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In the present study, we aimed to investigate the antioxidant, cytotoxicity activities, and phytochemical profiling of O. stellata extracts. Qualitative phytochemical tests showed the presence of different groups of phytochemicals, mainly in polar solvents. Methanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts showed high total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The antioxidant activity was determined by using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), metal chelating, and reducing power assay where methanolic (IC50: 24.76 ± 2.78 μg/mL), hydroalcoholic (IC50: 29.59 ± 3.44 μg/mL), and aqueous (IC50: 33.72 ± 1.97 μg/mL) extracts showed significantly antioxidant potential. Significant cytotoxicity activity was observed in the methanolic extract. As methanolic extract showed better activities, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of methanolic extract identified 41 bioactive compounds, where 17 major compounds had medicinal value. High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) bioassay-guided assay combined with Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATRFTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy characterized gallic and caffeic acid as free radical scavengers. This study evidences that the methanolic extract of O. stellata has potent antioxidant and anti-cancer properties, which may render oxidative stress-related disease and may be used for drug development for human health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Envenomation by the Hypnale hypnale in the Western Ghats of India (particularly in the Malabar region of Kerala) and the subcontinent island nation of Sri Lanka is known to inflict devastating mortality and morbidity. Currently, H. hypnale bites in India are devoid of anti-venom regimens. A detailed characterization of the venom is essential to stress the need for therapeutic anti-venom. Notably, the deleterious effects of this venom on human blood cells have largely remained less explored. Therefore, in continuation of our previous study, in the present study, we envisioned investigating the effect of venom on the morphological and physiological properties of red blood cells (RBCs). The venom readily induced deleterious morphological changes and, finally, the aggregation of washed RBCs. The aggregation process was independent of the ROS and the intracellular Ca2+ ion concentration. Confocal and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed the loss of biconcave morphology and massive cytoskeletal disarray. Crenation or serrated plasma membrane projections were evenly distributed on the surface of the RBCs. The venom did not cause the formation of methemoglobin in washed RBCs but was significantly induced in whole blood. Venom did not affect glucose uptake and Na+/K+ -ATPase activity but inhibited glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase activity and decreased the fluidity of the plasma membrane. Venom-induced RBC aggregates exhibited pro-coagulant activity but without affecting platelet aggregation. In pre-incubation or co-treatment studies, none of the bioactive compounds, such as melatonin, curcumin, fisetin, berberine, and quercetin, sugars such as mannose and galactose, and therapeutic polyvalent anti-venoms (Bharat and VINS) were inhibited, whereas only N-acetylcysteine and H. hypnale monovalent anti-venom could inhibit venom-induced deleterious morphological changes and aggregation of RBCs. In post-treatment studies, paradoxically, none of the bioactives and anti-venoms, including N-acetylcysteine and H. hypnale monovalent anti-venom, reversed the venom-induced RBC aggregates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pomegranate fruit contains biologically active compounds that provide anti-inflammatory properties. Byproducts of pomegranate and punicalagins inhibit the growth of pathogens while enhancing the growth of beneficial bacteria. The beneficial effects of phenolic compounds are exhibited in scavenging free radicals. Aim: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of Pomegranate Peel Extract (PPE). Materials and Methods: The present in-vitro study was designed and carried out at the Nanobiomedicine Laboratort, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, from June 2021 to August 2021. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the Egg Albumin Denaturation assay (EA) and Bovine Serum Albumin Denaturation assay (BSA). The measurement of antioxidant activity was conducted using the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging (H2O2) assay, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. The microorganisms used to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of PPE were S. mutans, S.aureus, E.faecalis, and C.albicans. Results were analysed using independent t-tests, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD). Results: Anti-inflammatory activity was observed with high concentrations of 40 and 50 µL in EA (70.06%±0.15, 78.08%±0.21) and BSA (75.50%±3.90, 80.82%±3.38) assays. Pronounced antioxidant activity of PPE was seen with higher concentrations of 40 and 50 µL in DPPH (88.17%±0.69, 92.50%±1.23), H2O2 (78.22%±0.94, 88.99%±1.03), and FRAP (78.43%±1.25, 88.49%±0.67) assays. The antimicrobial activity was highest at 100 µL for S.mutans (38±2.62 mm), S.aureus (36±3.16 mm), E.faecalis (21±1.48 mm), and C.albicans (23±2.36 mm). Conclusion: The study concluded that PPE has antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and these properties are concentration-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Momordica charantia, commonly known as bitter melon, is a fruiting plant that has been used for several diseases including infectious diseases. In this study, we report the antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity of different bitter melon fruit parts originating from India and Saudi Arabia. The in vitro experiments are supported by the molecular docking of karavilosides to verify their role in the bioactivity. The antimicrobial assays revealed activity against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The extracts exhibited the potent inhibition of HIV-I reverse transcriptase, with an IC50 of 0.125 mg/mL observed for the pith extract originating from Saudi Arabia and the standard drug doxorubicin. The molecular docking of karavilosides exhibited a significant affinity to reverse transcriptase comparable to Rilpivirine and higher than that of doxorubicin. These outcomes encourage the precious bioactive components of the seed and pith of the Saudi bitter melon fruits to be further studied for isolation and structure elucidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This is first study to evaluate the Moringa oleifera cultivars and landraces collected from the different geographical regions of Indian subcontinent for nutritional values, bioactive compounds, antioxidant potential and mineral profiling under subtropical climatic conditions of North-western India where summers and winter are so severe and wide fluctuation in weather is huge. Combination of these adapted accessions could be used in genetic improvement for nutritive values as a climate-smart crop. • Significantly (P < 0.01) high crude protein, fibre and fats, total energy, carotenoids, antioxidant activity, tannins, saponins and almost all elements except Cu and Zn were observed in mature leaves. However, tender leaves were found best for carbohydrates, soluble sugars, and FRAP. Significantly higher protein and fibre were analyzed in S12; fats, carbohydrates and total energy in S14 genotype. Huge variations were observed for bioactive compounds and minerals. Among the genotypes assessed, S6 (tender leaves) and S2 (mature leaves) exhibited more balanced nutritional profile. • Relevance of nutritional variability of Moringa oleifera for determining the aptitude as a source of nutrients, antioxidant activity, bioactive molecules and essential elements, can provide a reference for growers to choose best moringa cultivar and generating raw material for manufacturing of value-added products and thus, the intelligent combination of tender and mature leaves in specific proportions may contribute to providing health benefits due to their potential immune-boosting effect and fortifying the foods. The study aimed to determine the effect of leaf maturity on nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, minerals and antioxidant activity in fourteen genotypes of Moringa oleifera grown in the subtropical climate of north-western India. Significantly (p ≤ 0.01) high protein, fibre, carotenoids, antioxidant activity, tannins, saponins and almost all essential elements except Copper and Zinc were observed in the mature leaf stage. However, tender leaves were found the best for carbohydrates, sugars, phenols and flavonoids. The elevated antioxidant capacity shown by the Ferric-reducing antioxidant power and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl free radical scavenging techniques was directly correlated with the elevated phenolic compound concentration. Significantly higher protein and fibre were analyzed in S12; fats, carbohydrates and total energy in S14 genotype. Huge variations were observed for bioactive compounds and minerals. Among the genotypes assessed, S6 (tender leaves) and S2 (mature leaves) exhibited a more balanced nutritional profile. Thus, these findings confirm the relevance of nutritional quality of M. oleifera in assessing its suitability as a source of nutrients, antioxidants, bioactive ingredients and minerals, can provide a reference for growers to choose the best cultivar and judicious mixing of tender and mature leaves in certain proportions can produce raw materials for the production of value-added goods, and because of their possible immune-boosting effects, they may also contribute to giving health advantages and fortifying foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural cosmetics are merchandise which might be used to improve and enhance one's look. Herbal compounds are favoured over chemical ones on account that they're extra simply to be had and have much less bad outcomes. Cosmetics are a useful chemical this is broadly used around the globe to balance and improve the normal appearance of the face and one of a kind regions of the frame, including the hand, mouth, finger, hair, eye, and so forth. Powders, lotions, face packs, moisturisers, creams, shampoo, hair oil, hair conditioners, nail paint, and other cosmetics are protected. A appealing guy or beautiful lady have to have tender, lustrous, and healthy pores and skin and hair. Skin damage can be resulting from a diffusion of factors inside the environment, consisting of micro organism, chemical poisons, and chemical substances. Sandalwood and Turmeric have generally been used by Indian human beings for skin treatment, Henna to shading their hair, hands, and soles, and normal oils to fragrance their bodies. extensive domestic grown class drug treatments had been inside the past acted in India's imperial royal residences to uplift erotic appeal and guard standard tidiness. Natural face wash, domestic grown conditioner, herbal cleaner, and home grown cleanser are times of natural splendor care merchandise which are created and applied continuously. Natural cosmetics are formulations that combine energetic bio-substances, neutraceuticals, or drug treatments with cosmetics. Botanicals often include a variety of antioxidants, nutrients, oils, hydrocolloids, crucial oils, proteins, terpenoids, and other bioactive compounds. Our historic know-how of the way to utilise plant riches, as described in Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, and Tibetan medication, could be very useful in identifying phytochemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focused on the mushroom Ganoderma, which has been used in Eastern countries for centuries as a food and medicinal source. Specifically, the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma applanatum from the Kerala Forest Research Institute in Thirussur, Kerala, India, were analyzed for their nutritional and medicinal properties. The methanolic extracts of G. applanatum were used to examine secondary metabolites and proximate profiles, revealing the presence of various phytochemicals such as terpenoids, phenolics, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. Further analysis revealed the presence of significant amounts of calcium, sodium, phosphorus, and manganese. The compounds were characterized using chromatographic analysis, FTIR, and GC-MS, which revealed potential therapeutic compounds with C-H and C-O bonds in the amide group, β-glycosides, and C-C/C-O vibrations of phenolic substances. Mushroom extract at a concentration of 100 µg mL−1 exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. This study suggests that G. applanatum has a rich biochemical composition and pharmacological potential, making it a promising candidate for drug development and traditional medicine, and contributes valuable insights into its diverse therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gracilaria is one of the commercially important genera for the superior quality of phycocolloids, and high nutritional and therapeutic values. The present study is subjected to the bio-profile of the brackish water species Gracilaria tenuistipitata from the shoreline of Andhra Pradesh, East Coast, India. Proximate analysis of this species contains a high amount of carbohydrate (58.19 ± 3.52%), ash (32.64 ± 3.21%), moisture (5.84 ± 3.88%) and fiber (10.35 ± 0.595). The preliminary analysis of the algal extract confirmed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids, phenols, quinones and anthraquinones. The existence of important bioactive compounds such as ethyl oleate (18.45%), ethyl palmitate ((17%), ethyl linolenate (16.34%), phytol (12.46%) and clionasterol (8.56%) were also been confirmed in G. tenuistipitata by GCMS technique. The antibacterial potentiality of this species recorded the maximum zone of inhibition against E. coli (18.83 ± 0.6 mm), P. syringae (18 ± 1 mm) and S. aureus (17.33 ± 0.66 mm) at the concentration of 50 µg/ml. Further, this species exhibited a significant effect of antioxidant (IC50 = 24.08 ± 1.32) and anti-cancerous (IC50 = 39.90 ± 1.60 µg/ ml) activities against human lung cancer cells A459. Thus, G. tenuistipitata could be a promising element and alternative source for the potential activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study was to comprehensively explore the biochemical profile of the novel halotolerant microalgae strain, biogas laboratory scenedesmus (BGLRS), previously isolated from waterlogged regions in the southwest zone of Punjab, India. To achieve this, three distinct drying methods viz. freeze‐drying, oven‐drying, and shade‐drying were employed and biochemical composition and antioxidant analyses on the microalgal biomass were conducted. Utilizing advanced analytical techniques, including high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES), and gas chromatography‐mass spectroscopy (GC‐MS) on freeze‐dried biomass, its carbohydrate profile, micronutrient composition, and presence of bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic and nutraceutical significance were sought to unravel. Among the drying methods evaluated, freeze‐drying exhibited the most promising experimental results, prompting its selection for further investigation. Notably, ICP‐AES unveiled elevated concentrations of essential elements such as calcium, iron, magnesium, and phosphorus in BGLRS, with negligible traces of heavy metals, underscoring its safety for human consumption. GC‐MS analysis further divulged the existence of numerous biologically active compounds, indicating potential applications in medical and nutraceutical fields. Through molecular identification using sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, a close taxonomic resemblance between BGLRS and Scenedesmus sp. MKB was established, solidifying its unique position within the microalgal taxonomy. The deposition of ITS sequences into the NCBI GenBank, obtaining accession number MN796425, attests to the rigor and transparency of this research. Overall, these findings strongly suggest that microalgae BGLRS possesses high‐quality biochemical attributes of significant therapeutic and nutraceutical importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bottle gourd is a good source of health-beneficial bioactive substances. This research aimed at evaluating the effect of different cooking methods (pressure cooking, microwaving, and frying) and extraction solvents (methanol, ethanol and butanol) on bottle gourd fruit phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. The quantitative estimation of polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins was estimated by spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidative properties were evaluated using ferric thiocyanate (FTC), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) tests using the standard methods. Moreover, quantification of individual polyphenols was carried out by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique. Frying and pressure-cooking thermal treatments were observed to be the best methods for retaining bioactive molecules. When compared to the raw counterpart, the retention level of total phenol content (TPC) in pressure cooked and fried samples was 23.8% and 13.3%, respectively. Similarly, antioxidant capacity in terms of FRAP was observed to increase by 47.26% after pressure cooking and 28.50% after microwave cooking in respect to the raw sample. The HPTLC results showed that this fruit has high antioxidant capacity and is rich in phenolic acid [gallic(17.83 mg g−1dwb), p-coumaric (6.70 mg g−1dwb)and vanillic (60.66 mg g−1dwb] and flavonoids [quercetin (24.64 mg g−1dwb) and myrecetin (20.73 mg g−1dwb].The chromatography indicated destruction and transformation of new phenolic compounds due to heat treatments. The correlation analysis revealed that flavonoids were much more responsible for their antioxidant activity. Cooking methods and extraction solvents affected the retention and recovery of polyphenolic compounds available in bottle gourd fruit. These findings offer valuable information for optimizing cooking techniques to preserve and enhance the nutritional and antioxidant properties of bottle gourd, making it a valuable fruit for a healthy diet. Pressure cooking could be the most suitable cooking treatment as far as retention of bioactive compounds like phenolic acids is concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Drying methods significantly alter Moringa fruit pulp powder's composition, color, and ascorbic acid content. • Freeze-drying maintains maximum moisture, while oven drying minimizes it. • Freeze-dried MPP shows superior whiteness and less browning, ideal for food applications. • Freeze-drying improves water solubility, absorption, total phenol, and flavonoid content in MPP. • Freeze-dried MPP boasts top-notch in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, promising for functional foods. Moringa oleifera , a medicinal plant of considerable interest, has been extensively studied for its leaves' functional properties, while its pods have received relatively less attention, despite being widely consumed in India and other regions. This study investigates the effect of various drying methods on the crude composition, color, ascorbic acid content, water solubility, water absorption, total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Moringa pod pulp powder (MPP). The study reveals significant variations in the proximate composition, color attributes, and bioactive compounds of MPP resulting from freeze drying, microwave drying, oven drying, and sun drying methods. Freeze drying preserves the highest moisture content, while oven drying results in the lowest. Carbohydrate, protein, fat, ash, and crude fiber contents remain consistent across all drying methods, confirming MPP's nutritional value. Furthermore, freeze drying leads to higher ascorbic acid retention, highlighting its effectiveness in preserving this essential vitamin. The study demonstrates that freeze drying enhances water solubility, water absorption, total phenol content, and total flavonoid content in MPP. Notably, freeze dried MPP exhibits the highest in vitro antioxidant activity and antidiabetic potential, with significant α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and ACE inhibition properties. The findings underscore the importance of drying methods in preserving the quality and bioactive compounds of MPP, making it a valuable ingredient for various applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multidrug-resistant bacterial strains cause several serious infections that can be fatal, such as Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae (often referred to as ESKAPE pathogens). Since ancient times, several indigenous medical systems in India have utilized diverse medicinal plants (approximately 80,000 species) as conventional treatments for a variety of illnesses. A member of the Fabaceae family, also referred to as "Himalayan indigo," Indigofera heterantha Wall, is well known for its therapeutic properties. Methods: The present study investigated the antibacterial, antifungal and antihelmintic properties of the roots, bark, leaves, and flowers of I. heterantha from the Kashmir Himalayas. The effectiveness of the extracts against bacteria, fungi, and earthworms. Three of the tested organisms for bacteria were ESKAPE pathogens, as they are responsible for creating fatal bacterial infections. The antifungal potency of I. heterantha aqueous and methanolic extracts was evaluated using the Agar Well Diffusion Assay. The antihelmintic activity was carried out on an adult Pheretima posthuma Indian earth worm, which shares physiological and anatomical similarities with human intestinal roundworm parasites. Results: The methanolic extracts of root and bark have shown prominent activity against all bacterial strains, whereas aqueous extracts of flower, root, and leaves have shown promising activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The aqueous extract demonstrated good activity against S. cerevisiae at a concentration of 200 mg/ml with a zone of inhibition of 16 mm, while the methanolic extract displayed comparable activity against the fungal strains. The remaining two strains, P. crysogenum and A. fumigatus, were only moderately active in response to the extracts. All the extracts have shown anthelmintic activity except aqueous flower. Conclusion: These results will pave the way for the bioassay-guided isolation of bioactive constituents that may act as hits for further development as potential antibacterial agents against drug-resistant microbial and helminthic infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a significant endodontic pathogen, and its virulence has been shown to be significantly influenced by Enterococcal fibronectin binding protein-A (EfbA). Targeting this virulent protein using alternative strategies would be a novel idea to combat the complications of E. faecalis in dental healthcare settings. Thus, the rationale of this investigation is to identify potent bioactive compounds from Aegle marmelos for their antimicrobial properties against EfbA of E. faecalis. Aim: To assess the frequency of EfbA among clinical isolates of E. faecalis and evaluate the antibacterial activity of essential bioactive compounds from Aegle marmelos. Materials and Methods: An in-vitro and in-silico pilot study was conducted from April 2022 to June 2022 in the Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India to detect the frequency of EfbA in E. faecalis. Patients with typical root caries were included. Microbiological processing of 20 root caries samples was performed to characterise E. faecalis and detect the EfbA gene using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification. Crude methanol extract was obtained from A. marmelos and assessed for its antimicrobial effect against the isolated strains of E. faecalis. Furthermore, several biomolecules from A. marmelos were evaluated for their inhibitory properties through in-silico docking analysis. Results: E. faecalis was identified in 12 (60%) out of 20 root caries samples, and three isolates (25%) were identified as Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) strains based on the antibiogram susceptibility profile, showing resistance to more than three different tested antibiotic groups. EfbA was detected in two of the three MDR strains (66.7%). The crude extract of A. marmelos exhibited promising antibacterial activity. In-silico analysis of the essential oil compounds from A. marmelos revealed that Aegeline had a high interaction with low docking energy and a high number of hydrogen bonds. Conclusion: The current study highlights the potential of aegeline from A. marmelos as an antibacterial agent against resistant strains of E. faecalis. However, additional in-vivo research must be conducted to experimentally validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Terminalia arjuna is an evergreen tree commonly referred as Arjuna, widely distributed in India and is a prominent member of the genus Terminalia. It has been discovered that the various plant parts, including the root, leaf, bark, fruits, and seeds have unique medicinal property. Among them, bark part is found to have and plethora of bioactive compounds and rich in medicinal property, especially for its cardiovascular properties. Materials and Methods: In the current investigation we have developed a standardized extract of T. arjuna bark called Cardiboost, which contains 1% arjunolic acid. Cardiboost was used to examine in vitro thrombin and ACE enzyme inhibition. Additionally, MTT assay was used to measure cell viability of H9c2 cardiomyocytes, western blot experiments were performed to measure the levels of antioxidative enzyme levels CAT and SOD and the expressions of cell apoptosis regulatory proteins PARP1, Casp antiapoptotic properties to elucidate Cardiboost ability to prevent H9c2 cardiomyocytes cells suffering from oxidative damage induced by H2O2. Results: Cardiboost, exhibited potent thrombin and ACE inhibition property, with IC50 values of 111.88µg/mL and 196.66 µg/mL respectively, Furthermore, Cardiboost, averted the cell death and significantly increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes CAT and SOD which was subsided in presence of H2O2, and Cardiboost protected the mitochondrial events and reduced the apoptotic effects in H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Conclusion: Cardiboost could shield H9c2 cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress and may also be used as a medicinal product to prevent oxidative stress in cardiac damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sida cordata is a perennial, spreading herb that is well-known for its ethnomedicinal uses in India, Sri Lanka and other Asian countries. It is one of the most important plants in the Ayurveda and Siddha systems of medicine and is known as Raajabalaa and Bhumibalaa in Sanskrit. The present study aims to develop a profile of bioactive compounds using GC-MS analysis and evaluate their anticancer and antioxidant potential. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 18 compounds in the petroleum ether extract, 14 compounds in the acetone extract, 12 compounds in the ethanol extract and 6 compounds in the chloroform extract. Gamma-sitosterol is the most abundant compound found in the petroleum ether (18.48%), acetone (34.25%) and ethanol (25.17%) extracts. In the chloroform extract, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid is the most abundant compound, comprising 74.77% of the extract. The chloroform extract demonstrated significant in vitro cytotoxic activity against the HepG2 cell line, as determined by the MTT assay, with an IC50 value of 47.53 µg/mL. In vitro antioxidant potential was studied using DPPH and ABTS assays. However, the ethanol extract exhibited the highest scavenging activity, with IC50 values of 46.48 µg/mL and 94.17 µg/mL against their respective standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweeds are currently being extensively researched for the presence of a variety of valuable bioactive metabolites. This study examines the phytochemical components, quantification of flavonoid compounds, antioxidant, and anticancer effects of the methanol extract of marine brown alga Sargassum myriocystum from the Rameswaram coastal region of Tamilnadu, India. The seaweed was extracted using 80% methanol, and then a preliminary qualitative analysis was conducted. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content of the extract was calculated. Using column chromatography, a class of phenolic compounds known as flavonoids was separated from the crude methanol extract. Mass spectrometry, FTIR—Fourier transform infrared, GC–MS-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and UV–Vis (ultra violet-visible) spectroscopy were used to confirm the bioactive compound fractionated from the extract. Since antioxidants are essential in preventing many diseases, particularly cancer, the free radical scavenging activity of the isolated flavonoid compound, flavone was assessed using antioxidant assays. Anti-proliferation was evaluated using MTT-bromide test in breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) and morphological assessment of apoptosis was evaluated. The findings of the current investigation demonstrated that seaweed extracts effectively inhibited free radicals and cell proliferation. Hence, the flavonoid extracted from Sargassum myriocystum is a capable antioxidant and anticancer agent with applications in pharmacological sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyperus scarious is known as Nagarmotha in Unani medicine and belongs to the Cyperaceae family. The plant is widely distributed in India, especially in south India. It is found in damp areas of India like West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh etc. Rhizome has a folkloric medicinal value as cordial, desiccant, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, tonic, diarrhea, epilepsy, gonorrhea, syphilis and liver damage. The qualitative phytochemical study of this plant extract indicates the presence of inorganic and organic substances such as sodium, calcium, potassium and tannin, steroids, terpenoids, phenolics and resin respectively. Cyperus scariosus has several major and minor chemical constituents, many of which may show pharmacological activities, but the main bioactive compounds appear to be the sesquiterpenes among the terpenes identified in Cyperus rhizomes which are aromatic in nature. It also contains constituents like cyperenol, patchoulenol, rotundene, rotundenol, etc. It mainly possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, hypotensive, spasmolytic, hepato-protective, immuno-suppressive, etc. activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is one of the world’s 12 biodiversity centers with the presence of over 45000 different plants species. India’s diversity is unmatched due to the presence of 16 different agro-climatic zones, 10 vegetation zones, 25 biotic provinces and 426 biomes (habitats of specific species). Orthosiphon comosus Wight ex Benth. has very little previous record of use in traditional medicine. Orthosiphon comosus is commonly known as “Pavazha thulasi” in Tamil and is a medium sized shrub and endemic aromatic plant to Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve Forest (KMTR), in South India. Orthosiphon comosus Wight ex Benth. is an erect shrub, 3 - 5 feet high. The main objective of the current study was carried out to identify the bioactive chemical constituents present in the ethanol fraction of shade dried leaf sample of Orthosiphon comosus. In GC/MS analysis fifteen constituents were identified. GC/MS chromatogram of O. comosus ethanol extract gives two prominent peaks with retention time 31.32 and 32.43 indicating the presence of two bioactive compounds such as 9,19-Cyclolanost-24-en-ol, acetate (36)- and 13.27-Cyclounon-3-one. The identified compounds were reported as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-tumour properties. Identification of various bioactive compounds in the extract of O. comosus dried leaves warrants further biological and pharmacological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo shoots are a unique and versatile ingredient that has been a part of traditional cuisine and medicine in India for centuries. This review article provides an overview of the culinary heritage of bamboo shoots in India, with a particular focus on the Northeast region. The article discusses the traditional methods of consumption and processing of bamboo shoots, along with the various traditional recipes that use bamboo shoots. The article also explores the nutraceutical potential of bamboo shoots and its bioactive components, along with the role of hydrogen cyanide in bamboo shoots. Furthermore, the impact of bamboo shoots on human health is analyzed. The review concludes with future prospects and the need for further research to fully understand the potential of bamboo shoots as a source of food and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus is the most common cultivated fruit in the world as well as in India. Citrus fruits are not only refreshing and delicious but are also very rich in vitamin C. Apart from this, citrus fruits are good source of minerals like calcium, phosphorous and iron. Citrus fruits are taken fresh as well as in processed form. A wide range of bioactive substances have already been identified in foods and drinks. Lime has different medicinal properties like anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammation, anti-lipidemia and anti-oxidant properties. Its secondary metabolites are alkaloids, carotenoids, coumarins, essential oils, flavonoids, phenolic acids and triterpenoids. It is used against breast cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer and lymphoma. Sweet orange contains important phytochemicals like limonoids, synephrine, hesperidin, flavonoid, polyphenols, pectin and sufficient amount of folacin, calcium, potassium, thiamine, niacin and magnesium. Its sugars, acids, carotenoids, polyphenols, limonoids and vitamins determine the flavour of the fruit. In the present review, brief description of different species and their nutritive and medicinal values have been discussed to provide collective information about citrus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

North East Indian Himalayan Region (NEIHR) is endowed with a diverse ecosystem. The indigenous people of this region have good traditional knowledge to combat various diseases and physical ailments using ethnomedicinal plants that were gained through experience over years. Some of the plants have been incorporated in the conventional medicines. However, many of the plants have not been scientifically explored since they remain endemic to a particular region and the traditional healers kept it as secret knowledge. The majority of the endophyte of NEIHR belongs to genus Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Microbacterium, Pseudomonas, Serratia, and Streptomyces. Endophytic bacteria exhibit antimicrobial activities against important human pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, etc. Bioactive strains display potential anticancer and antioxidant activities. This review also incorporates some of the potential unexplored medicinal plants used by the ethnic population of this region for treating common diseases and the importance of exploring bioactive compounds from the associated bacteria. It will also highlight the prospects of discovering novel bioactive compounds that will have a new and novel mechanism of actions for combating the drug resistant pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants produce variety of secondary metabolites in response to stress. The study aimed to evaluate the soil moisture stress on oil content & composition of German chamomile conducted in, 2020 and 2021 at CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant, Research Centre, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. The treatments were T1 (just before irrigation), T2 (24 h after irrigation), T3 (72 h after irrigation), T4 (120 h after irrigation), and T5 (168 h after irrigation). Results showed that maximum oil content (0.26 & 0.57 ml/100g) was found in fresh and dry flowers, respectively of T2 & oil content decreased as the days to irrigation increased. GC results showed that the percentage of major compounds was lowest (74.02%) while maximum in acute drought conditions i.e. before irrigation (92.12%). Results suggest that soil moisture stress reduces the oil content however, the quality of oil is enhanced due to increased production of secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calocybe indica, generally referred as milky mushroom, is one of the edible mushroom species suitable for cultivation in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. However, lack of potential high yielding strains has limited its wider adaptability. To overcome this limitation, in this study, the germplasms of C. indica from different geographical regions of India were characterized based on their morphological, molecular and agronomical attributes. Internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS4)-based PCR amplification, sequencing and nucleotide analysis confirmed the identity of all the studied strains as C. indica. Further, evaluation of these strains for morphological and yield parameters led to the identification of eight high yielding strains in comparison to the control (DMRO-302). Moreover, genetic diversity analysis of these thirty-three strains was performed using ten sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers/combinations. The Unweighted Pair-group Method with Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA)-based phylogenetic analysis categorized the thirty-three strains along with the control into three clusters. Cluster I possesses the maximum number of strains. Among the high yielding strains, high antioxidant activity and phenol content was recorded in DMRO-54, while maximum protein content was observed in DMRO-202 and DMRO-299 as compared with the control strain. The outcome of this study will help the mushroom breeders and growers in commercializing C. indica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrographis macrobotrys Nees is an ethnomedicinal plant belonging to the family Acanthaceae, distributed in the moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests of the southern Western Ghats of India. The objective of this research was to determine the phytochemical composition and bioactive chemical components using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and to check the antioxidant potential of the plant part extracts. A. macrobotrys roots, stems, and leaves were obtained from the species' natural habitat in the Western Ghats, India. The bioactive compounds were extracted using a Soxhlet extractor at 55–60 °C for 8 h in methanol. Identification analysis of A. macrobotrys bioactive compound was performed using GC-MS. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals was carried out, and the antioxidant capacity of the plant extracts was determined by 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH) and ferric reducing assays (FRAP). A. macrobotrys has a higher concentration of phenolics in its stem extract than in its root or leaf extracts (124.28 mg and 73.01 mg, respectively), according to spectrophotometric measurements. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of phytochemicals such as azulene, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, benzoic acid, 4-ethoxy-ethyl ester, eicosane, 3-heptadecanol, isopropyl myristate, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, 1-butyl-cyclohexanol, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, alpha-monostearin, and 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone belonging to various classes of flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, fatty acids, and aromatic compounds. Significant bioactive phytochemicals include 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone, azulene, salvigenin, squalene, and tetrapentacontane. In addition, the antioxidant capability of each of the three extracts was assessed. The stem extract demonstrated impressive DPPH scavenging and ferric reduction activities, with EC50 values of 79 mg/mL and 0.537 ± 0.02 OD at 0.2 mg/mL, respectively. The results demonstrated the importance of A. macrobotrys as a source of medicine and antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current century, the development of medicine and molecular biotechnology led to successful containment and even eradication of some human pathogens, especially in developed countries. However, some pathogens have evolved, resulting in the emergence of other infectious diseases in developed countries. Human socioeconomic activities and the advancement of technology and transportation have led to the quick movement of humans to different parts of the world. There is a significant concern that this movement enhances the distribution of pathogens, making it difficult to contain, as witnessed with the global spread of the 2009 influenza pandemic within only 3 months and the 2014 Ebola outbreak, which spread in various West African countries within 8 months. Natural products obtained from plant sources can be identified as the next-generation antibacterial and antiviral alternatives. In developed countries, 80% of the population depends on traditional medicine for their primary healthcare issues, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Relatedly, India is one of the highest producing countries for medicinal herbs. It is considered an international botanical garden. Therefore, the focus of this current review was on the importance of using plants to treat bacterial and viral diseases due to the many advantages of these plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dickeya dadantii, the causal organism of bacterial stalk rot of sorghum, is India's widely spread and destructive disease. To explore sources of natural bactericides as alternative approaches in an integrated disease management strategy against D. dadantii, methanolic and aqueous extracts of twenty different plants were evaluated. In vitro antibacterial activity assays demonstrated that Eucalyptus globulus and Aegle marmelos produced compounds that exhibited the highest zone of inhibition against D. dadantii, (i.e., 1.67-2.00 cm) at 20% concentration. Pot assays conducted in the greenhouse and the field showed that these extracts could decrease the disease incidence in sorghum seedlings and also seemed to have some plant-growth-promoting factors. Hence, extracts of E. globulus and A. marmelos were further analyzed by GC-MS to identify the bioactive compounds present that could bind KdgR, a repressor protein involved in the pectin degradation pathway of D. dadantii. Ten of the 155 compounds identified showed a high-binging affinity (i.e., -7.5 to -8.6 Kcal/mol) with KdgR, the target pectin degradation repressor protein of D. dadantii. In addition, SEM analysis showed that the plant extracts caused morphological changes in the cell wall of the D. dadantii. Our results suggest that E. globulus and A. marmelos produce compounds that could be used as natural bactericides against D. dadantii and perhaps other plant pathogenic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ixora coccinea Linn., belonging to Rubiaceae family, often known as red Ixora and jungle of geranium, is an evergreen shrub that may be found throughout India. The Indian Traditional Medical System, Ayurveda, as well as numerous folk medicines, use the flowers, leaves, roots, and stems to cure various ailments. Aims and Objectives: The present study sheds some light on the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of different plant extracts of Ixora javanica (IJ) and on analyzing its major bioactive component by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Materials and Methods: Cold maceration was performed for the extraction of dried flowers of IJ with the escalating polarity of the solvents (Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol), and different extracts were screened for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Results: The ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts showed significant antioxidant activity at a concentration of 400 μg/ml. The ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of IJ showed similar anti-inflammatory activity at a dosage of 500 mg/kg body weight in rats compared to the standard drug indomethacin. The antimicrobial activity was also found against Escherichia coli at the concentration of 500 μg/ml. Further analysis of these two extracts by GC-MS, Methyl palmitate was identified as a major bioactive component responsible for anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, the different extracts of IJ also showed antioxidant activity due to the presence of Vitamin E, and tocopherol. Conclusion: Overall, it was found that IJ extracts in methanol and ethyl acetate were effective at imparting the aforementioned pharmacological effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mehani, a polyherbal formulation (PHF) containing five herbs has been used in the diabetes treatment for more than 20 years in India. Few data are available for its polypharmacological properties in treating interlinked diseases. Hence, the present study investigates the in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic and associated anti-inflammatory activity of Mehani. Glucose uptake activity of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of PHF, individual herbs and sub fractionations (alkaloid, polyphenol) were evaluated in C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells. In vitro antidiabetic enzymatic assay, anti glycation activity was assessed for all the extracts. Active compounds were determined using HPLC analysis. Genes involved in glucose uptake and inflammatory pathways at mRNA level, GLUT4 protein expression and translocation were analyzed. Also, In vivo hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities were investigated in the best acting extracts in diabetic wistar rats. Aqueous (AQF) and polyphenolic (PPF) extracts showed insulin stimulated glucose uptake of 2.2±0.26 and 2.0±0.13 fold when compared to the untreated control. AQF exerted anti hyperglycemic action on GLUT4 via PI3K-AKT pathway, while PPF via AMPK pathway. Both inhibited the LPS induced activation of TNFα, IL6 and IL10 cytokines at mRNA level. Particularly, AQF showed increased GLUT4 protein expression and translocation. Gallic acid, cinnamic acid derivatives and D-pinitol (new finding) were the major bioactives identified through HPLC analysis. AQF (400 mg/kg b.w) treated diabetic rats showed significant reduction in blood glucose, HbA1c levels after 21 days of treatment. Increased serum cholesterol (67.5± 3.53 mg/dL), TGL (123.5±3.53) levels in diabetic rats were significantly reduced in AQF treated rats. Also, improvement in the antioxidant levels (SOD, CAT, GSH and GST) with reduction in liver enzymes was observed. AQF possessed hepatoprotective and renoprotective activities and efficiently restored the pancreatic beta cell integrity. To conclude, aqueous Mehani extract can be used as a safe, complimentary medicine to treat diabetes and associated diseases. [Display omitted] • The polypharmacological properties of Mehani formulation is investigated here • In vitro study shows that Aqueous (AQF) and polyphenolic (PPF) Mehani extract exerted anti-hyperglycemic action on GLUT4 via PI3K-AKT pathway and AMPK pathway respectively in C2C12 cells. Particularly AQF increased the GLUT4 expression and translocation. • Both inhibited the LPS induced activation of TNFα, IL6 and IL10 cytokines RAW 264.7 cells. • Gallic acid, cinnamic acid derivatives and D-pinitol (new finding) were the major bioactives identified through HPLC analysis • AQF (400 mg/kg b.w) possessed In vivo hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities in diabetic wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex Hook. plant is an indigenous plant of the African continent subtropical province that is planted for decorative purposes in Egypt and India. It belongs to the Asparagaceae family. The plant is effective against treatment for caries, small pox, snake bite, stomach cancer, inflammatory conditions, influenza, cough, ear pain, swellings, diarrhoea, boils and fever and also this plant possess antihelmintic, antirheumatic, diuretic, laxative, vermifuge, antibacterial activity, antitrypanosomal activity, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, antimutagenic effect, cytotoxic activity. Methods: The spectroscopic analysis i.e. UV, FTIR, and HPLC were used to analyse the bioactive components of Sansevieria cylindrica leaf extracts in ethanol and chloroform. Result: Peaks in the UV profile indicate that flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds are present in the plant extract. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of phenol, alkanes, secondary alcohol, aromatic amine, carboxylic acid, nitro compound, and halogen compound. Finally, flavonones, cinnamic acid derivatives, steroidal saponin, and phenolic compounds were noticed in the two plant extracts by HPLC analysis. Conclusion: The above three evaluations provide the basis for using Sansevieria cylindrica leaf as a herbal alternative for a variety of diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango is an important tropical edible fruit having economic importance, which is cultivated mainly in India (36.6%). It contains various macronutrients, micronutrients, antioxidants, and other bioactive compounds. It is consumed in fresh form or processed into different products namely pulp, juice, puree, pickle, jam, and nectar. It has been predicted mango processing will increase considerably reaching USD 1.8 billion in 2029.] The by-products generated during the processing of mangoes are peel, pomace, seed, and kernel which constitute 25–40% of fresh fruit. This review article describes the nutritional composition of mango peels and also provides detailed insights into different extraction methodologies for value-added compounds. This review also explores the available literature reports that prove mango peels are an excellent source of carotenoids, pectin, phenolic compounds, and volatile aroma compounds. Mango peels contain significantly higher amounts of minerals compared to pulp. It possesses antioxidant, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer properties. This article emphasizes the advantages of green extraction methodologies like ultrasound or microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvents compared to conventional extraction methods. The sustainable valorization of mango peels generated during processing can be economical as well as environmentally feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Filamentous actinomycetes, notably members of the genus Streptomyces, remain a rich source of new specialized metabolites, especially antibiotics. In addition, they are also a valuable source of anticancer and biocontrol agents, biofertilizers, enzymes, immunosuppressive drugs and other biologically active compounds. The new natural products needed for such purposes are now being sought from extreme habitats where harsh environmental conditions select for novel strains with distinctive features, notably an ability to produce specialized metabolites of biotechnological value. Methods: A culture-based bioprospecting strategy was used to isolate and screen filamentous actinomycetes from three poorly studied extreme biomes. Actinomycetes representing different colony types growing on selective media inoculated with environmental suspensions prepared from high-altitude, hyper-arid Atacama Desert soils, a saline soil from India and from a Polish pine forest soil were assigned to taxonomically predictive groups based on characteristic pigments formed on oatmeal agar. One hundred and fifteen representatives of the colour-groups were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequences to determine whether they belonged to validly named or to putatively novel species. The antimicrobial activity of these isolates was determined using a standard plate assay. They were also tested for their capacity to produce hydrolytic enzymes and compounds known to promote plant growth while representative strains from the pine forest sites were examined to determine their ability to inhibit the growth of fungal and oomycete plant pathogens. Results: Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses on isolates representing the colour-groups and their immediate phylogenetic neighbours showed that most belonged to either rare or novel species that belong to twelve genera. Representative isolates from the three extreme biomes showed different patterns of taxonomic diversity and characteristic bioactivity profiles. Many of the isolates produced bioactive compounds that inhibited the growth of one or more strains from a panel of nine wild strains in standard antimicrobial assays and are known to promote plant growth. Actinomycetes from the litter and mineral horizons of the pine forest, including acidotolerant and acidophilic strains belonging to the genera Actinacidiphila, Streptacidiphilus and Streptomyces, showed a remarkable ability to inhibit the growth of diverse fungal and oomycete plant pathogens. Discussion: It can be concluded that selective isolation and characterization of dereplicated filamentous actinomyctes from several extreme biomes is a practical way of generating high quality actinomycete strain libraries for agricultural, industrial and medical biotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant extracts have been used since ages for the treatment of various ailments in India and their market is growing globally as well. Achyranthes aspera is one such promising plant with known medicinal properties. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening is necessary to evaluate the therapeutic and antioxidant properties of the medicinal plants. In the present study, we evaluated the bioactive chemical constituents and their in vitro antioxidant potential of A. aspera leaf extract in different solvents. The soxhlets of A. aspera leaf powder in different solvents - methanol, ethanol, aqueous and chloroform on phytochemical screening showed positive results for carbohydrates, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides and steroids. Alkaloids and terpenoids are present in all the extracts except in chloroform extract. Total contents phenols (22.282 gm/100 gm) were found higher as compared to total contents of flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids. Moreover, all antioxidant assays confirmed the antioxidant potential of leaves of A. aspera. Thus, A. aspera is rich in phytochemicals that are needed for its antioxidant potential against various disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tribulus terrestris L. is an herbaceous plant native to India, widely used as a natural sexual stimulant by traditional medicine in China, India, and Greece, and also for the treatment of various diseases for example low blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, kidney, and skin diseases, etc. Tribulus extracts are rich in numerous biologically active compounds, such as steroidal saponins, alkaloids, lignan amides, and flavonoids, which are useful for the effective treatment of sexual performance, hormonal and sexual problems. The main goal of our in vitro study was to demonstrate the potential consequences of Tribulus terrestris L. extract on TM3 cell parameters such as cell viability, membrane integrity, lysosomal activity, and steroid hormone secretion. The extract was applied to mice Leydig cells at various concentrations (ranging from 37.5 µg/mL to 600 µg/mL) for 24 h. Based on the obtained data, we may claim statistically significant inhibition of cell viability at 300 µg/mL (P < 0.0001) and 600 µg/mL (P < 0.0001). At the same concentrations, there was a statistically significant decline in both cell membrane integrity (P < 0.05; P < 0,0001) and lysosomal activity (P < 0.05; P < 0.001). Hormone secretion was significantly increased at 200 µg/mL (P < 0.05). To better understand how Tribulus terrestris L. affects the reproductive systems of animals or humans, further research must be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actinomycetes are potential antibiotic producers that have been isolated from various terrestrial ecosystems and are exploited for their bioactive compounds. On the contrary, the marine environments were less explored and the research on marine actinomycetes had gained momentum only for the past three decades. Marine actinomycetes are one of the most significant producers of diverse groups of secondary metabolites and provide a huge scope for pharmaceutical and other industries. These organisms are proved to be important, both biotechnologically and economically considering their global presence. The marine ecosystem in India is less explored for the isolation of actinomycetes and several ecological niches are left unattended. Compared to the global scenario, the contribution from Indian researchers towards the isolation and exploitation of marine actinomycetes from the Indian sub-continent is noteworthy. Exploration of actinomycetes from these ecosystems will certainly yield new species and metabolites. Considering the declining rate of drug discovery from terrestrial actinomycetes, the marine counterparts, especially from unexplored regions from the Indian coast will hold a promising way ahead. Apart from drugs, these organisms are reported for the production of different industrially important enzymes like cellulase, amylase, protease, lipase, etc. They are also used in environmental applications, agriculture, and aquacultures sectors. With the rapid advancement in the study of actinomycetes from different marine sources in India, new metabolites are being discovered which have an important role from the economic and industrial point of view. As the world is witnessing newer diseases such as Sars-Cov 2 and the pandemic due to its demands drugs and other metabolites are increasing day by day. Therefore, the necessity for the quest for unique and rare marine actinomycetes is enhancing too. This review highlights the research on marine actinomycetes in India and also the challenges associated with its research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India and Ethiopia employ Guizotia abyssinica (niger plant) as a source of edible vegetable oil. Previous studies have documented the niger plant's antioxidant properties and dietary benefits. Here, G. abyssinica extract was obtained and ten known bioactive components (1–10) were isolated. The antioxidant, antidiabetic, and prebiotic properties of whole extract and isolated components of niger and the plant's ability to cooperate symbiotically with probiotic strains were examined. Compound 10, myricetin-3-O-L-rhamnoside, had the highest antioxidant capacity measured in the 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH, 4629.76 ± 6.02 µmol Trolox equivalent/g compound) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP, 2667.62 ± 7.5 mol Trolox equivalent/g compound) assays. The lowest α-amylase and glycogen phosphorylase activities and glucose diffusion were obtained with whole G. abyssinica extracts, whereas compounds 8–10 had moderate inhibitory effects. G. abyssinica extract also induced the highest glucose absorption by yeast cells in the presence of 5 mM of glucose. Moreover, Lactobacillus plantarum and L. rhamnosus incubated with β-sitosterol 3-O-D-glucoside (compound 7) showed the highest prebiotic activity score. The levels of L-(+)-lactic acid isomer in the probiotic strains were the highest in presence of the whole extract and decreased progressively in the presence of flavonoid glycosides (compounds 8–10) and β-sitosterol 3-O-D-glucoside. The enzymatic profile of the probiotic strains was unaffected by the niger extract and compounds 7–10. The findings revealed that the biological activities of G. abyssinica extract are mediated by the compounds 1–10, and it may be considered as a promising plant for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coleus forskohlii Briq. is an important medicinal herb, endowed with a wide range of medicinal properties against the variety of ailments. Seven germplasm of C. forskohlii collected from different phyto-geographical locations and identification of elite chemotype was performed with the help of high performance thin layer chromatography. Data of soil analysis correlated with the bioactive compounds and inhibitory potential of the species. Quantification of forskolin and its isomer (iso-forskolin) content were done in all the collected samples of C. forskohlii , which revealed a wide range of variations, varying from 1.15–0.004% and 0.0091 to 0.1077% per dry weights basic, respectively. Variation in the bioactive content may be due to the soil nature and environmental factors. Soil analysis of collected samples demonstrated that there is significant variation in available NPK and micronutrient content and may be reasoned for existing chemotypic variability. In vitro biological activity (antioxidant and antidiabetic) analyses were performed, which reveals that germplasms have a high amount of forskolin and iso-forskolin, both show more activity. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of elicitors and precursors on the production of bioactive compounds and identification of best elite germplasm among the populations, to provide basic lead to the industry for commercial exploitability including its location-specific commercial cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total carotenoid and flavonoid contents of flaxseeds were detected between 0.14 (Atalanta) and 0.66 μg/g (Sarı‐85) to 255.71 (Sarı‐85) and 424.29 mg/100 g (Cihanbeyli), respectively. Also, while total phenolic contents of flaxseeds are determined between 178.81 mg/100 g (Sarı‐85) and 243.73 mg/100 g (Cihanbeyli), antioxidant activities of flaxseed samples were determined between 9.42 (Sarı‐85) and 13.14 mmol/kg (Cihanbeyli). Quercetin and catechin contents of flaxseeds were identified between 26.19 (Sarı‐85) and 45.69 mg/100 g (Atalanta) to 10.82 (Atalanta) and 25.44 mg/100 g (Kulu), respectively. While rutin amounts of flaxseeds vary between 10.20 (Sarı‐85) and 15.78 mg/100 g (Kulu), resveratrol contents of flaxseed samples were detected between 5.72 (Atalanta) and 14.42 mg/100 g (Halfeti). Linolenic, oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids were the most abundant fatty acids of flaxseed oils. Linolenic and oleic acid amounts of flaxseed oils are determined between 51.19 (Kulu) and 56.51% (Sarı‐85) to 20.27% (Sarı‐85) and 22.12% (Atalanta), respectively. The high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in flaxseed oils limits the use of this oil as cooking oil. Practical applications: Flaxseed oil has several industrial uses. It is a plant that is cultivated in a geography extending from the west of the Mediterranean to India and is used for various purposes. Flaxseed is used in the production of edible and non‐edible industrial oil. Its iodine number is around 180, and it is used in many fields, especially in the paint industry, and flaxseed, like other oilseeds, has a high oil content and a superior fatty acid profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal products have been used in traditional systems of medicine and by ethnic healers for ages to treat various diseases. Currently, it is estimated that about 80% of people worldwide use herbal traditional medicines against various ailments, partly due to easy accessibility and low cost, and the lower side effects they pose. Bergenia ligulata, a herb ranging from the Himalayas to the foothills, including the north-eastern states of India, has traditionally been used as a remedy against various diseases, most prominently kidney stones. The medicinal properties of B. ligulata have been attributed to bergenin, its most potent bioactive component. Apart from bergenin, the other compounds available in B. ligulata are arbutin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, catechin, ferulic acid, afzelechin, paashaanolactone, caryophyllene, 1,8-cineole, β-eudesmol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, parasorbic acid, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, phytol, terpinen-4-ol, tannic acid, isovalaric acid, avicularin, quercetin, reynoutrin, and sitoinoside I. This review summarizes various medicinal properties of the herb, along with providing deep insight into its bioactive molecules and their potential roles in the amelioration of human ailments. Additionally, the possible mechanism(s) of action of the herb's anti-urolithiatic, antioxidative, antipyretic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties are discussed. This comprehensive documentation will help researchers to better understand the medicinal uses of the herb. Further studies on B. ligulata can lead to the discovery of new drug(s) and therapeutics for various ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of plants for hairy root induction epitomizes an attractive biotechnological strategy for enhancing the production of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. The Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) belonging to Zingiberaceae family is a prevalent crop grown in India and other Southeast Asian countries. The three curcuminoids, viz. curcumin (CUR), demethoxycurcumin (DMC), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), are the key bioactive components attributing to its pharmacological activity. The Curcuma longa hairy root lines were established from shoot base explants of in vitro grown plants using the A. rhizogenes strains A4, A4T, and 8196. The acetosyringone augmentation in bacterial culture and co-cultivation media proved to be advantageous for effective induction of hairy roots. The hairy root lines induced with A4 strain displayed maximum biomass growth after 25 days of inoculation, followed by 8196 and A4T. The transgenic nature of hairy roots was validated by the presence of rol A and mas1 gene. The maximum curcuminoid production was observed with hairy roots induced with A4 strain. The influence of methyl jasmonate (MJ) elicitor treatment was evaluated on growth and curcuminoid production using A4-induced hairy root lines. The MJ had very little influence on growth of hairy roots; however, higher concentrations of MJ (200 µM) evoked a significant response after 48 h for enhancing the production of all the three curcuminoids. The CUR content was 2.5-fold; DMC twofold; and BDMC 1.96-fold higher than unelicited hairy roots. Our results establish that the hairy roots of C. longa could be a stable potential source for pharmaceutically useful curcuminoids as an alternative to field-grown plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Resistance developed by micro-organisms against antibiotics is now a global threat. There is a need to look at alternate sources from which substances useful against various diseases can be obtained. Soil surrounding the medicinal plants possessing anti-microbial activity was screened to find soil bacteria capable of producing anti-microbial compounds and to isolate such compounds therefrom. Materials and Methods: Eleven anti-microbial medicinal plants from three regions of Saurashtra, Gujarat, India, were selected, and soil surrounding those plants was collected. Sixty-six isolates of actinomycetes were obtained from the soil samples. Cross streak, agar well, and disk diffusion methods were used for primary, secondary, and final screening, respectively, of the anti-microbial isolates. Results: Among all, the isolate from the soil surrounding Ocimum sanctum in the Gir-Somnath region was found to be most potent and subjected to thin-layer chromatography, bio-autography, bio-chemical tests, enzymatic activity, 16S rDNA sequencing, and gel electrophoresis, which was confirmed to be Streptomyces arenae, followed by optimization of various conditions. Isolation and characterization of the compound were performed by using ultra-violet, Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy. A novel compound was isolated and characterized, which showed potent anti-microbial activity as compared to reference standards by in vitro anti-microbial assay. Conclusion: Soil surrounding medicinal plants which themselves have well-known anti-microbial activity may be a rich source of actinomycetes, which may produce compounds having anti-microbial properties. This can be an emerging strategy for researchers and clinicians to explore soil bacteria for the isolation of biologically active compounds for the management of various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rare Gymnopilus species G. ochraceus H􀆆il. collected from live Ficus platyphylla Del. tree is described and illustrated for the first time from India. Morphological and microscopic characters with molecular and biochemical analysis has been discussed. To indicate that, 25 species of Gymnopilus have previously been recorded from India and the species Gymnopilus ochraceus is hereby reported for the first time, thus making a total of 26 species from India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties of four underutilized ethno-medicinal plants viz. Apluda mutica, Mikania micrantha, Kyllinga nemoralis and Cleome rutidosperma , growing in different parts of West Bengal, India. The anti-oxidant properties were evaluated using four different solvent extracts. The 70% aq. ethanol extract of investigated plant samples were found to have adequate quantities of total phenolic (141.94±0.67-230.45±0.12 mg GAE/g dry extract), total flavonoid (23.27±0.04-71.05 ±0.06 mg RE/ g dry extract) and anti-oxidant capacities documented by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, reducing power, anti-lipid peroxidation and metal chelating activities. The 70% aq. ethanol extracts of the plants showed most promising antioxidant activity and were investigated for phenolics quantification by HPLC, anti-diabetic properties by assessing α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and anti-inflammatory capabilities by protein denaturation inhibition. HPLC studies revealed the presence of several phenolic acids and flavonoids in variable levels. M. micrantha exhibited α- amylase inhibition (IC 50 =58.44 ± 0.01 µg/mL), which was comparable to that of standard acarbose (IC 50 = 53.80 ± 0.01 µg/mL). The maximum inhibition of protein denaturation was observed in M. micrantha (IC 50 =89.27 ± 0.01 µg/mL) followed by K. nemoralis (IC 50 = 98.78 ± 0.01 µg/mL). The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed clear separation among the wild plants under investigation. The outcomes demonstrate that these plants were shown to contain a remarkable amount of different bioactive compounds, hence affirming their contribution in several biological activities and to serve as a potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic agent in food and pharmaceutical industries. [Display omitted] • Evaluation of the anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, polyphenolic profile and anti-oxidant properties in four different solvent extracts of four underutilized ethnomedicinal plants. • The undertaken plant samples were found to have good amounts of total phenolic, total flavonoid, and antioxidant capacities, recognized by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and TEAC assays. • Quantification of polyphenolics by HPLC showed the presence of different phenolic acids in varying amounts in the studied plants. • Significant inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities by plant extracts were also observed. • The results indicate that these plants serve as a potential anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic agent in food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Recent studies, limitations and research gaps of Indian mangroves were systematically summarized. • Distribution of major mangrove plants of coastal states of India has been discussed. • This is the first time we have reported the bioactive compounds and their biological properties from Indian true mangrove plants. • Major classes of isolated natural products reported from Indian mangroves. The mangrove ecosystem is being intensively studied with the hope of discovering new chemical entities with biomedical potentials. A number of biologically active compounds with varying degrees of action such as anticancer, antiulcer, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antimicrobial properties have been isolated from mangroves. Totally 81 mangrove species have been reported worldwide, of which 46 species are reported to occur in India. Among these, around 36 mangrove species are used in traditional medicine. Approximately 249 bioactive compounds have been isolated from 18 species, and the remaining species are yet to be screened. Biologically active compounds such as limonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, esters, quinones, phenols, acids, aliphatic alcohol, amides, lactones, aliphatic ketones, and benzodioxols have been derived from the leaves, stems, barks, fruits, and seeds of Indian mangrove plants. This review examines the current trends in the screening and biological activity of metabolites from the Indian mangroves. This comprehensive review in turn can serve as a potential resource for future drug development endeavours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ripe fruit pulp of different Musa species is known for its excellent source of nutrient contents. Musa balbisiana (MB) is one such variety of Musa species, mainly found in the southern part of Asia, especially in the North‐eastern part of India, remains unexplored despite its continuous use by the local traditional healers. The present study focuses on identifying and quantifying the active chemicals present in the ripe fruit pulp of Musa balbisiana (RFPMB) to understand its combined efficacy and nutritional benefit to control human metabolic complications specially related to diabetes and cardiovascular disorder. Characterization and confirmation through targeted LC‐MS and HPLC‐PDA based assays followed by quantitative analysis led us to identify the major bioactive compounds in RFPMB as shikimic acid, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, trans‐cinnamic acid, and two essential fatty acids; linolenic acid and linoleic acid. The ripe fruit pulp is further analyzed to understand the nutritional and mineral content and found a substantial presence of calcium and potassium (15.74 ± 0.43 and 395.20 ± 9.5 mg/100 g of raw pulp, respectively) compared to other reported varieties. The active portion of RFPMB reduces the production of ROS, the expression of inflammatory marker genes TNF‐α and TGF‐β, and accelerates the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) by enhancing the basal respiration, maximal respiration, and ATP production capacity of the targeted cells. The present study concluded that, a particular phytopharmaceutical composition of RFPMB with 11‐biomarker compounds might be an efficacious formulation for developing a value‐added nutraceutical product in managing metabolic complications and its related oxidative stress. Practical applications: This study has provided the prior information regarding the potential nutraceutical and phytochemical advantages of Musa balbisiana (MB) fruit pulp over other reported banana varieties. The HPLC‐based quantification will give a clear understanding of the food values in comparison of bioactive compounds present in the active fraction of RFPMB, which can be an effective phytopharmaceutical in combating metabolic disorders and oxidative stress. Overall this study will help to commercialize a value‐added product from this variety of banana with proper scientific validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera has been reported to be the store-house of wide range of bioactive compounds. Most commonly used plant part has been the leaves which are reported to be rich in Vitamins, Carotenoids, Polyphenols, Phenolic Acids, Flavonoids Alkaloids, Glucosinolates, Isocyanides, Tannins and Saponins. Moringa leaves are used as Keerai while, green pods are commonly used as vegetable in the traditional preparation of Sambar in South-India. MO is gaining popularity because of its nutrient-rich root, leaves, flowers and fruits, having immense traditional medicinal uses and proved pharmacological properties. Not much of work has been carried out on analysis of bioactive compounds present in the pods. In the present study an attempt has been made to screen and analyze the range of bioactive compounds present in Moringa oleifera seed removed ripened natural dried pods. Phytochemical screening and GCMS analysis revealed the presence of 12 compounds namely - 7-Octadecyne, 2-methyl-(C19H36); 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (C20H40O); 3,7,11,15- Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (C20H40O); 6,9,12,15-Docosatetraenoic acid, me (C23H38O2); Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)- (C10H20O); 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (C20H40O); Palmitic acid vinyl ester (C18H34O2); .gamma.-Tocopherol (C28H48O2); Vitamin E (C29H50O2); Cholesta-7,9(11)-dien-3-ol, 4,4-dim (C29H48O); gamma.-Sitosterol (C29H50O); Stigmasta-5,24(28)-dien- 3-ol, (3.beta.,24Z)- (C29H48O). Further, in-silico ADMET analysis is expected to provide in-death physiochemical and biomolecular details of these molecules in order to exploit them for production of novel drugs for the pharma market with wide array of bio medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. is a perennial tropical deciduous tree with high economic and pharmaceutical value. As an edible plant, M. oleifera Lam. is rich in nutrients, such as proteins, amino acids, mineral elements and vitamins. Besides, it also contains an important number of bioactive phytochemicals, such as polysaccharides, flavonoids, alkaloids, glucosinolates and isothiocyanates. M. oleifera for long has been used as a natural anti-diabetic herb in India and other Asian countries. Thus, the anti-diabetic properties of Moringa plant have evolved highly attention to the researchers. In the last twenty years, a huge number of new chemical structures and their pharmacological activities have been reported in particularly the anti-diabetic properties. The current review highlighted the bioactive phytochemicals from M. Oleifera. Moreover, evidence regarding the therapeutic potential of M. oleifera for diabetes including experimental and clinical data was presented and the underlying mechanisms were revealed in order to provide insights for the development of novel drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India plays an important role in the production of oilseeds, which are mainly cultivated for future extraction of their oil. In addition to the energic and nutritional contribution of these seeds, oilseeds are rich sources of bioactive compounds (e.g., phenolic compounds, proteins, minerals). A regular and moderate dietary supplementation of oilseeds promotes health, prevents the appearance of certain diseases (e.g., cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancers) and delays the aging process. Due to their relevant content in nutraceutical molecules, oilseeds and some of their associated processing wastes have raised interest in food and pharmaceutical industries searching for innovative products whose application provides health benefits to consumers. Furthermore, a circular economy approach could be considered regarding the re-use of oilseeds' processing waste. The present article highlights the different oilseed types, the oilseeds-derived bioactive compounds as well as the health benefits associated with their consumption. In addition, the different types of extractive techniques that can be used to obtain vegetable oils rich from oilseeds, such as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), are reported. We conclude that the development and improvement of oilseed markets and their byproducts could offer even more health benefits in the future, when added to other foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popularly known Kazharchi Kai (Tamil), Caesalpinia bonduc L. (Fam: Caesalpiniaceae) is a traditional medicinal plant widely distributed in India which finds use as a therapeutic in indigenous systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homoeopathy is a herbal remedy for treating of various ailments. The plant has been reported for its anticancer, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antipyretic, antifertility, anti-inflammatory and antimalarial properties. In particular C. bonduc seeds contain cassane diterpenoids viz., caesalpinins and caesalmins, cassane diterpenoids, and norcassane diterpenoids. This plant contains bioactive secondary metabolites (BASM) with unique structures and diverse mechanisms of action that can be well exploited to finetune novel therapeutic herbal formulations. In the present study an attempt has been made to screen for bioactive metabolites in the seed extracts of C. bonduc followed by GCMS analysis. GCMS analysis indicated the presence of 2,2,3,5-tetramethylheptane, (Z)-hept-2-enal, 2,2,3,5-tetramethylheptane, 3,3-dimethyloctane, 5-ethyl-2,2,3-trimethylheptane, 2,6,10-trimethyldodecane, 3-methylnonane, 3,8-dimethylundecane, 6-Ethyl-3,8-dimethylundecane, 2,3,4-trimethyldecane, 3-Methyldecane, (2E,4E)-deca-2,4-dienal, (1R,4E,9S)-4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylidenebicyclo[7.2]undec-4-ene, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate, (9Z)-octadeca-9,17-dienal, 2-(ethylhexoxycarbonyl) benzoic acid. Of all, compounds such as Hexadecanoic acid, methyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate, and (9Z)-octadeca-9,17-dienal with unusual bioactivity score could serve as promising lead candidate for the design of novel anticancer drug, In-silico predictions of molecular and biological activity of these bioactive compounds phytocompounds could pave way for its effective utilization in pharma industry scale as a potential candidate towards biomedical applications. However, before such an exercise, in-silico ADMET pharmacoinformatic studies followed by pre-clinical and clinical trials pursued in this exercise may well be required for its launch into the global pharma-market on commercial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the most commonly cultivated plant is Moringa oleifera because it has high medicinal in South India and nutritional values. The phytochemicals in it are widely used for the rapeutic purposes. It has a high economic value because of its usefulness traditionally and has a vast number of bioactive compounds. Phenol is one of the most common antimicrobial compounds found in the seeds of M. oleifera. Methods: In this study we aim to analyse total phenolic compound (TPC) and to observe its antimicrobial activity. Seed extracts were prepared using ethanol in Soxhlet apparatus for 36 hrs. The quantification of phenolic compound was done by spectrophotometric method using gallic acid as standard. The crude extract was characterized by HPLC and FTIR, showed that it contained phenol compounds confirmed by specific peak in some areas. FTIR and showed that it contained phenol compounds confirmed by specific peak in some areas. FTIR revealed the following bonds: 3280.92 cm-1 (O-H groups of phenols), 2922.16 cm-1 (C-H groups of phenols), 1544.98 cm-1 (C=O carbonyl group) and 1230.58 (C-O group of phenol) and 1743.65 cm-1 (C=C group of aromatic compounds). Whereas HPLC analysis of and library search confirmed peaks matches with Gallic acid standard. Moringa seeds were characterized by FTIR before extracted. Therefore the highest Total Phenolic Compound found to be 11.85 mg GAE/g (Gallic Acid Equivalent) was reached at 1: 5 ethanol solvent ratio and 3 days extraction time. Conclusion: This M. oleifera extract showed antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 8561), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 3160) and Proteus mirabilis (MTCC 3310). The anti-microbial activity of the M. oleifera seed is due to the presence of various phytochemicals like phenols. Also it exhibits, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that proves further research is needed to elucidate other bioactive compounds over other pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]