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Aim: To assess the prevalence of non‐communicable disease risk factors among the nursing staff and educate them on prevention. Background: Nursing staff is integral to the Indian community healthcare systems. Recent studies report a high prevalence of non‐communicable diseases in Indian nursing staff. Therefore, data on the prevalence of non‐communicable disease risk factors among nursing staff are crucial for education on prevention. Design: A cross‐sectional digital survey‐based study. Method: We invited 4435 nursing staff to attend our online survey. We used a customized questionnaire for data collection, including a digitized version of the Community‐Based Assessment Checklist form. A score of >4 was considered high risk and warranted screening. Result: Among 682 nursing staff who attended, 70% had never undergone screening for non‐communicable diseases. The prevalence of non‐communicable disease risk factors was significantly higher in male nursing staff. In addition, logistic regression analysis showed that age, tobacco and alcohol use, increased waist circumference, physical inactivity and family history of non‐communicable diseases were significant risk factors among nursing staff. Conclusion: The study findings suggest that the nursing staff have suboptimal self‐health concerns on non‐communicable diseases. This situation warrants continued medical education, awareness campaigns on adopting a healthy lifestyle and health promotion. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? The prevalence of non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) among Indian nursing staff is a growing concern, underscoring the need for comprehensive research and targeted interventions.Despite the significant health risks faced by this demographic, there is a notable lack of data on NCD risk factors specific to Indian nursing professionals. What this paper adds? This paper adds information on the prevalence of NCD risk factors chiefly among nursing staff in the Delhi National Capital Region.Male nursing staff have particularly high NCD risk factors. The implications of this paper: Findings may help develop routine screening programmes for nursing staff, continued nursing education and good, safe nursing practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Obesity is found to be one of the most common modifiable risk factor for lifestyle diseases, its screening has become crucial to identify it at an early stage. This study aims to find whether neck circumference is a reliable indicator to measure childhood obesity. Objectives: To analyse neck circumference as a marker of abdominal obesity in children. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted among 220 children between 6-11 years of age group by visiting their school. Data was analysed using MS Excel and SPSS (version 20.0). Results: 220 students were included in the study. Age, waist circumference, hip circumference and BMI are positively correlated with Neck Circumference. Conclusion: Neck circumference is a reliable tool to measure childhood obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Considering the concerns of obesity problems, Mumbai Police authorities had launched full-day residential "Healthy Living Training Program" in February 2019 for obese policemen. We studied the effectiveness of the program by assessing health profile of the participants, and change in anthropometric measurements and blood pressure readings. Methods and Materials: Permission from the concerned authorities and approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) were taken. Health profiles of 143 policemen were assessed. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure recordings were done on the first and the last day of the 28-day program. The data were coded and entered in password-protected Microsoft Excel. Paired t-test was applied to test statistically significant differences. The association of some of the variables with weight change was assessed by the Chi-square test for categorical variables. Results: The mean age of participants was 49.6 ± 5 years. The proportion of hypertensive, diabetics, vision problems, and bone and joint problems were 48.2%, 23.2%, 57.1%, and 46.4%, respectively. Only 70% of them had home-cooked food in the lunch. Daily, 50% of the participants do physical activity. There was statistically significant weight reduction (105.6 ± 12.1s vs. 103.3 ± 12 kg), body mass index (BMI) (36.3 ± 3.4 vs. 35.5 ± 3.3), waist circumference (110.8 ± 7.9 vs. 109.5 ± 7.9), and hip circumference (115.6 ± 8.1 vs. 106.8 ± 15.0) of the participants after 28 days of training program. Conclusion: "Healthy Living Training Program" was effective in reducing weight, blood pressure, BMI, and waist and hip circumference. The program benefitted the participants by inculcating healthy lifestyles and raising awareness of health issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: FTO gene belongs to the non-heme Fe (II) and 2 oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily. Polymorphisms within the first intron of the FTO gene have been examined across various populations, yielding disparate findings.The present study aimed to determine the impact of two intronic polymorphisms FTO 30685T/G (rs17817449) and -23525T/ A (rs9939609) on the risk of obesity in Punjab, India. Methods: Genotypic and biochemical analysis were done for 671 unrelated participants (obese = 333 and non-obese = 338) (age ≥ 18 years). Genotyping of the polymorphisms was done by PCR-RFLP method. However, 50% of the samples were sequenced by Sanger sequencing. Results: Both the FTO variants 30685 (TT vs GG: odds ratio (OR), 2.30; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.39-3.79) and -23525 (TT vs AA: odds ratio (OR), 2.78; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.37-5.64) showed substantial risk towards obesity by conferring it 2 times and 3 times, respectively. The analysis by logistic regression showed a significant association for both the variants 30685T/G (rs17817449) and -23525T/A (rs9939609) (OR = 2.29; 95%CI: 1.47-3.57) and (OR = 5.25; 95% CI: 2.68-10.28) under the recessive genetic model, respectively. The haplotype combination TA (30685; -23525) develops a 4 times risk for obesity (P = 0.0001). Among obese, the G allele of 30685T/G and A- allele of -23525T/A showed variance in Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio(WHtR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and triglyceride(TG). Conclusion: The present investigation indicated that both the FTO 30685T/G (rs17817449) and -23525T/A (rs9939609) polymorphisms have a key impact on an individual's vulnerability to obesity in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is considered as one of the major public health burden and it is predictor of cardiovascular risk factor. Yoga is a mind-body medicine helps to promote health. This study was aimed to explore whether Laghoo Shankaprashalana (LS) reduce the body weight in obese individuals. This was a single group pre-post study. A total of 40 subjects (9 Male, 31 Female) aged between 18 and 40 years were recruited. This study was conducted in government yoga and naturopathy medical college, Chennai. Subjects were practiced weekly once LS for eight weeks (eight sessions). Subjects were assessed pre and post on body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist hip ratio, pulse rate and blood pressure. Variables were analyzed using Paired sample t test except waist hip ratio, which were analyzed using Wilcoxon's signed ranks test. There was significant reduction in the body weight (p<0.001, 5.81 %), Body Mass Index (p<0.001, 5.88 %), Waist Circumference (p<0.001, 7.20 %), Hip Circumference (p<0.001, 5.04 %), and Waist Hip Circumference (p<0.001, 3.19 %) after LS. However, there was no statistical significance difference in pulse rate, blood pressure. Eight sessions of Laghoo Shankaprakshalana helps to reduces body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference and waist hip ratio. Reduction in the waist circumference might helps to reduce the cardiovascular risk. LS may be one of the cost effective intervention that can be incorporated in the weight loss regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased prevalence of obesity, particularly central obesity, is closely associated with many metabolic complexions, including hypertension and diabetes. The present study investigates the cut-off points of some anthropometric measurements such as body mass index [BMI (kg/m2)], waist circumference [WC (cm)], waist-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-height ratio (WHtR) associated with high blood pressure. It determines the risk factors among the Chiru tribe of North East India. The cross-sectional study was conducted in four villages in the hilly districts of Manipur. For the present study, 416 Chiru adults (209 males and 207 females) aged 20–79 years were included. Anthropometrics and blood pressure were measured using standard procedures. Statistical methods such as chi-square, Pearson correlation, and multivariate logistic regression were employed. The result indicates that the cut-off values to detect hypertension were 21.83 for BMI, 82.55 for WC, 0.92 for WHR, and 0.53 for WHtR. However, the cut-off values to detect hypertension in females were 23.92 for BMI, 86.48 for WC, 0.94 for WHR, and 0.55 for WHtR. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that hypertension was an independently associated risk factor in both males and females with an age ≥ 50 years (OR = 18.52 and 10.12), physical activity (OR = 0.10 and 0.21), salt intake (OR = 7.81 and 3.36), and smoking (OR = 2.56 and 3.23), respectively. It has been concluded that BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR values can determine hypertension risk in the Chiru population. Age, smoking, physical activity, and salt intake were independent risk factors associated with high blood pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that affects children worldwide, with potential associations to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Limited research exists on the interplay between AD, MetS, and NAFLD in the pediatric population. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and potential relationships among AD, MetS, and NAFLD in children. Methods: A case–control study design was employed, recruiting 50 children with AD (median age: 9.5 years) and 50 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls (median age: 11.5 years, p =.051). Data on demographic characteristics, clinical features, disease severity, treatment history, anthropometric measurements, and laboratory evaluations were collected. MetS and NAFLD were diagnosed based on established criteria. Results: The prevalence of MetS was significantly higher in children with AD compared with controls (24% vs. 2%, p =.002). Significant differences for systolic blood pressure (p <.001), diastolic blood pressure (p =.012), and waist circumference (p =.040) were observed between AD patients and controls. Children with AD had higher triglyceride levels (p =.005). NAFLD was exclusively seen in moderate to severe AD cases (6% vs. 0%, p =.242). AD severity showed associations with increased body mass index (p =.020). Conclusion: This study highlights the increased prevalence of MetS and the potential association with NAFLD in children with AD. The findings suggest that AD may contribute to the development of metabolic abnormalities at an early age. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore preventive strategies for these interconnected conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this paper is to investigate what factors are associated to cardiovascular disease and what differences exists between Asians living in the UK (from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing) and the Asians living in India (from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India). Methods: Logistic regression was used to investigate how demographic and physical performance factors were associated with cardiovascular disease using data from Wave 6 of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Wave 1 of the Longitudinal Study of Ageing in India, with the main variable of interest being country of residence, Asians in England or Asians in India. Results: A total of 83,997 participants were included in the analyses. In the primary analysis, 73,396 participants from LASI were compared to 171 Asians in ELSA. After adjusting for age, blood pressure, resting heart rate, sex, waist circumference, gait, handgrip strength and standing balance, there was a statistically significant difference for the outcome of CVD between Whites ELSA (reference) and the participants of LASI (odds ratio = 0.77; 95% confidence interval = 0.60 to 0.99). There were no significant differences in CVD between the LASI participants, Asian ELSA, and the Non-White but not Asian ELSA groups. Discussion: No difference was found between Asians that live in India compared to ethnic minorities living in England, including Asians, after adjusting for confounders, but was found between Whites in ELSA compared to LASI participants. A key limitation was the massive disparity in sample sizes between the ELSA subgroups and LASI. Further work is required where comparable sample sizes and longitudinal analyses allow trends to be identified and to investigate the factors associated with the difference in CVD between two similar ethnicities living in distinct locations. Conclusion: After adjusting for risk factors, there was no difference in CVD between localised Asians and the ethnic minorities in the UK, but there was a difference between the majority ethnicities in the respective countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABO blood system is not only important for determining the lifestyle diseases, blood transfusion and exchange but it has also been found to be highly relevant to genetic marker of obesity. Recent studies are trying to explore the relation between blood grouping and obesity, and blood group diets and management of obesity. But still there are limited studies related to reduction of weight from blood group diets. The aim of this study is to examine the association of blood groups and weight reduction through a Moderate-Fat, Balanced Nutrient Reduction Diets among overweight and obese adults. A longitudinal study was conducted over 175 overweight and obese adults (>18 years and <60 years of age) of urban Bihar. A planned diet regime was followed by participants for a period of six months, and their anthropometric measurements were used for statistical analysis. There were substantial decreases in weight, BMI and waist circumference across different blood groups resulted through moderate-fat balanced nutrient reduction diet plan in both genders. For all blood groups, BMI reduction was at least 3.78 kg/m2 through the program, and the program was most effective for blood group O positive participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most common cause of sudden cardiac death is coronary artery disease, which contributes to 75 to 90%. The present study is undertaken to describe the profile of autopsy cases of coronary artery disease. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in all cases of sudden and unexpected death brought for autopsy a tertiary level centre in southern Kerala during a period of one year. Gross and microscopical examination of heart and coronary arteries were studied and in cases with coronary artery disease, associated factors like previous history of illness, personal habits, family history of illness, body mass index, abdominal circumference, horizontal earlobe crease were described in detail. Categorical variables were represented as frequency and percentage, continuous variables as mean and standard deviation and association was tested using Chi square test. Conclusions: Statistically significant association (p value = 0.001) was observed between the horizontal earlobe crease and occlusive coronary artery disease. No significant association was obtained between the obesity parameters like body mass index, waist to hip ratio and occlusive coronary artery disease. Majority of the cases with significant occlusion was observed in the left anterior descending artery. The most common site of thrombus was in the proximal third of left anterior descending artery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many studies have associated male androgenetic alopecia with the risk of cardiovascular disorders but very few studies have addressed this association in women with FPHL. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional hospital-based study in which a total of 50 women (18-45 years) were recruited. The objective was to measure carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) by doppler ultrasound, Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, lipid profile, fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, testosterone, Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), hs-CRP, ESR and fibrinogen, in pre-menopausal women having FPHL and to correlate these parameters with severity of FPHL. The prevalence of Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Insulin resistance were evaluated. Results: Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance were found in 12 (24%) and 17 (34%) cases respectively. Hypercholesterolemia, elevated LDL levels and hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL levels and hyperinsulinemia were found in 11 (22%), 31 (62%), 9 (18%), 17 (34%) and 7 (14%) cases respectively. 8 (16%) cases were diabetics. Elevated ESR, increased fibrinogen levels and elevated hs-CRP were found in 43 (86%), 10 (20%) and 21 (42%) cases respectively. CIMT was found to be within its normal range. Correlation of CIMT, anthropometric indices (BMI and WC), biochemical markers (serum cholesterol, triglycerides, FBS, and fibrinogen), and presence of metabolic syndrome with severity of FPHL in terms of Ludwig grade was found to be statistically significant. Conclusions: The determination of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and acute phase reactants such as hs-CRP and fibrinogen may be useful screening methods to detect increased cardiovascular risk in women with FPHL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and related complications in India has been related to rising obesity. Purpose: To evaluate the BMI, waist circumference (WC), body fat composition, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and explore the gender differences and association between these parameters. A total of 155 T2DM patients (89 males and 66 females) from Coastal Karnataka, India, participated in this study. Waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) were measured using standard procedure, and Body Fat Composition was measured using a bioelectric impedance analyzer. The mean BMI, WC, and HbA1c visceral fat values were higher, whereas skeletal muscle mass was lower than the reference range in both males and females. In age-matched males and females, the total body fat, WC and subcutaneous fat were significantly higher in females. In contrast, the skeletal muscle mass in males was significantly higher. The HbA1c levels were found to be higher in males compared to females. Total body fat and subcutaneous fat were negatively correlated, whereas visceral fat and skeletal muscle mass were positively correlated with HbA1c. There was slightly poor glycemic control in males compared to females, related to higher visceral fat. Hence, measuring the body fat composition and currently used clinical and laboratory parameters helps monitor and prevent T2DM-related complications. The study highlights the low skeletal muscle and high visceral fat in the Indian population. The study also relates the high visceral fat and poor muscle mass contributing to insulin resistance, which causes poor glycemic control and T2-DM-related complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS), a pathophysiological and asymptomatic state of numerous complications has been documented in various recent studies worldwide. Inadequate data are available highlighting the magnitude of MS in country like India whose major health problem has been infectious disease rather than noncommunicable disease like hypertension. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of MS in essential hypertensive patients using the IDF criteria. Methodology: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 hypertensive subjects of more than 18 years of age in tertiary care hospital, Karwar between October 2020 to march 2021. 50 hypertensive subjects were evaluated according to International Diabetes Federation Criteria(IDF) for MS with waist circumference for South Asians ethnic group and prevalence of MS in these hypertensive subjects were observed. Results: Total 50 hypertensive subjects out of which 31 were female and 19 were male. 46 patients diagnosed as MS. 49 patients were Diabetic & on treatment. 34% were overweight as per WHO classification of BMI and maximum subjects 52% were obese as per Asian classification of BMI. Out of 31 females 17 and out of 19 males 6 were having MS. Conclusion: High prevalence of MS among hypertensive patients establishes MS has emerged as a significant health concern and indicates the need for metabolic screening and preventive measure in all hypertensive patients at the first diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from loss of ovarian follicular activity. This induces a reduction in resting metabolic rate, physical activity, and fat-free mass. Buildup of adipose tissues in the anterior abdominal wall and in the intra-abdominal visceral tissue hinders diaphragmatic movement and diminishes basal lung expansion during inspiration causes ventilation--perfusion abnormalities. Very few evidence of the correlation between body fat distribution and pulmonary function in menopausal women. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between anthropometry determinants, body fat distribution, and pulmonary function in postmenopausal women. SETTING AND DESIGN: After ethical committee approval, an observational study of 101 postmenopausal women fulfilling the criteria were selected from the tertiary care center. METHODOLOGY: Anthropometric measurements of participants such as height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were measured. Body fat distribution is evaluated by measuring skinfold at five sites (biceps, triceps, abdominal, suprailiac, and subscapular) with the help of Lange caliper. Pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1st second [FEV1], forced vital capacity [FVC], FEV1/FVC, and peak expiratory flow rate) recorded on a computerized portable lung function unit. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: As the data were not in normal distribution, Spearmen's correlation test was used. RESULTS: It showed that strong negative correlation existed between age and FVC (r = -0.742) and WHR and FEV1/FVC (r = -0.796). Furthermore, moderate negative correlation was found between biceps and FEV1 and FVC (r = -0.433 and r = -0.475), respectively, and abdominal skinfold and FEV1 and FVC (r = -0.628, r = -0.646) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION/CLINICAL IMPLICATION: It could be concluded that in postmenopausal women, there may be a negative correlation between anthropometry, body fat distribution, and pulmonary function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The increased incidence of diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is attributed to the rising obesity rates, which is one of the major factors contributing to Insulin Resistance (IR). Although there is a close relationship between obesity and IR, not all cases of obesity lead to cardiometabolic complications. Visceral fat is considered to be the primary cause of IR. Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP) is postulated as a new continuous biomarker of visceral adiposity. Aim: To determine the association between LAP and IR in T2DM. Materials and Methods: This institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of three months at the Department of Biochemistry, Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. A total of 60 Type 2 diabetic patients (including newly diagnosed and known cases) were recruited as cases, along with 30 healthy controls. Height, weight, and Waist Circumference (WC) were measured. Fasting blood samples were collected for laboratory biochemical estimation of glucose, Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), and fasting insulin. Statistical analysis for continuous variables was performed using unpaired Student’s t-test, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used for group comparisons. Results: Fasting serum insulin (p-value=0.007), Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) (p-value=0.001), and LAP index (p-value<0.001) were significantly higher in the case group. LAP index was divided into quartiles, Insulin and HOMA-IR showed statistical significance across the quartiles (p-value=0.005). The lipid profile analysis across LAP quartiles revealed a progressive increase in TG levels (p<0.001) and a decrease in HDL levels from Q1 to Q4 quartiles. Conclusion: The study concludes that increased LAP levels are associated with IR in T2DM. LAP can serve as a useful marker for cardiometabolic risk in early-stage T2DM, enabling better disease stratification for improved prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to evaluate the predictive accuracy of InsuTAG index against M value of the hyperinsulinaemic-Euglycaemic clamp (HEC) procedure and fasting surrogate indices of insulin sensitivity/resistance in young, normoglycaemic, Asian Indian males. HEC studies were done in young (mean age 19.7 ± 1 years), non-obese (mean BMI 19.2 ± 2.6 kg/m2), normoglycemic Asian Indian males (n = 110) and the M value was calculated. Surrogate indices namely InsuTAG index, HOMA-IR, FG-IR, QUICKI and McAuley index were calculated. Pearson's correlation and ROC-AUC at 95% CI were applied. Significant negative correlation was observed for InsuTAG index with the M value (r − 0.23, p = 0.01), McAuley index (r − 0.65, p < 0.01), QUICKI (r − 0.34, p < 0.01) and FGIR (r − 0.35, p < 0.01). Significant positive correlations of InsuTAG index were observed for BMI and waist circumference. The ROC-AUC was higher for InsuTAG index (0.75) than FGIR (0.30), QUICKI (0.31), and McAuley index (0.20). The InsuTAG cut-off value ≥ 19.13 showed 66.7% sensitivity and 69.2% specificity in this study group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Periodontal disease is one of the top six chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and is recognized as a severe global public health problem. This study aimed to assess the association between various levels of body mass index (BMI) and periodontal disease severity in Indian adults. Material and Methods: The study was designed as a hospital-based cross-sectional study involving 212 participants aged between 18 and 65. A questionnaire assessed by an investigator was used to assess oral health-associated risky behavior and demographical factors. Participants were also assessed using full-mouth clinical periodontal and anthropometric measurements. The mean number of sites with pocket probing depth (PPD) ≥4 mm and the presence of periodontal disease were used as outcome measures. Bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regressions were performed. Results: The overall proportion of participants with periodontal disease was 50%, that is, sites with PPD ≥4 mm (n = 106). Multivariate analysis showed that BMI (odds ratio (OR) = 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.43, 1.37) was not associated with periodontal disease, but smoking (OR = 3.90, 95% CI: 1.63, 5.89), alcohol consumption (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.72, 2.13), age (OR = 2.51, 95% CI: 1.08, 5.84), and diabetic mellitus (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 0.92, 3) were positively associated with periodontal disease. Conclusion: A positive association was found between smoking, alcohol consumption, age, gender, history of diabetic mellitus, and periodontal disease. No significant association exists between obesity and periodontal disease in South Indian adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim- Metabolic fuel detectors regulate energy balance at peripheral and central levels. The aim of this study is to assess association of serum Orexin levels with Metabolic risk markers in women of reproductive age group. Material And Methods- The study was conducted in campus of King George Medical University (KGMU), Uttar Pradesh Lucknow, INDIA. 150 apparently healthy women of reproductive age group i.e. 20-40 years of age were randomly selected. Fasting serum orexin and Serum insulin levels were measured using ELISA and weight, Body mass index, Fasting blood glucose, Lipid prole and Blood pressure were estimated in women. Result- The results show that Serum orexin levels has signicant positive correlation with fasting blood glucose, weight, BMI and waist circumference along with a weak negative correlation with serum Insulin level. Conclusion- In present study Serum orexin levels signicantly correlate with weight, BMI, Fasting blood glucose and weak negative correlation with serum Insulin levels. serum orexin levels did not correlate with lipid prole of women of reproductive age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis begins in childhood in around one-third of the cases. There has been conflicting evidence regarding the association of paediatric psoriasis with comorbidities. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study was to find out various comorbidities (abnormal body mass index, metabolic syndrome, lipid abnormalities, diabetes mellitus, and raised blood glucose) associated with paediatric psoriasis. Materials and Methods: All patients of psoriasis (age <18 years) who visited the Paediatric Psoriasis clinic from January 2017 to September 2021 were recruited in this record-based study. Results: Records of 100 patients were analysed, with female to male ratio of 1:1. The age group ranged from 11 months to 18 years. The average body surface area involved was 5.43%. The average psoriasis area and severity index was 2.47. Joint involvement was seen in 7% of patients in our study. A total of 52 (52%) patients had abnormal body mass index, out of which 21 patients were overweight and 31 were obese. At least one lipid abnormality was found in 66 (66%) patients. The most common lipid abnormality was decreased high-density lipoprotein, followed by raised total cholesterol, raised total triglycerides and raised low-density lipoprotein. 8 (8%) patients were found to have raised blood glucose levels. Out of which, six had impaired fasting glucose and two were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. 5 (5%) patients were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: Paediatric psoriasis is a chronic disfiguring disease and may have profound emotional and psychological effects. There is a lack of studies from India on the prevalence of these comorbidities in paediatric psoriasis. More studies are required from different parts of the world for a better understanding of paediatric psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Anthropometric parameters can play an important role in monitoring the progression and management of diabetes mellitus (DM). This study was planned to highlight the relationship of abdominal volume index (AVI) with glycemic control and the microvascular complication of albumin excretion. Aims: We aimed to study the association of AVI with glycemic control and urine albumin excretion in patients of type 2 DM. Settings and Design: This was a descriptive, observational, cross-sectional, hospital-based study. Subjects and Methods: The study conducted in a tertiary care health center of North India recruited thirty consecutive patients of type 2 DM attending the Medicine outpatient department. Anthropometric assessment was made, and samples for blood biochemistry including glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and urine albumin excretion were taken. Statistical Analysis Used: The association of AVI with degree of glycemic control and urine albumin levels was expressed as correlation coefficients (r) by using Spearman or Pearson correlation measures for qualitative and quantitative variables respectively. The ability of AVI to predict HbAlC and urine albumin-creatinine ratio was calculated by a simple linear regression technique. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was no statistical significance in the predictive ability of AVI and glycemic control, and microalbuminuria. Conclusions: Our study showed that AVI is not a reliable marker in diabetic patients to predict the degree of glycemic control and microalbuminuria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The objective of the study was to examine the association of screen time with body adiposity and hypertension among the school-going adolescents of Manipur. Methods Data were collected from 728 school-going adolescents of both sexes aged between 15 and 19 years. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and self-response to screen time were collected. Chi-squared test and odds ratio were done to check the association between screen time and overweight/obesity and hypertension. Results About 78.8% of males spent less than or equal to 6 hours at the screen, while 21.3% spent more than 6 hours at the screen. Eighty-six percent of females spent less than or equal to 6 hours at the screen, and 14% spent more than 6 hours at the screen. Chi-squared analysis shows a significant association between abdominal obesity (waist circumference, WC) and screen time in males (p < 0.05), while no association is observed in females. However, screen time shows no correlation with body mass index, weight-to-height ratio, and hypertension. Conclusion This study highlights a high percentage of adolescents engaged in longer screen time, more than 6 hours. Furthermore, the study put forth the association of abdominal obesity as measured by WC with the screen time among the adolescents of Manipur. Longer screen time may deteriorate adolescents' health status as it reduces physical activity time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In three socioeconomically diverse regions of rural India, we determined the optimal cut-offs for definition of overweight, the prevalence of overweight, and the relationships between measures of overweight and risk of hypertension. Villages were randomly sampled within rural Trivandrum, West Godavari, and Rishi Valley. Sampling of individuals was stratified by age group and sex. Cut-offs for measures of adiposity were compared using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Associations between hypertension and definitions of overweight were assessed by logistic regression. Of 11 657 participants (50 % male; median age 45 years), 29.8 % had hypertension. Large proportions were overweight as defined by body mass index (BMI) ≥ 23 kg/m2 (47.7 %), waist circumference (WC) ≥ 90 cm for men or ≥ 80 cm for women (39.6 %), waist-hip ratio (WHR) ≥ 0.9 for men or ≥ 0.8 for women (65.6 %), waist-height ratio (WHtR) ≥ 0.5 (62.5 %), or by BMI plus either WHR, WC or WHtR (45.0 %). All definitions of overweight were associated with hypertension, with optimal cut-offs being at, or close to, the World Health Organization (WHO) Asia-Pacific standards. Having overweight according to both BMI and a measure of central adiposity was associated with approximately twice the risk of hypertension than overweight defined by only one measure. Overweight, as assessed by both general and central measures, is prevalent in rural southern India. WHO standard cut-offs are appropriate in this setting for assessing risk of hypertension. However, combining BMI with a measure of central adiposity identifies risk of hypertension better than any single measure. The risk of hypertension is significantly greater in those centrally and generally overweight than those overweight by a single measure. • Approximately half of adult residents in rural South India have overweight or obesity. • Having overweight is positively associated with risk of hypertension in rural South India. • The WHO Asia Pacific BMI cut-offs for overweight are appropriate for assessing risk of hypertension in rural South India. • Combined general and central adiposity is associated with twice the risk of hypertension than either form of adiposity alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity has been a major concern due to its increasing prevalence and associated metabolic complications. Body mass index (BMI) assesses general obesity, but it does not distinguish between muscle and fat accumulations, so using only BMI can lead to an erroneous result. Waist circumference (WC), a marker of central obesity, predicted mortality risk better than BMI. However, WC can be affected by abdominal distension, is time-consuming, and may not be culture-sensitive. Neck circumference (NC) is devoid of these disadvantages and is believed to be an index of upper body fat distribution. This study aimed to assess the association of neck circumference with general and central obesity and to identify the cut-off points for evaluating obesity in young adults using NC. Material and Methods: Height, weight, waist, and hip circumference were measured to determine BMI and waist-hip ratio. NC was measured at the level of the mid-cervical spine and mid-anterior neck in a standing position with the arms hanging freely. For males with a laryngeal prominence, NC was measured just below the prominence. Results: In total, 357 (170 male and 187 female) young, healthy Indian adults aged 18--25 participated. Neck circumference (NC) is significantly associated with BMI and WC in both genders. We found the best cut-off for male and female participants to be ≥34 cm and ≥30.5 cm, with a sensitivity of 88.3% and 84.4% for assessing obesity. Conclusion: NC may be a better alternative to BMI and WC as a marker to assess obesity since it is more practical, simple, inexpensive, time-saving, and less invasive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cluster of obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and impaired glucose metabolism is the foundation of metabolic syndrome. Its prevalence has been on rise in India due to socioeconomic transitions. The aim of this study is to analyze thyroid hormone function in cases with metabolic syndrome. Method: It was cross sectional case control study. In this study 100 cases with metabolic syndrome and 100 normal individuals were enrolled. Result: Total 68% of cases with metabolic syndrome were Euthyroid, 6% cases had hypothyroidism, 20% cases had sub-clinical hypothyroidism and 6% cases had hyperthyroidism. High waist circumference was present in 91.17% of euthyroid cases, 90% of subclinical hypothyroid cases, 83.33% of hypothyroid cases and 100 % of hyperthyroid cases. Increased serum triglyceride levels were present in 69.11% of euthyroid cases, 60% of subclinical hypothyroid cases, and 83.33% of both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid cases.50% of Euthyroid cases were hypertensive while 100% cases of sub-clinical hypothyroidism, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were hypertensive. Increased serum HDL was found in 60.29% of euthyroid cases, 55% of subclinical hypothyroid cases, 66.66% and 33.33% of hyperthyroid cases. High fasting blood glucose was present in 70.58% of euthyroid cases, 90% of subclinical hypothyroid cases, 66.66% of hypothyroid cases and 83.33% of hyperthyroid cases. Conclusion: In our study one fifth of metabolic syndrome cases or every fifth case with metabolic syndrome had Sub-clinical hypothyroidism and one in every 16 cases had hypothyroidism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) due to obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is reported to be a major contributor to many road traffic accidents. Lack of awareness and diagnosis of OSA among public transport workers remains a threat to the society. Aims: The primary aim of this study was to assess the risk of OSA among transport drivers of south Kerala using modified Berlin questionnaire. The secondary objective included craniofacial assessment of the high-risk patients identified through the questionnaire using lateral cephalogram. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 180 transport drivers of south Kerala. Methods and Material: Modified Berlin questionnaire and limited physical examination [body mass index (kg/m2), neck circumference (cm), waist circumference (cm), hip circumference and waist to hip ratio, blood pressure (mm Hg)] were recorded. The screened subjects were categorized as high-risk snorers and low-risk snorers based on modified Berlin questionnaire. Craniofacial morphological variations of high-risk group were assessed by lateral cephalograms. Statistical Analysis Used: The descriptive statistics were represented as mean and standard deviation and percentage. Inter-group comparison was performed with independent sample t test. Results: The study demonstrated 64.4% of subjects were non-snorers and 35.6% were snorers. Furthermore, among the snorers, 46.9% were identified as high-risk snorers, whereas the remaining 53.1% represented low-risk snorers. Conclusions: The study revealed the concealed risk of OSA among transport drivers could be screened through the questionnaires and demographics assessment. The application of the proposed screening protocol would triage and enhance safety of OSA affected transport drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is scarce data in the literature concerning the impact of abdominal obesity and symptoms of Asthma. Aim: To assess the Correlation of Asthma symptoms control with waist circumference and BMI in subjects visiting healthcare centers in India. Methods: The study assessed 220 subjects with asthma evaluated for asthma symptom control and severity, and correlation was done with the parameters of obesity like waist circumference based on WHO and Indian criteria. Results: For Indian criteria, normal, overweight, and obese subjects having poorly controlled asthma were 2.24% (n=4), 15.73% (n=28), and 82.02% (n=146) respectively, whereas, well controlled were 14.28% (n=6), 23.80% (n=10), and 61.90% (n=26) subjects (p=0.04). In subjects with abdominal obesity, asthma was poorly controlled in 43.63% (n=96) subjects and was poorly controlled in 1.81% (n=4) study subjects respectively. For FEV1 of <60%, for moderately severe spirometry, poor and well controlled asthma was seen in 19.09% (n=42) and 0.90% (n=2) subjects, in severe spirometry, poor and well controlled asthma symptoms were seen in 19.09% (n=42) and 1.81% (n=4) study subjects, whereas, in very severe spirometry, poor and well controlled asthma symptoms were seen in 1.81% (n=4) study subjects and 0.90% (n=2) study subjects respectively Conclusion: In asthmatic obese subjects, the waist parameter is a vital and simple parameter to be evaluated. However, Indian parameters for BMI and waist circumference are found to be better for the assessment of asthma symptoms in Indians compared to the standards of WHO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND and objective: Obesity is a major health issue and there is steady trend of increasing obesity over the past several decades. Obesity can alter the respiratory function and may impair the health of an individual. Although several factors such as respiratory muscle strength, lung compliance, resistance to airflow and even obesity affect the lung functions, the nature of relationship with markers of adiposity, the role of body fat distribution has received limited attention. So the objective of this study was to correlate PEFR and WC in overweight women. Methods: 100 overweight women whose BMI was 25-29.9 kg/m2, who fulfill the inclusion and exclusion criteria, aged between 20-50 years were selected for the study. Waist circumference (WC) and Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of all the subjects were measured. Results: Data were analyzed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. The result showed non-significant correlation (p=0.057) (r = -0.057) between PEFR and WC in overweight women. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that obesity, measured as WC did not significantly affect the PEFR in young overweight females in the age group of 20 to 50 years. A central pattern of fat distribution, as measured by WC alone was not associated with lower values for PEFR in young female overweight adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes is 53.1% in India as reported by the International Diabetes Federation in 10th Diabetes Atlas 2021. Diabetes is affecting people of all ages and gender. Very high prevalence of abdominal obesity and large percentage of women in Haryana with elevated body mass index (BMI) make it crucial to screen them for type 2 diabetes. Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) is a proven tool to identify the people at risk of becoming diabetic in future. Early detection and primary prevention are the most effective ways to prevent the rising numbers among women. Objective: This study was conceived to estimate the risk of type 2 diabetes in young working women (25–40 years) using the IDRS tool. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional observational study was followed through with 504 working females in the age bracket 25–40 years. Data were taken down using a structured questionnaire administered through personal interview procedure. Demographics and parameters listed in IDRS such as age, waist circumference, family history of diabetes, and physical activity were itemized in the questionnaire. A purposive random sampling procedure was utilized for getting the numbers. Known cases of diabetes and subjects who refused to sign informed consent were excluded from the survey. Results: About 504 working women completed the survey questionnaire. IDRS scores revealed 18%, 53%, and 29% of the subjects in high-, moderate-, and low-risk brackets, respectively. Waist circumference, sedentary lifestyle, family history, and age were found to be significantly associated with the risk level. Conclusion: The research study brings forward the need for early detection though screening of young women at risk of becoming diabetic in future and necessary steps for primary prevention for the same. It remains imperative to device a comprehensive communication strategy for responsive transitional progression from high risk to absolute healthiness among the young working women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and hypothyroidism are well-established forerunners of atherogenic cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is possible that patients suffering from both these disease entities may have a compounded risk. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of hypothyroidism in MetS., Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2017 to August 2018 in the department of medicine at a tertiary care hospital in Northern India. Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional ethical committee. The study subjects consisted of 157 patients with MetS, the diagnosis of which was based on the International Diabetes Federation criteria. After a detailed history and physical examination, relevant investigations including complete thyroid profile were done. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests (P < 0.05)., Results: In our study, the age of subjects ranged between 14 and 92 years, with a mean ± standard deviation of 48.1 ± 17.01 years. There were more females than males with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.3. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was 46.5%. Hypothyroidism was more common in females (58.9%) as compared to males (41.1%). Patients with hypothyroidism had significantly higher body weight and body mass index (BMI) in comparison to euthyroid patients. The rest of the anthropometric parameters were comparable. Waist circumference and BMI of overt hypothyroid patients were found to be higher as compared to subclinical hypothyroid patients. Total cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly higher (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), while high-density lipoprotein levels were significantly lower in patients with hypothyroidism than the euthyroid group (P < 0.001)., Conclusion: Hypothyroidism, especially subclinical hypothyroidism, is a common endocrine disorder in patients with MetS. As MetS and hypothyroidism are independent risk factors for CVD, hence there is a need for screening for hypothyroidism and the treatment of the same can be beneficial in reducing the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with MetS., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Annals of African Medicine.)

Hypertension is a public health issue touted as a "silent killer" worldwide. The present study aimed to explore the sex differential in the association of anthropometric measures including body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio with hypertension among older adults in India. The study used data from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) conducted during 2017–18. The sample contains 15,098 males and 16,366 females aged 60 years and above. Descriptive statistics (percentages) along with bivariate analysis were presented. Multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between the outcome variable (hypertension) and putative risk or protective factors. About 33.9% of males and 38.2% of females aged 60 years and above suffered from hypertension. After adjusting for the socioeconomic, demographic and health-behavioral factors, the odds of hypertension were 1.37 times (CI: 1.27–1.47), significantly higher among older adults who were obese or overweight than those with no overweight/obese condition. Older adults with high-risk waist circumference and waist-hip ratio had 1.16 times (CI: 1.08–1.25) and 1.42 times (CI: 1.32–1.51) higher odds of suffering from hypertension, respectively compared to their counterparts with no high-risk waist circumference or waist-hip ratio. The interaction effects showed that older females with overweight/obesity [OR: 0.84; CI: 0.61–0.74], high-risk waist circumference [OR: 0.89; CI: 0.78–0.99], and high-risk waist-hip ratio [OR: 0.90; CI: 0.83–0.97] had a lower chance of suffering from hypertension than their male counterparts with the similar anthropometric status. The findings suggested a larger magnitude of the association between obesity, high-risk waist circumference, high-risk waist-hip ratio and prevalent hypertension among older males than females. The study also highlights the importance of measuring obesity and central adiposity in older individuals and using such measures as screening tools for timely identification of hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: India is facing a dual burden of malnutrition with high prevalence of underweight and increasing prevalence of overweight/obesity. Methodology: This study reports anthropometric findings (body mass index, waist circumference [WC], and waist–hip ratio [WHR]) from the screening of 3296 students admitted during 2018–2019. Results: Majority of the students were male (70%), with a mean age of 18.57 years. About 31% and 19% of students were underweight and overweight, respectively. Given sex-specific cutoffs for WC and WHR, about 5% and 21% of students were at substantially increased risk of metabolic complications. About 14.5% of normal and underweight students were also found to be at substantially increased risk of metabolic complications. Multivariate analysis found increasing age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88–0.98) and being male (OR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.62–0.88) to be protective factors against underweight. We did not find any statistically significant correlation for overweight, for WHR among males, and WC and WHR among females. Conclusion: It has been noted that the college environment increases the risk of weight gain. Hence, it makes a case to periodically study changes in anthropometric measures through a longitudinal study, and accordingly develop life cycle-based interventions for prevention/management of undernutrition, obesity, and related complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The different anthropometric indices have different predictive values of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in various populations. Since obesity is a common cause of NAFLD and diabetes, therefore, it is critical to correlate the various anthropometric indices as a risk factor in terms of NAFLD and diabetes in the Indian population. In view of reported association between obesity and NAFLD, the study was employed to analyze the relationship of various anthropometric indices (body mass index [BMI], a body shape index [ABSI], waist-height ratio [WHtR], etc.) with NAFLD and to comment, if possible, which among them has the highest predictive value in patients with type 2 diabetes. Material and Methods: Data of 220 diabetic patients (36–80 years) were analyzed. Anthropometric data were collected using standard methods. Routine biochemical investigations data were used. Ultrasonography was used to assess liver status for NAFLD. Results: Based on the results, Waist height ratio [WHtR] and BMI had better correlation with NAFLD than ABSI. The desirable WHtR cutoff value was 0.545 with 62% of sensitivity and 62% of specificity. The cut off for BMI and ABSI were 24.6 and 0.805, respectively, with 65% of sensitivity and 62% of specificity for BMI and 63% of sensitivity and 42% of specificity for ABSI. Conclusion: There is a strong association of BMI and ABSI with NAFLD in this study. Public health measures to limit overnutrition and management of obesity are essential to prevent NAFLD, and as its negative health effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: India is claimed to be the diabetes capital of the world. Many studies had proven that persistent hyperglycemia and associated metabolic syndrome features like hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity contribute to the development of vascular complications. The present study aims to study the prevalence and clinical profile of microvascular and macrovascular complications in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: The study is a clinical, prospective and observational study of 100 newly detected type 2 diabetics attending medicine department outpatient/ inpatient, MMU hospital, ambala, form the subject for the study August 2018 to July 2020 (24 months) who matched the inclusion criteria. Results: In this, 62 were males and 38 were females and the mean age was 54.05±13.24 years. 44% were detected when they presented with multiple complications due to diabetes. Common complications which they presented were coronary artery disease (15%), infection (12%), stroke (6%), ulcers (4%), neuropathy (4%) and diabetic ketoacidosis (1%). The prevalence of macrovascular complications CAD, CVD and PAD was 26.0%, 8.0% and 11.0% respectively and microvascular complications retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy was 20.0%, 34.0% and 16.0% respectively.High incidence of complications especially microvascular and CAD occur with HbA1c of range >6.5. The correlation coefficient of FBS and PPBS in relation to HbA1c was 0.56 and 0.57 respectively. Conclusion: Smoking, increased BMI and waist circumference is associated with increased prevalence of diabetes. There is high prevalence of coronary artery disease, retinopathy and nephropathy at diagnosis.HbA1c levels predict the prevalence of complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body composition analysis (BCA) measurements are the quantitative methods to evaluate nutritional status and adiposity. There is an increased need for BCA methods, especially calculation of body fat percentage with better sensitivity and precision. This study is focused on estimation of body fat percentage using two methods. Objective of the study was to compare body fat percentage obtained using four-site skinfold thickness (SFT) measurement with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) of young women. The 4-site SFTs were measured at triceps, bicep, subscapular and suprailiac region, using Harpenden caliper. Body fat percentage was computed using sum of skinfolds and Durnin-Womersley equation. BIA was done using a body composition analyzer. Statistical analysis including the Bland-Altman plot was performed in SPSS software v.23.0 and MS Excel. A total of 310 women (age 18-25 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. Mean BMI of participants was 22.2±5.05 kg/m2. Body fat percentage from skinfold thickness and BIA techniques were 32.79±5.048% and 33.85±5.32% respectively. Although there was a positive correlation (p<0.01) observed between the two methods, Bland-Altman plot indicated a proportional bias (r=0.176, p<0.05). It also showed difference of agreement between SFT & BIA methods. BIA overestimates the body fat percentage with limits of agreement range -5.33% to 3.28%. Our study reported that BIA overestimates body fat percentages compared to SFT. However, the two methods are not interchangeable. Evaluating anthropometric measurements is considered useful method as it controls regional changes of subcutaneous adiposity, whereas BIA technique can be used for its practical applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Raised blood pressure (BP) is the leading global risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and a major cause of premature death. Worldwide, one in four men and one in five women are hypertensive. For effective preventive strategy, understanding of predictors of hypertension is necessary. Objective: To assess prevalence and predictors of hypertension in the rural adult Indian population. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 425 rural subjects (25–64 years) of the Varanasi district in India selected through multistage sampling. Blood pressure of each subject was measured using a standard technique. Sociodemographic data and predictors of hypertension were assessed by interviewing subjects with help of a predesigned and pretested proforma. Results: Prevalence of hypertension was 31.5% (95% CI: 27.1–35.9). There existed a significant (P < 0.05) association of BP with age, educational status, occupation, socioeconomic class, tobacco consumption, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and nutritional status. No significant association was found with gender, religion, caste, marital status, type and size of family, family without NCDs, awareness of screening camps for NCDs and national program for prevention and control of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and stroke, and alcohol consumption. Significant association of education, nutritional, and occupational status obtained in univariate analysis got eliminated in the logistic model. Risk of hypertension was higher in the 45–64 years age group (AOR: 3.06; 95% CI: 1.75–5.35) and in socioeconomic class IV and V (AOR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.17–4.31). Conclusion: Prevalence of hypertension in the rural population was high and most of the observed predictors were modifiable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Co-existence of multiple chronic diseases is increasingly becoming a norm among ageing population. The study aims to investigate the prevalence of multimorbidity and the association between anthropometric measures of obesity and multimorbidity among men and women aged 60 years and above in India.Methods: The present study is based on the first wave of the Longitudinal Aging Study in India. The analytical sample size for the study was 28,050 older adults aged 60 years and above. Descriptive statistics and multivariable analysis using logistic regression models were conducted.Results: Body Mass Index (BMI) based-obesity is more prevalent among older women than men (26.3% vs. 17.6%). Similarly, higher proportion of older women was at high-risk waist circumference (37.1% vs 8.9%) and waist-hip ratio (78.5 vs 75.4%) than men respectively. In Model-I, after controlling for several covariates, older adults with overweight/obesity were 1.6 times more likely to have multi-morbidity than non-obese older adults (Adjusted OR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.48-1.74). Similarly, older adults with high-risk waist circumference [Adjusted OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.52-1.80] and waist-hip ratio [Adjusted OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.33-1.59] also had higher odds of having multi-morbidity in reference to their counterparts. In model-3 it was found that females with high-risk waist-hip ratio had 14% lower odds of multimorbidity than males with high-risk waist-hip ratio [Adjusted OR: 0.86; 95%CI: 0.78-0.94].Conclusion: The findings of the study show significant gender difference in the prevalence of multimorbidity, men being at increased risk in the multivariate analysis which is uncommon in the existing epidemiological research. Interactive effect of male gender with anthropometric measures on multimorbidity reported in our study probably due to increased unhealthy behaviours among men requires further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has dramatically increased in the recent years. In India, more than 10% of schoolchildren are overweight or obese. Schools play a major role in the modification of behavior. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of after-school physical activity intervention on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference/height ratio as primary outcomes. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was adopted where the schools were randomized. Each group, i.e., study and control groups, had 140 overweight adolescents. BMI and waist circumference/height ratio were measured. After-school physical activity intervention was carried out for a period of 9 months by the study group. The posttests were carried out at an interval of 3 months up till 9 months. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in BMI between the study and control groups during the 6th and 9th months (t = 1.256, P < 0.001 and t = 0.920, P < 0.001), respectively. The repeated measures analysis of variance did not show a significant reduction in BMI and waist circumference/height ratio over a period of time. Conclusion: School-based physical activity interventions are effective in prevention of childhood overweight/obesity and are a very cost-effective measure that can be easily implemented in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In menopause, changes in body fat distribution lead to increasing risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Therefore, the prediction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by the presence of risk factors is of importance in elderly women. Objective: To find out the conicity index (CI) and its association with different CVD risk factors among rural elderly women of West Bengal. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted among 236 rural elderly women, selected randomly from 30 villages of Amdanga block, West Bengal. Components of metabolic syndrome (MS), body fat percentage, different lipid profile fractions, CI, and body mass index (BMI) were measured. Statistical tests were calculated using SPSS software version 20.0. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: High CI (median 1.25 and interquartile range 1.05–1.45) was found. The proportion of participants with high CI were significantly higher among those with MS (87.95%), waist circumference having 80 cm or more (99.09%), blood pressure having ≥ 130/85 mm of Hg (75.66%), body fat percentage ≥25% (80.14%), and BMI ≥23 (93.18%). Conclusion: High prevalence of CI existed among rural elderly women. Significant correlation existed between CI and different CVD risk factors as well as some of the components of MS indicating a possible coexistence of different CVD risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rising obesity epidemic and dyslipidemia majorly contribute to cardiovascular disease burden. Emerging evidence has reported an increasing trend of metabolic disorders among rural tribal populations in developing countries. Hence, the present study attempts to estimate the prevalence of obesity and dyslipidemia and explore their association among Bhil tribal population from India. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study consisting of 277 adults recruited through household survey. Data on socio-demographic and lifestyle variables were collected and obesity was determined using anthropometric measurements. Biochemical assay was done using fasting blood samples. Logistic regression was employed to identify obesity variables associated with dyslipidemia. Results: Almost 40% of the population had generalized obesity (high BMI) while abdominal obesity was found to be relatively higher in terms of WHR (76.9%) followed by WHtR (59.2%) and WC (44.8%). Dyslipidemia in form of low HDL-C was found to be highest (52.3%) followed by high TG (40.8%), TC (7.9%), and LDL-C (6.5%). Sex-wise distribution of obesity and dyslipidemia variables revealed women were significantly more obese and dyslipidemic (low HDL-C) as compared to men. Logistic regression analysis after controlling for confounders revealed a significant association of abdominal obesity with all abnormal lipids except for high TG. Conclusion: The observed high prevalence of obesity and dyslipidemia, particularly low HDL-C and hypertriglyceridemia, warrants a public health concern. This study emphasizes the need for population-specific disease documentation to highlight underlying mechanisms of risk factors and to set forth a targeted approach to disease treatment and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The patients with Type 2 diabetes Mellitus may often remain asymptomatic for a longer period of time. The Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS), a simple screening tool for prediction of undiagnosed diabetes. Objective: Validation of IDRS with standard test for type 2 diabetes among urban population of Jhalawar, Rajasthan. Material and Methods: A Community based Cross-sectional study was carried out in urban field practice area of Department of Community Medicine, Jhalawar Medical College, Jhalawar, Rajasthan. The study was conducted using a two-stage sampling design. A predesigned, pretested proforma and Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) sheet was used to collect data from the study participants. The IDRS is based on four parameters: age, family history of diabetes, waist circumference and physical inactivity. Data was collected using the World Health Organization stepwise approach to surveillance (STEPS). Results: Among 450 participants, 12.7% participants were in low risk, 59.1% were in moderate risk and 28.2% were in high risk of developing diabetes according to IDRS score. IDRS score of ≥60 turned out to be the best cut point for identifying undiagnosed diabetes with sensitivity 92.3% and specificity 82.6%. Positive Predictive value and Negative Predictive value were 47.3% and 98.5% respectively. Conclusion: Association of IDRS was found significant with diabetes. IDRS score of ≥60 turned out to be the best cut point for identifying undiagnosed diabetes. IDRS is found valid screening tool for early detection of Diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: To study the effectiveness of diabetic yoga protocol (DYP) against management of cardiovascular risk profile in a high-risk community for diabetes, from Chandigarh, India. Methods: The study was a randomized controlled trial, conducted as a sub study of the Pan India trial Niyantrita Madhumeha Bharath (NMB). The cohort was identified through the Indian Diabetes Risk Scoring (IDRS) (≥ 60) and a total of 184 individuals were randomized into intervention (n = 91) and control groups (n = 93). The DYP group underwent the specific DYP training whereas the control group followed their daily regimen. The study outcomes included changes in glycemic and lipid profile. Analysis was done under intent-to-treat principle. Results: The 3 months DYP practice showed diverse results showing glycemic and lipid profile of the high risk individuals. Three months of DYP intervention was found to significantly reduce the levels of post-prandial glucose levels (p = 0.035) and LDL-c levels (p = 0.014) and waist circumference (P = 0.001). Conclusion: The findings indicate that the DYP intervention could improve the metabolic status of the high-diabetes-risk individuals with respect to their glucose tolerance and lipid levels, partially explained by the reduction in abdominal obesity. The study highlights the potential role of yoga intervention in real time improvement of cardiovascular profile in a high diabetes risk cohort. Trial registration: CTRI, CTRI/2018/03/012804. Registered 01 March 2018—Retrospectively registered, http://www.ctri.nic.in/CTRI/2018/03/012804. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing prevalence of obesity in India, body mass index (BMI) has garnered importance as a disease predictor. The current World Health Organization (WHO) body mass index (BMI) cut-offs may not accurately portray these health risks in older adults aged 60 years and above. This study aims to define age-appropriate cut-offs for older adults (60-74 years and 75 years and above) and compare the performance of these cut-offs with the WHO BMI cut-offs using cardio-metabolic conditions as outcomes. Using baseline data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI), classification and regression tree (CART) cross-sectional analysis was conducted to obtain age-appropriate BMI cut-offs based on cardio-metabolic conditions as outcomes. Logistic regression models were estimated to compare the association of the two sets of cut-offs with cardio-metabolic outcomes. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity were estimated. Agreement with waist circumference, an alternate measure of adiposity, was conducted. For older adults aged 60-74 years and 75 years and above, the cut-off for underweight reduced from < 18.5 to < 17.4 and < 13.3 respectively. The thresholds for overweight and obese increased for older adults aged 60-74 years old from >  = 25 to > 28.8 and >  = 30 to > 33.7 respectively. For older adults aged 75 years and above, the thresholds decreased for both categories. The largest improvement in AUC was observed in older adults aged 75 years and above. The newly derived cut-offs also demonstrated higher sensitivity and specificity among all age-sex stratifications. There is a need to adopt greater rigidity in defining overweight/obesity among older adults aged 75 years and above, as opposed to older adults aged 60-74 years old among whom the thresholds need to be less conservative. Further stratification in the low risk category could also improve BMI classification among older adults. These age-specific thresholds may act as improved alternatives of the current WHO BMI thresholds and improve classification among older adults in India., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the most important emerging pandemics of the 21st century and is associated with renal dysfunction in a significant number of subjects, the association of which is shown to be of greater significance in the South Asian population., Aims and Objectives: The prevalence of renal dysfunction in patients with MetS is the primary outcome. The secondary outcome is to assess the strength and significance of the association between the individual components of MetS and the presence of renal dysfunction., Materials and Methods: This is a hospital-based cross-sectional observational study conducted for 2 years in a tertiary care hospital in India. A total of 100 diagnosed subjects of MetS were taken as cases and underwent relevant blood tests. Data were collected and analyzed in a Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v29 sheet., Results: Over a period of 18 months, 100 subjects with MetS were documented, among which 66% had albuminuria, with microalbuminuria being 24% and the rest being macroalbuminuria. Among the same subjects, 30% had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/minute/1.73m 2 . Waist circumference (WC) [measured by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) protocol] had the strongest association with increased albuminuria ( r = 0.540; p -value < 0.001) as well as reduced eGFR ( r = 0.460; p -value < 0.001)., Conclusion: All the components of MetS, for example, increased WC, hypertension, increased fasting glucose, raised triglyceride (TG), and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), have statistically significant correlations with increased urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and decreased eGFR, signifying glomerular injury and renal dysfunction, respectively., (© Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2024.)

Background: Globally Noncommunicable Diseases is lead causes of mortality. This calls for the need of sensitive and cost appropriate screening tools to identify asymptomatic healthy individuals with higher risk and/or subclinical NCD in the community. The study aims to generate pilot evidence based, validated, good quality, cost appropriate, and sustainable risk assessment score for NCD for developing countries like India. Methods: This descriptive retrospective study of diabetic camp data of 84 patients was conducted. A risk score having 10 questions and three measurements for NCDs appropriate for Indian communities was generated. It was compared to IDRS, FINDRISC, FRS, CBAC, and WHO/ISH prediction charts. Results: The study finally included 36 patients with NCD as case and 44 subjects without NCD as control. The means of weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, and blood sugar were significantly different among the two groups. AMNRAS of more than 14 was highly predictive for an individual to be at risk of NCD or sub clinical case of NCD requiring evaluation. The proposed cut-off of 8 for AMNRAS, the sensitivity and NPV was highest compared to other score, 88.9% and 84.6%, respectively. Score for the Area under curve was significantly higher for AMNRAS [0.83 (0.74 to 0.92)] compared to other scores. Conclusions: AMNRAS has higher performance parameters than the other five tested in the present study. Other scoring system performs only modestly in discrimination of NCD cases. The accuracy of AMNRAS for NCD risk will have to be determined in large size cohorts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Some studies have found a positive association between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and metabolic syndrome; however, none are from India. Methods: We conducted a cross‐sectional study of 1040 adults aged between 18 and 50 years. Individuals from the annual health check‐up setting were screened using anthropometry and biochemistry. Based on the results, they were identified as with and without metabolic syndrome. We excluded individuals who were already diagnosed with metabolic syndrome or those who were already on medication for diabetes mellitus or hypertension or dyslipidemia. All the participants were administered the Rome III questionnaire for the diagnosis of IBS. Results: Metabolic syndrome was found in 307 of 1040 (29.5%) while 33 of 1040 (3.2%) had IBS. The proportion of IBS was not significantly different between participants with and without metabolic syndrome (1.6% vs 3.8% respectively; P = 0.06). Those with IBS had significantly greater mean weight (72.4 vs 67.2 kg; P = 0.009), mean waist circumference (88.8 vs 85.2 cm; P = 0.011), mean body mass index (BMI) (26.2 vs 24.2 kg/m2; P = 0.002), and higher mean fasting glucose (96 vs 89 mg/dL; P < 0.000) respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and IBS are comparable to previous literature from India. There was no association between metabolic syndrome and IBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ethnically endogamous populations can shed light on the genetics of type 2 diabetes. Such studies are lacking in India. We conducted this study to determine the genetic and environmental contributions of anthropometric traits to type 2 diabetes risk in the Sindhi families in central India. Methods: We conducted a family study in Indian Sindhi families with at least one case of type 2 diabetes. Variance components methods were used to quantify the genetic association of 18 anthropometric traits with eight type 2 diabetes related traits. Univariate and bivariate polygenic models were used to determine the heritability, genetic and environmental correlation of anthropometric traits with type 2 diabetes related traits. Results: We included 1,152 individuals from 112 phenotyped families. The ascertainment-bias corrected prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 35%. Waist circumference, hip circumference and the biceps, triceps, subscapular and medial calf skinfold thicknesses were polygenically and significantly associated with type 2 diabetes. The range of heritability of the anthropometric traits and type 2 diabetes related traits was 0.27–0.73 and 0.00–0.39, respectively. Heritability of type 2 diabetes as a discrete trait was 0.35. Heritability curves demonstrated a substantial local influence of type 2 diabetes related traits. Bivariate trait analyses showed that biceps and abdominal skinfold thickness and all waist-containing indexes were strongly genetically correlated with type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: In this first study of Sindhi families, we found evidence for genetic and environmental concordance of anthropometric traits with type 2 diabetes. Future studies need to probe into the genetics of type 2 diabetes in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Nationally representative percentiles for waist circumference (WC), waist‐to‐height‐ratio (WHtR), and body mass index (BMI) are not available for children and adolescents in India. Methods: Using LMS method, age‐ and gender‐specific reference growth charts were constructed for WC (n = 68,261), WHtR (n = 68,261), and BMI (n = 67,741) from children/adolescents aged 5–19 years who participated in a nationally representative survey. General obesity, indicating overall obesity, was defined as age–sex‐specific BMI z‐scores ≥ 95th percentile. Central obesity was defined in three ways: WC ≥ 90th percentile, WHtR ≥ 0.5, and both WC ≥ 90th percentile and WHtR ≥ 0.5. Findings: WC and BMI percentiles for boys and girls are lower than those previously reported from India and several other countries. The BMI percentiles are lower than the WHO 2007 reference population. The prevalence of general obesity using India specific BMI centiles was 2.9% (95% CI: 2.6–3.2). The prevalence of central obesity was 6.1% (95% CI: 5.7–6.6) using WC ≥ 90th percentile, 5.3% (95% CI: 5.0–5.7) using WHtR ≥ 0.5, and 3.6% using both criteria. Three‐fourth of children with general obesity also had central obesity based on WC ≥ 90th. Conclusions: Indian children are thinner than Caucasian and other Asian children, and the global WHO reference population. Using India specific reference, the prevalence of central obesity is higher than general obesity with a significant overlap between the two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low vitamin B12 concentration has been shown to be a risk factor for cardio‐metabolic traits in numerous observational studies; however, the relationship has remained inconsistent. It is possible that certain genotypes jointly contribute to cardio‐metabolic diseases and vitamin B12 deficiency, and these may be modulated by dietary factors. The main objective of this article is to summarise the findings from the GeNuIne (Gene‐Nutrient Interactions) Collaboration on the effect of gene–nutrient interactions on vitamin B12 concentrations and cardio‐metabolic disease risk factors in population‐based studies from different ethnic groups. Interactions between vitamin B12‐related single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and protein energy intake (%) on waist circumference (Pinteration =0.002) and body fat percentage (Pinteraction =0.034) were observed in Sri Lankan and Indonesian populations, respectively. In the study in Brazilian adolescents, the metabolic and vitamin B12‐related SNPs showed a significant interaction with dietary carbohydrate and protein intakes on oxidised low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and homocysteine concentrations, respectively. In the Asian Indian population, an association between obesity‐related SNPs and vitamin B12 concentrations (p = 0.018) was observed. In summary, these studies in multiple ethnic groups show that the association between genetically low vitamin B12 concentrations and cardio‐metabolic traits may be modified by dietary intake. Further studies utilising larger sample sizes are needed to confirm or refute our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current study explored changes in trend of anaemia and BMI among currently pregnant nullipara adolescent women against socio-economic determinants in India from 2005 through 2015. The association between anaemia in currently pregnant nullipara adolescent women v. currently pregnant nullipara older women of reproductive age was also explored.Design: We used the 2005 and the 2015 nationally representative Indian Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). The outcomes of interest, anaemia and BMI, were measured based on the DHS methodology following WHO standards and indicators. Place of residence, educational attainment and wealth quintiles were used as determinants in the analysis.Setting: India.Participants: In total, 696 adolescent girls from the India 2005 DHS and 3041 adolescent girls from the India 2015 DHS.Results: The 10-year transition from 2005 to 2015 showed differences between the least and most wealthy sections of society, with heaviest gains in anaemia reduction over time among the latter (from 50·0 to < 40·0 %). The odds of anaemia were significantly higher among the adolescent population when compared with adult women both in 2005 and in 2015 (OR = 1·2).Conclusions: Despite an overall improvement in the prevalence of both BMI < 18·5 and anaemia among adolescents nullipara in India, the adjusted risk of anaemia in the latter category was still significantly higher as compared with their adult counterparts. Since the inequalities evidenced during the first round of DHS remained unchanged in 2015, more investments in universal health care are needed in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]