically and also with pathogenic bacteria like Pseudomonas, Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli which can cause water-borne diseases. Further, a health survey was carried out to verify the adverse effects to be caused by the chemical and microbial contamination of water on people’s health. The health survey results indicated the sufferings of the people who consume this water for drinking and domestic purposes. The waters are to be treated accordingly to control the chemical and bacterial contamination by using the available treatment methodologies before considering them for drinking purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]