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Aporcelaimellus obtusicaudatus was recovered from mustard and sugarcane fields of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, India. The present species was identified through morphology, molecular and phylogenetic analysis. The Indian populations are characterized by having females with a body length (1.7–3.4 mm), lip region (4.9–8.8 µm), Amphids 6–9 µm, odontostyle length (15.7–26.4 µm), neck length (374.6–745.1 µm), pharyngeal expansion occupying 45–60% of neck length, simple uterus (67.4–124.3 µm), V = 49.1–58.7, female tail (32–44.9 µm, c = 41.1–105, c' = 0.5–1.3) with short, conoid, rounded terminus to convex conical. The molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 18S and 28S rDNA revealed A. obtusicaudatus as a paraphyly. The present populations of Indian A. obtusicaudatus (OM269524; OP020675) placed close to deposited Indian sequence (OP048816; OP048823) and Slovakian populations of A. obtusicaudatus (MH206119). The result of 28S rDNA phylogeny showed that the present population (OM258706) placed close to other populations of the same species from India (OM418794) with 0.55 posterior probability supports. The haplotype analysis based on 28S rDNA revealed 6 haplotypes, which displayed low nucleotide (π = 0.013) diversity. In contrast, haplotype diversity (Hd) was 1.00, and the number of segregating sites (S) was 14. The phylogenetic analysis grouped the various populations into two clades, and the result showed German populations placed into two clades, which showed high variability in haplotype supported by the haplotype network. Tajima (D) and Fu's Fs were found to be negative (P > 0.05), whereas the overall FST value was 0.31040 (P = 0.118). In conclusion, genetic analysis revealed 31.04% variation among groups/populations and 68.95 within populations, indicating a low genetic variation between the same populations of A. obtusicaudatus belonging to the same country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an old onset devastating neurodegenerative disorder. Young-onset ALS cases especially sporadic ones who are between 25 and 45 years are rarely affected by the disease. Despite the identification of numerous candidate genes associated with ALS, the etiology of the disease remains elusive due to extreme genetic and phenotypic variability. The advent of affordable whole exome sequencing (WES) has opened new avenues for unraveling the disease's pathophysiology better. We aimed to determine the genetic basis of an Indian-origin, young onset sporadic ALS patient with very rapid deterioration of the disease course without any cognitive decline who was screened for mutations in major ALS candidate genes by WES. Variants detected were reconfirmed by Sanger sequencing. The clinicopathological features were investigated and two heterozygous missense variants were identified: R452W, not previously associated with ALS, present in one of the four conserved C terminal domains in ANXA11 and R208W in SIGMAR1, respectively. Both of these variants were predicted to be damaging by pathogenicity prediction tools and various in silico methods. Our study revealed two potentially pathogenic variants in two ALS candidate genes. The genetic makeup of ALS patients from India has been the subject of a few prior studies, but none of them examined ANXA11 and SIGMAR1 genes so far. These results establish the framework for additional research into the pathogenic processes behind these variations that result in sporadic ALS disease and further our understanding of the genetic makeup of Indian ALS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quercus griffithii is an ecologically and economically important tree species utilized for firewood, fodder, compost, and building-making. It is also a good source of food for wildlife. The genetic diversity of Q. griffithii is poorly understood; therefore, in the present study, 16 polymorphic SSR markers were used to assess the extent and pattern of genetic diversity in Q. griffithii samples collected from the northeastern region of India. The SSR markers revealed significant discriminating power (PIC range, 0.15˗0.81) and resulted in the amplification of 119 alleles. At the species level, it showed moderate levels of genetic diversity (Ho = 0.47; He = 0.52) with low genetic differentiation (FST = 0.06) and high gene flow (Nm = 3.91). Two genetic clusters, with high admixture populations were estimated in the Bayesian analysis of STRUCTURE, which was in accordance with clusters of UPGMA and PCoA. This is the first study to assess genetic diversity using SSR markers in Q. griffithii. The genetic information generated in this study will be helpful in the future conservation and restoration of Q. griffithii in the northeastern region of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's rich diversity encompasses individuals from varied geographical, cultural, and ethnic backgrounds. In the field of population genetics, comprehending the genetic diversity across distinct populations plays a crucial role. This study presents significant findings from genetic data obtained from the Sikkimese population of India. Autosomal markers were crucial for evaluating forensic parameters, with a combined paternity index of 1 × 109. Notably, Penta E emerged as a distinguishing marker for individual identification in the Sikkim population. Fst genetic distance values revealed insights into genetic isolation among different groups, enhancing our understanding of population dynamics in the central Himalayan region. The NJ-based phylogenetic tree highlighted close genetic relationships, of the Sikkim population with the Nepalese population surrounding neighbouring Himalayan populations providing glimpses into common ancestry. In summary, this study contributes valuable data to population genetics and underscores the importance of genetic variation in comprehending population dynamics and forensic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eighty-five percent of infants with congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) and 66% with infantile NS (INS) are likely to have a monogenic etiology. There exists a significant genetic variability between different regions and ethnic groups. This study aimed to determine the genetic defects in children with CNS and INS by establishing a registry in western India. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, pediatric nephrologists from 13 private and government institutions shared relevant clinical data and details of the genetic evaluation of children presenting with NS within the first year of life. Results: The median age at presentation was 9 months (range 1–23, IQR 3–13 months), history of consanguinity between parents existed in 14 patients (34%), family history of similar illness in 6 (15%), and extra-renal manifestations in 17 (41%). Twenty-five (61%) were confirmed to have a monogenic etiology. NPHS1 gene was the most implicated (9/25) followed by PLCE1 (5/25). There were 12 variants of uncertain significance (VUS) involving 10 genes (10/25, 40%), and no definite genetic abnormality was found in 4 (25%). A re-analysis of these VUS attempted 2–3 years later facilitated reclassification of 7/12 (58%); increasing the diagnostic yield from 61 to 68.2%. Conclusions: Consistent with worldwide data, variants in NPHS1 gene were the most common cause of NS in infancy; however, PLCE1 was implicated more frequently in our cohort. NUP93 and COL4A3 were reported in early onset NS for the first time. Reclassification of VUS should be attempted, if feasible, since it may lead to a useful revision of diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, rice earhead bugs commonly known as paddy gundhi bugs, Leptocorisa spp. (Hemiptera: Alydidae), are serious pests, but their taxonomic status and genetic diversity across different rice-growing regions are unexplored. Present study documents three Leptocorisa species across the Indian subcontinent from paddy as well as other hosts. A total of 1560 specimens were collected across India and morphological and molecular identification was made. Illustrated identification keys specific to males and females were generated for the first time from India with a redescription of three species collected. Genetic variation in the mtCOI gene of L. oratoria specimens from 14 regions were analysed showing significant diversity, especially between the populations from north and south. The current findings confirm the presence of diversity in the Leptocorisa populations and the presence of molecular variability of L. oratoria from different locations. The implications of the study on the importance of taxonomic studies on the species belongs to genera Leptocorisa are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to evaluate eight germplasms/varieties of wheat during the rabi season (November-April, 2022--23) using a randomized block design with three replications at the research farm of Agricultural Research Sub-Station (ARSS), Nagaur (Rajasthan), India to estimate the variability parameters and characters association for nine characters. The results were revealed that mean sum of squares due to genotypes showed significant differences for all the nine characters under study, suggested that the genotypes were genetically divergent. The phenotypic coefficient of variation values was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation values for all the nine traits which reflect the influence of environment on the expression of traits. Spike length and number of spikelets were showed higher PCV and medium GCV. High heritability estimates were recorded for all the nine characters. High genetic advance as percentage of mean along with high heritability was observed for number of spikelets, spike length, number of effective tillers plant-1, seed yield and number of grains spike-1. This indicated the existence of lesser environmental influence and prevalence of additive gene action in their expression and these traits possessed high selective value. These characters could be further improved through individual plant selection. Grain yield had highly significant and positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations with plant height, number of effective tillers plant-1, spike length, number of spikelets and number of grains spike-1. These characters can be considered as criteria for selection for higher grain yield as these were mutually and directly associated with grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a study conducted in India, 50 Fusarium isolates were collected from pigeonpea growing regions and extensively examined for their cultural and morphological characteristics. These isolates exhibited significant variations in traits including growth rate, mycelial growth patterns, color, zonation, pigmentation, spore size, and septation. Subsequently, 30 isolates were chosen for pathogenicity testing on eight pigeonpea genotypes. Results showed distinct reactions, with four genotypes displaying differential responses (ICP8858, ICP8859, ICP8862, and BDN‐2), while ICP9174 and ICP8863 consistently exhibited resistance and ICP2376 and BAHAR remained susceptible to wilt disease. To study the interaction between Fusarium isolates and pigeonpea host differentials (HDs), an additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis was conducted. The majority of disease incidence variation (75.54%) was attributed to HD effects, while Fusarium isolate effects accounted for only 1.99%. The interaction between Isolates and HDs (I × HD) contributed 21.95% to the total variation, being smaller than HD but larger than I. Based on HD reactions, isolates were classified into nine variants, showing varying distributions across pigeonpea growing states, with variants 2 and 3 being prevalent in several regions. This diversity underscores the need for location‐specific wilt‐resistant pigeonpea cultivars. Furthermore, genetic analysis of 23 representative isolates, through internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA and translation elongation factor 1‐α gene sequencing, revealed three major clusters: Fusarium udum, Fusarium solani, and Fusarium equiseti. These findings hold potential for developing location‐specific wilt‐resistant pigeonpea cultivars and enhancing disease management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cystinosis, a rare autosomal recessive disease, stems from genetic alterations in the CTNS gene, leading to a malfunction of lysosomal 'cystinosin' protein. This dysfunction causes intracellular cystine accumulation, resulting in nephropathic and ocular abnormalities. Cystinosis is relatively rare in Asian countries, partly due to underreporting and lack of awareness, and cases often lack sufficient genetic evidence to support their diagnosis. This study presents a descriptive case series involving four Indian patients with cystinosis, elucidating clinical and genetic aspects. Methods: All four patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmic evaluations. The corneal cystine crystal (CCC) score was determined using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM). Genetic testing was performed using whole exome sequencing (WES). Results: Corneal crystal deposition, a hallmark of cystinosis, was evident in all cases. Systemic analysis revealed manifestations such as polyuria, bony abnormalities, growth retardation, hypothyroidism, and developmental delay. Genetic testing in two patients identified a homozygous pathogenic variant c.18_21delGACT (p.Thr7PhefsX7) in the CTNS gene, previously reported to cause cystinosis in different ethnic populations. Conclusions: Our case series sheds light on underrepresented cases of cystinosis in the Indian population. The rarity of this condition poses diagnostic challenges, leading to delayed or inaccurate diagnoses. AS-OCT can serve as a viable alternative to IVCM for assessing corneal crystal density status in cystinosis. Timely recognition and management are crucial in preventing complications, and the inclusion of genetic testing can expedite cystinosis diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Field pea is one of the important cool season grain legume crops cultivated in India. In this investigation, experimental material i.e. eighty germplasm lines of field pea with four checks (IPF 4-9, Adarsh, Ambika and IPFD 10-12) were evaluated to determine the estimates of genetic diversity in the test genotypes. Methods: The data were recorded on thirteen quantitative characters for the study of genetic diversity. The mean data of each characters were subjected to cluster analysis by using D2 Mahalanobis clustering method. The principle component analysis (PCA) for measuring genetic divergence was done by XLSTAT and R 4.0 statistical package. Result: Eighty-four germplasms including checks were categorized into five distinct clusters, indicates the occurrence of high genetic diversity in the evaluated set of germplasm. Between cluster III and IV highest inter-cluster distance was observed, indicates the maximum diversity among genotypes of these clusters. Considerable differences were observed for cluster mean among different distinct clusters for all the thirteen characters. The hybridization programme involving genotypes from cluster III and cluster IV may be used to isolate suitable segregants. Principal component analysis grouped different traits under study into thirteen principal components (PCs) in which only five PCs with eigen value >1 accounted 70.97% of total variation present in genotypes. The traits falling to these five PCs may be given due importance in field pea improvement programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Genetic variability among sweet potato & wild Ipomoea species studied using SSR markers. • High genetic variability between diploid wild species and hexaploid sweet potato. • More variability available among the wild Ipomoea species for many characters. • Identified Ipomoea spp can be utilized for weevil & virus resistance breeding. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) is one of the major tuber crops in Asian countries, including India, yet the interrelationship and genetic variability among the cultivar and its crop wild relatives remain obscure. The wild relatives of sweet potato represent a vital source of untapped genetic diversity in the breeding programs. In this study, a set of 12 Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) markers were utilized to understand the extent of genetic diversity and relationship within and between 20 sweet potato accessions, 23 wild Ipomoea species and two Merremia species for utilization in breeding programmes. The SSR primers produced 84 polymorphic alleles within the range of 105–393 bp, collectively showing an average polymorphism of 94.5 %. The average Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) value of 0.67 showed that all the primers were polymorphic in nature. Similarity coefficient based dendrogram and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) scatter plot clearly differentiated all the cultivars and wild species. The cluster dendrogram analysis revealed the close relationship of cultivars with I. triloba and I. trifida at a similarity index of 0.75. Our analysis showed a high degree of genetic variability within and between hexaploid sweet potato and diploid wild species, whereas lower within the cultivars, which shows that there is a high level of genetic diversity exists within the Ipomoea species for its utilization in breeding programs. Thus, the two wild species, I. trifida and I. triloba could be used in hybridization for improvement of sweet potato through ploidy manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is one of the secondary centers of origin for both wild and domesticated bananas, with the north-eastern region holding the greatest repository. Therefore, the present study used three different molecular marker systems viz., inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR), inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP), and start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism to analyze the genetic diversity among 17 cultivated varieties of the north-eastern region belonging to different genomic groups. The percent polymorphism was found to be 91.79, 86.78, and 82.35 in ISSR, IRAP, and SCoT markers respectively. ISSR had the highest values for all the marker parameters. However, IRAP outperformed SCoT and ISSRs by recording the highest values for effective number of alleles (Ne), Shannon index (I), and Nei's (1973) gene diversity (H). The dendrogram obtained using ISSR, SCoT, and combined data had two major clusters and the clustering pattern was almost similar, but it differed slightly in IRAP markers. To learn more about the population structure and allelic diversity, model-based structural analysis was carried out in addition to phylogenetic analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). The structure analysis identified three subpopulations in ISSR, four in IRAP, and five in SCoT and combined marker data. The Q-value indicates that almost all the subpopulations are composed of varieties with and without admixture, thereby suggesting that more alleles are being shared among the varieties used in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the availability of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) diagnosis of genetic disorders has improved significantly. Its use is also applicable to ascertain diagnosis and management in a perinatal setting. The study aims to detect the genetic aetiology of various congenital structural and functional defects using NGS technology in the reproductive cohort at a tertiary centre. The secondary objective is to address challenges in the interpretation of variants. This was a retrospective study of couples who underwent exome sequencing (Mono-testing proband only or Duo-testing parents only or Trio-testing proband and parents) for suspected single gene disorders between years 2020–2022 at a tertiary care perinatal center in the South India. American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) guidelines were followed to classify the pathogenicity of the variants identified by exome sequencing. The overall diagnostic yield as defined by pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants obtained was (23/43) 53.4 %. The individual subsets have the following diagnostic yield viz., Mono 5/6 (83 %); Carrier 16/32 (50 %); Trio 2/5 (40 %). Diagnostic yield was significantly higher in consanguineous couples. However, miscarriage history, and organ system involvement did not have a significant effect on the diagnostic yield. Prenatal diagnosis was offered for seven patients based on the exome result. One fetus was confirmed with a compound heterozygous pathogenic variant. Diagnostic yield of exome sequencing in our cohort was 53 %. The detection of pathogenic variants was maximum in those cases undergoing Mono exome sequencing. In places where there is a high prevalence of consanguinity and endogamy, NGS may be offered as first line test in the context of prenatal diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The etiology of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is unknown in 30–40% of patients. Anti-factor B (FB) antibodies are reported in C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) and immune-complex membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (IC-MPGN), though not in aHUS. Methods: We screened patients < 18-year-old from cohorts of aHUS and C3G/idiopathic IC-MPGN. Anti-FB IgG antibodies were measured by ELISA and confirmed by Western blot. Normative levels were based on antibody levels in 103 healthy blood donors. Results: Prevalence of anti-FB antibodies was 9.7% (95% CI 6.1–14.5%; n = 21) in 216 patients with aHUS, including 11.5% (95% CI 6.4–18.5%; n = 14) in anti-FH associated aHUS and 11.8% (95% CI 4.4–23.9%; n = 6) in patients without a definitive genetic or autoimmune etiology. Patients with significant genetic variants did not show anti-FB antibodies. In patients with concomitant anti-FB and anti-FH antibodies, median anti-FH titers were higher (11,312 AU/mL vs. 4920 AU/mL; P = 0.04). Anti-FB antibody titer correlated with disease severity (hemoglobin and platelets; P < 0.05), declined following plasma exchange and increased during relapse. While 4/64 patients with C3G (6.3%) and 1/17 with IC-MPGN showed anti-FB antibodies, titers were higher in aHUS (544.8 AU/mL vs. 1028.8 AU/mL; P = 0.003). Conclusion: Anti-FB antibodies are present in 6–10% of patients with aHUS and C3G/IC-MPGN, with higher titers in the former. The diagnostic and therapeutic implication of anti-FB antibodies in aHUS needs confirmation and further studies. The study shows propensity for autoantibody generation and co-existence of multiple risk factors for aHUS in Indian children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: MODY (maturity onset diabetes of the young) is a rare, monogenic, autosomal dominant form of diabetes occurring in young (< 25 years) individuals. It has a wide phenotypic variability and can be misdiagnosed as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Appropriate detection of MODY has therapeutic and genetic implications. This study aimed to detect MODY among long standing, clinically diagnosed T1DM patients with preserved C-peptide levels. Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study from central South India which included 100 clinically diagnosed T1DM patients (according to ADA criteria), with a duration of > 3 years. MODY probability score, urinary C-peptide to creatinine ratio (UCPCR), and relevant biochemical investigations were performed. Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) for MODY-related genes (13 genes) was done for individuals with UCPCR > 0.2. Results: A UCPCR value of > 0.2 (suggestive of preserved endogenous insulin secretion) was observed in eight individuals. The mean HbA1c values were lower, and the MODY probability score was higher in individuals with preserved endogenous insulin (8.07% vs 9.53% and 2.8% vs 1.5%; p-value: 0.005 and 0.004 respectively). One of the eight individuals (12.5%) had a non-pathogenic gene variant in KLF11. Conclusion: In a South Indian cohort of T1DM with preserved C-peptide, we could not find any case of MODY through targeted NGS. UCPCR can be used as a screening tool to identify cases needing genetic testing for MODY. Larger studies utilizing whole exome sequencing should be conducted to know the actual prevalence of MODY among T1DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations in seed yield and essential oil composition of 48 coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) germplasms collected from various geographical locations in India were evaluated. The variation in seed yield plant−1 (2.52–10.97 g plant−1), essential oil content (0.08–0.56%) and linalool content (49.04–82.14%). Linalool, γ-terpinene, β-pinene, p-cymene, β-myrcene, limonene, geraniol, caryophyllene, geranyl acetate, α-terpineol, citronellol and caryophyllene were detected in one or other germplasm lines. Cluster analysis was done using Ward's method based on the value of all the traits, resulting in 6 distinct groups of germplasms. Among six clusters, the maximum number of accessions was grouped into cluster II (16). The seed yield plant−1 is positively correlated with the number of umbels plant−1, number of umbellets plant−1, number of seeds plant−1, number of primary and secondary branches. The selection of these traits may result in the identification of germplasm with high seed yield. The genetic diversity revealed in this study could be useful for further crop improvement programs in coriander. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the globe morphological, biochemical and genetic variability exists in chilli and is harnessed to achieve specific breeding objectives. In this study, chilli germplasm was characterized based on horticultural traits, biochemical quantification and simple sequence repeat (SSR) polymorphism for diversity estimation. A total of 36 SSR primers were utilised to study the genetic divergence among 48 genotypes of chilli collected from nine states of India. Among the 36 primers, sixteen amplified null alleles. A total of 41 alleles were detected with average 2.05 alleles per locus. The largest number of alleles (5) were obtained with marker CAMS-234. The polymorphic information content ranged from 0.06 to 0.72 with an average of 0.50. On the basis of SSR analysis, the UPGMA cluster classified 48 genotypes into three groups. There was significant variability in germplasm for all morpho-biochemical traits. Kashi Anmol (100.50 q/ha) expressed the highest yield. Highest vitamin C content at green stage was recorded in IC-561635 (187 mg/100 g) and the greatest capsaicin content (9547.90 µg/g) equivalent to pungency of 171,862.2 Scoville heat units (SHU) was recorded in Bhut Jolokia. Principal component analysis indicates that the first five principal components explain 74.63% per cent of the total variation. Additionally, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 1% of the total genetic variation occurred among the population and 99% genetic variation within the populations, whereas the pairwise Fst specified the moderate genetic variation ranging from 0.002 to 0.020. The present investigation has strengthened the knowledge of genetic worth of this germplasm for application in various genetic improvement programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alternaria leaf spot caused by two species namely Alternaria macrospora and Alternaria alternata is an important foliar disease of cotton. Conidial morphology showed that most of the isolates in the study belonged to A. macrospora. Molecular confirmation is necessary to strengthen the identification of species in Alternaria. Genetic diversity study of Alternaria isolates using ISSR and hyper variable SSR primers will provide variation and grouping among the isolates collected from major areas of South Zone of India. Present study was conducted to identify Alternaria isolates at species level using molecular methods (species specific primers) and genetic diversity analysis using ITS, SSR and ISSR primers. Methods: Reported species-specific primers such as AmF and AmR as well as AaF2 and AaF3 were used for Alternaria species identification. ITS region was amplified through ITS1 and ITS4 and sequences were used for identification and clustering of isolates. Thirteen hyper variable SSR primers specific to Alternaria were designed based on the sequences retrieved from NCBI and used for diversity study. Six different ISSR primers were also used for genetic diversity study. Result: Reported species-specific primers found not suitable to identify A. macrospora and A. alternata at species level. Two SSR primers were found to be effective in showing variability among the isolates. Six clusters were formed at 71 percent genetic dissimilarity among 15 isolates of Alternaria through ISSR primers. Five clusters were formed in ITS sequence's diversity analysis. Blasting of ITS sequences of 15 selected isolates at NCBI showed that all belong to A. alternata. This was due to absence or presence of very few sequences of A. macrospora in NCBI database itself. Further house-keeping genes like Alt a1, Plasma membrane ATPase, GAPDH and TEF -1 a sequence analysis will be useful for confirmation of A. macrospora at species level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analysed the genetic diversity of DBL1α domain of Plasmodium falciparum var gene in severe and non-severe malaria patients from Delhi and Mewat in Northern India. After confirming P. falciparum infection, samples were cloned and the var gene DBL1α domain was sequenced. Out of 377 cloned DBL sequences, 194 were from severe samples and 183 from non-severe samples. Proportion of DBL1α sequences belonging to groups 1, 4 and 5 were significantly higher in severe isolates as compared to non-severe isolates—group 1 (4.1% vs 1.09%, P = 0.0333), group 4 (69.58% vs 74.31%, P < 0.0001), and group 5 (19.58% vs 10.38%, P < 0.0001). Conversely, higher proportion of group 2 was observed in non-severe isolates (0% vs 3.82%, P = 0.0350). Highest diversity was seen in PoLV4 motif of severe and non-severe isolates and like other DBL1α sequences reported from several geographical areas (Africa, Americas, Asia, and Oceania). A total of 247 DBL1α domain haplotypes were found in this study where 139 (56.27%) haplotypes are novel and not reported from India till date. These findings could aid in developing effective malaria interventions, including vaccine and drug targets, by understanding the existing antigenic diversity and vulnerabilities in the parasite's genetic makeup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on genetic diversity and population structure in maize breeding lines can assist in selecting genetic resources and managing genetic variation in breeding programs. The ability to find ample single nucleotide polymorphisms in crops has recently been made possible by breakthroughs in sequencing technology. The present work is focused on the genetic diversity, population structure and clustering of 56 Indian maize inbreds using 1166 informative SNP markers. The inbreds were collected from eight different geographic locations across India. The average polymorphism information content, minor allele frequency and observed heterozygosity of the germplasm were 0.27, 0.25, and 0.10, respectively. The inbred lines were resolved into more meaningful groups based on the Bayesian structure model, Principal co-ordinate analysis, Neighbor-joining and Unweighted pair group with arithmetic mean clustering methods with slight variations in size and number. Inbreds maintained at the same geographical location were distributed into different clusters suggesting that classification based on geographical regions is ineffective. Additionally, information obtained from the study might be beneficial for grouping inbred lines into different heterotic groups and reducing cross-pollination between closely related lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Bipolaris is found to be commonly associated with leaf spots, leaf blights, root rots, foot rots and other disease symptoms mainly in high value field crops in the family Poaceae. Spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker is one of the most important diseases of wheat and barley. The fungus causes germination failure, seed mortality and spot blotch development with small, dark brown lesions without chlorotic margin. Therefore, in the present study, attempts were made to investigate the morphological variations among different Bipolaris isolates collected from the different graminaceous hosts in north-western regions of India and to assess the genetic diversity of the fungus using SSR markers. The results revealed that all the 50 isolates exhibited various levels of morphological and cultural variations. Colony colour varied from dark ash to white with raised and irregular margins in most of the isolates. The size of the conidia varied from 31–75 µm × 15–27 µm, slightly curved, elliptical or oblong, mostly tapering towards ends, light to dark brown in colour, 3–12 distoseptate, having bipolar germination. The molecular identification of the pathogen associated with all the test isolates carried out using B. sorokiniana-specific primer pair, i.e. COSA_F/R, also cross-identified the pathogen to be B. sorokiniana by producing one sharp band (519 bp) in all the test isolates. All the ten SSR primers exhibited different levels of polymorphism among the different isolates. The PIC values revealing allelic diversity and frequency among all the isolates varied from 0.153 in the case of primer pair BS051 to 0.493 in primer pair BS065 and this variation in PIC values among the ten primer pairs indicated variability in amplified product and allelic frequency among the isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of Sustainable Development Goal target 2.5 established by the United Nations is to ensure the preservation of genetic diversity in domesticated animals. The ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources in India has been actively engaged in the conservation of cattle and buffalo bull semen for long-term storage. This present study aimed to assess the genetic diversity present in the conserved cattle bull semen, which would aid in determining the most suitable strategy for future conservation management. A total of 192 bull semen belonging to 19 cattle breeds were selected to evaluate genetic diversity using 17 pairs of FAO recommended microsatellite primers. Total 267 alleles were detected across all the samples which indicates substantial amount of allelic variation is being maintained in conserved bulls. Further, all cattle bulls semen conserved showed higher observed heterozygosity than expected heterozygosity which indicates excess genetic diversity in all the populations. The FST, F IT and FIS value across the loci and population is 0.146 ± 0.009, 0.054 ± 0.038, and − 0.105 ± 0.035, respectively, which suggests lack of inbreeding in conserved cattle bull semen. This study has established genetic diversity in conserved cattle semen samples to achieve sustainable development goals. In addition, it provides compelling evidence that the current approach for conserving cattle bull semen is heading in the correct direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic diversity within a species can be shaped by abiotic factors, such as climate and geography. We aimed to ascertain the relative importance of these two abiotic factors to Indrella ampulla , a monotypic snail species from the Western Ghats, India, that has three colour morphs with some overlapping distributions. We also wanted to investigate whether these colour morphs represent divergent lineages or incipient species. We sequenced one nuclear and two mitochondrial genes from 32 individuals of I. ampulla. We used phylogenetic, population genetic, and niche modelling tools to address these questions. The results suggested that the colour morphs were not reciprocally monophyletic and exhibited considerable niche overlap, suggesting that they cannot be considered as incipient species. Furthermore, the results showed that the impact of palaeoclimatic oscillations in shaping the genetic diversity of this species cannot be determined conclusively. The Palghat Gap seems to have shaped the genetic diversity in this group to a certain degree. The colour morph distributed south of the Palghat Gap did not show admixture and exhibited the least amount of niche overlap with the other morphs. The geography of the landscape seems to have played a prominent role in shaping genetic diversity in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Efficiency of SCoT markers in assessing genetic variation among turmeric cultivars confirmed. • An optimal, simple, rapid and stable SCoT-PCR protocol developed. • Effective tool for analysis and management of turmeric genetic resources. Curcuma longa L. (Family- Zingiberaceae), commonly called turmeric, is one of the most important commercial spices. Being a center of turmeric's diversity, India boasts of more than fifty cultivars with variable agronomic characters and curcumin content. However, the quest for calibrating their genetic variability remains debatable as popular molecular marker-based studies have yielded inconsistent results. A promising PCR-based approach, known as the Start Codon Targeted (SCoT)-PCR system has been established to be more efficient than random DNA marker systems because this technique can generate more information on genetic polymorphism patterns. Hence, the present study proposes to use Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers to assess inter-cultivar genetic diversity of turmeric. We report an orthogonal L 16 (45) design-based approach to investigate the influence of five crucial factors (dNTPs, Taq DNA polymerase, primer, template DNA and annealing temperature of primer) on the efficiency of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for development of an optimized Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) amplification protocol using twenty-seven different cultivars of C. longa. The optimized PCR protocol yields best results with a 20 uL reaction mixture, containing 10×PCR Buffer (with 15 mM MgCl 2), 2.5 mM dNTPs, 10 mM SCoT primer, Taq polymerase (2 U), template DNA (50 ng), which was verified by using twenty-five SCoT primers. This standardized rapid protocol of SCoT-PCR reported here was employed to examine genetic diversity among twenty-seven Indian cultivars of turmeric, revealing high range of polymorphism ranging from 81.25 % to 100 %. Unweighted pair group method of arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis of the SCoT marker data segregated the twenty-seven cultivars into two main clusters. The first cluster comprised of nine cultivars (36 % of the cultivars) which was further divided into three sub-clusters and the second one consisted of eighteen cultivars (64 %) which further divided into four sub-clusters. From the results of this study, it can be inferred that the employment of SCoT markers can be an effective tool for analysing genetic variability, phylogenetic relationships and develop a rich genetic resource management system for C. longa cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm conserved in global genebanks needs intensive characterization to assess genetic diversity and population structure for crop improvement. We analyzed a panel of 92 accessions of non‐Basmati aromatic rice landrace germplasm with 23 phenotypic traits and 48 microsatellite markers. The landrace accessions displayed a huge phenotypic diversity for traits, namely, culm length, flag‐leaf length, panicle‐bearing tillers (PBT), plant height, panicle length, peduncle length, panicle exsertion, grain length, grain width, hull color, and 1000‐grain weight (TGW). Phenotypic clustering revealed three major clusters and five principal components explained 81.24% of the variance. TGW was associated positively with grain length, grain width, peduncle length, and grain yield but negatively with culm length and PBT. A total of 528 microsatellite alleles were detected, with 11.0 alleles per locus, revealing the presence of high polymorphism. Genetically, four subpopulations were detected based on structure analysis. In the germplasm, high levels of gene flow (Nm = 1.51) and gene diversity (HE = 0.83) were found. Among the subpopulations, we discovered high levels of inbreeding (FIS = 0.92) and moderate genetic differentiation (FST = 0.14). High polymorphism information content (0.806) along with a high level of molecular variance among genotypes (79%) was detected. A large number of multiple alleles were detected in numerous landrace accessions, revealing the presence of heterogeneity and heterozygotes in the landrace germplasm. The results of the present study are vital for the utilization of landrace diversity in the genetic improvement programs designed for rice quality improvement and consumer preference. Core Ideas: We need to characterize aromatic rice landrace accessions conserved in global genebanks to assess their variability, genetic structure, and population differentiation.Molecular and phenotypic characterization revealed a high variance among the genotypes but low variance within genotype and among the subpopulations.We found moderate genetic differentiation with high gene flow between accessions of four subpopulations of aromatic rice landraces.Landraces that displayed huge genetic diversity both at phenotypic and molecular levels could be exploited for rice improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report clinical profiles of multiple sclerosis (MS)-associated uveitis in seven cases from a single tertiary eye care center in South India. Methods: Retrospective case series 2013-2023. Results: Seven cases of MS-associated uveitis were retrieved from our databases. There were five females and two males. The diagnosis of MS was made by the neurologist in all cases. Bilaterality was seen in all cases. Intermediate uveitis was the most common presentation (five cases). It was associated with peripheral retinal vasculitis (two cases) and disc pallor (two cases). Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis (one case) and incomplete Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH)-like presentation with a peripapillary choroidal neovascular membrane (one case) were the other presentations. In the case with incomplete VKH-like presentation, whole genome sequencing revealed a heterozygous non-synonymous variation (c.1228C>T) in exon 10 of TNFRSF1A, suggestive of susceptibility to multiple sclerosis 5 due to mutation in the TNFRS1A gene on chromosome 12p13.31. All cases received systemic steroids. Azathioprine (three cases) and rituximab (three cases) were the commonly used immunomodulatory drugs. The visual outcome was good in all cases at the last follow-up. Conclusion: MS-associated uveitis is underreported in India. This series highlights the clinical profile of MS-associated uveitis in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sheep is one of the important species of livestock in India contributing to meat production. India has 44 distinct breeds of sheep, out of which 10 are found in Tamil Nadu. The present study describes the characterization of recently registered breed-Katchaikatty sheep, genetic variability and genetic structure of the population by microsatellite marker analysis. Methods: The genomic DNA from 50 unrelated Katchaikatty sheep was amplified with 25 FAO recommended fluorescent tagged ovine-specific microsatellite markers and genotyped on an automated Genetic Analyzer. Microsatellite fragment sizing was performed by Gene Mapper software. In each locus, observed (no) and effective number of microsatellite alleles (ne), allele frequencies, observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity, heterozygosity deficit estimate (FIS) and Chi-square (X2) test for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were assessed by POPGENE software and polymorphism information content (PIC) was calculated. Mode-shift analyses were performed for testing the genetic bottleneck by bottleneck software. Result: The study revealed a total of 144 alleles across all the loci. The number of alleles at each locus varied from one to 10 with a mean of 5.76 alleles. The PIC values in the microsatellite loci ranged from 0.34 (OarAE129) to 0.83 (OarFCB48) with an average of 0.59, which showed a high genetic polymorphism. Six out of 25 microsatellite loci studied were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and 19 out of 25 loci showed positive FIS values. The overall mean observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.50 and 0.65 respectively and the estimates elucidated a substantial genetic variability in Katchaikatty sheep population. Mode shift analysis revealed a normal L-shaped curve, describing that the Katchaikatty population had not experienced any genetic bottleneck and remained in mutation-drift equilibrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northeastern states of India are known for unique landraces of Capsicum spp. with geographical indications. However, little information is available about these valuable landraces of chillies. Surveys and collections were carried out in niche areas to find out their ecology and diversity through morphological traits and molecular analysis using microsatellite markers. Our result characterized the ecology of niche areas as cool (11.0°C--20.7°C) and humid (>60% relative humidity) climates for dalle-chilli (Capsicum annuum L.); mild-warm (12.2°C--28.6°C) and humid for king-chilli (C. chinense Jacq.); and cool to warm (11.3°C--33.1°C) and humid for bird's eye chilli (C. frutescens L.) during the crop period. The canonical correspondence analysis has shown the significant impact of temperature on the agro-morphological traits and distribution of the landraces in their niche areas. A wide variability was observed for different quantitative traits and yield attributing characters (fruit length, diameter, weight, and yield), showing high heritability (97.0%-- 99.0%), and genetic advance as a percentage of the mean (119.8%--434.0%). A total of 47 SSR markers used for the molecular analysis generated 230 alleles, ranging from 2 (HPMSE-7) to 10 (HPMSE-5), with an average of 4.89 alleles per locus. The average polymorphism information content was also high (0.61) and ranged from 0.20 (HPMSE-7) to 0.85 (CAMS-91). The observed average heterozygosity was lower than the expected value. Analysis of molecular variance has shown significant variation within (69%) and between (31%) of the populations of Capsicum spp. Based on Nei's genetic distance, bird's eye chilli and king-chilli were found to be closer to each other, whereas dalle-chilli, a tretraploid species, was closer to hot pepper (C. annuum). However, the flower size of dalle-chilli was large and found closer to king-chilli in color and differs from C. chinense due to the presence of calyx teeth. For quality traits, landraces king-chilli, dalle-chilli, and bird's eye chilli have shown 2.8, 2.0, and 1.4 times higher average capsaicin and 0.46, 0.25, and 0.22 times higher average oleoresin content over the hot pepper, respectively. The knowledge of ecology and diversity can be used in identifying new areas for production, selection of elite lines, conservation, and crop improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are fewer studies on Trichoderma diversity in agricultural fields. The rhizosphere of 16 crops was analyzed for Trichoderma species in 7 districts of Rajasthan state of India. Based on DNA sequence of translation elongation factor 1α (tef-1α), and morphological characteristics, 60 isolates were identified as 11 species: Trichoderma brevicompactum, species in Harzianum clade identified as T. afroharzianum, T. inhamatum, T. lentiforme, T. camerunense, T. asperellum, T. asperelloides, T. erinaceum, T. atroviride, T. ghanense, and T. longibrachiatum. T. brevicompactum is the most commonly occurring strain followed by T. afroharzianum. No new species were described in this study. T. lentiforme, showed its first occurrence outside the South American continent. The morphological and cultural characteristics of the major species were observed, described, and illustrated in detail. The isolates were tested for their antagonistic effect against three soilborne plant pathogens fungi: Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, and Fusarium verticillioides in plate culture assays. One of the most potent strains was T. afroharzianum BThr29 having a maximum in vitro inhibition of S. rolfsii (76.6%), R. solani (84.8%), and F. verticillioides (85.7%). The potential strain T. afroharzianum BThr29 was also found to be efficient antagonists against soil borne pathogens in in vivo experiment. Such information on crop selectivity, antagonistic properties, and geographic distribution of Trichoderma species will be beneficial for developing efficient Trichoderma-based biocontrol agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) is one of the primary macronutrients required for crop growth and yield. This nutrient is especially limiting wheat yields in the dry and low fertile agro-ecologies having low N in the root zone soil strata. Moreover, majority of farmers in India and South Asia are small to marginal with meagre capacity to invest in costly nitrogen fertilizers. Therefore, there is an immense need to identify lines that use nitrogen efficiently. A set of 50 diverse wheat genotypes consisting of indigenous germplasm lines (05), cultivars released for commercial cultivation (23) and selected elite lines from CIMMYT nurseries (22) were evaluated in an alpha-lattice design with two replications, a six-rowed plot of 2.5m length for 24 agro morphological, physiological and NUE related traits during two consecutive crop seasons in an N-depleted precision field under two different N levels of 50%-N50 (T1) and 100%-N100 (T2) of recommended N, i.e., 100 kg/ha. Analysis of variance revealed significant genetic variation among genotypes for all the traits studied. About 11.36% yield reduction was observed at reduced N levels. Significant correlations among NUE traits and yield component traits were observed which indicated pivotal role of N remobilization to the grain in enhancing yield levels. Among N-insensitive genotypes identified based on their yielding ability at low N levels, UASBW13356, UASBW13358, UASBW13354, UASBW13357 and KRL1-4 showed their inherent genotypic plasticity toward N application. The genotypes with more yield and high to moderate NUtE can be used as parents for the breeding of N efficient genotypes for marginal agro-ecologies. Low N tolerant genotypes identified from the current investigation may be further utilized in the identification of genomic regions responsible for NUE and its deployment in wheat breeding programs. The comprehensive data of 24 traits under different nitrogen levels for diverse genotypes from India and global sources (mainly CIMMYT) should be useful for supporting breeding for NUE and thus will be of great help for small and marginal farmers in India and South Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] (2n=2x=14) is an under exploited legume belonging to the family Fabaceae. Clusterbean is a versatile legume crop cultivated mostly as vegetable, for the extraction of guar gum, animal feed cover crop. Clusterbean is a drought tolerant, hardy, deep rooted annual legume. To assess the nature and magnitude for genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for seed yield and component characters that are useful for an effective selection programme, the present study was under taken. Methods: A set of 40 clusterbean genotypes were evaluated during Kharif 2019 in in randomized complete block design with four replications at Agronomy Instructional Farm, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India. Result: The highest estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation was observed for the number of branches per plant followed by seed yield per plant, days to flowering and number of clusters per plant indicating the presence of wide genetic variability for these characters. High estimates of heritability coupled with high genetic advance were observed for number of branches per plant, seed yield per plant and days to flowering indicating the presence of additive genes and less environmental influence on the characters and existence of sufficient heritable variation and wider scope for effective selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) is an important contributor towards edible oil supply in India. Traditional Indian mustard varieties contain high proportion of 18C polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acids) and large amounts of long-chain monounsaturated FAs, mainly erucic acid, in seeds. Oleate desaturase (FAD2) regulates the composition of 18C PUFAs in cellular membranes and TAG in seed oil. The present study was conducted to gain insight into the allelic diversity of the FAD2 gene in Indian mustard. Analyses of cloned FAD2 genes of three Indian mustard varieties revealed a novel FAD2 gene that has a longer ORF (1167 bp) owing to insertions and several SNPs across its length that distinguish it from the more prevalent native FAD2 gene. Overall, the Indian mustard varieties possess three FAD2 alleles, but there is limited nucleotide diversity among members of each FAD2 type across varieties, suggesting narrow genetic diversity among the varieties examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcoholic liver disease, resulting from chronic alcohol use, includes conditions like fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. This study assessed TNF-α and leptin levels in 45 alcoholic liver disease patients, explored their relationship, and examined the rs1137101 polymorphism in the leptin receptor gene. Participants (mean age 40.13 ± 10.36) had consumed alcohol for an average of 15.31 ± 9.49 years at a daily intake of 253.33 ± 118.25 mL. TNF-α increased with age, while no age-leptin correlation was observed. TNF-α and leptin showed a negative correlation. The study identified a 48% minor allele G frequency for rs1137101. The findings highlight a significant correlation between TNF-α and leptin levels in alcoholic liver disease, suggesting potential roles as inflammatory mediators. More prospective studies are needed to enhance our understanding of these factors and improve disease management, potentially reducing morbidity and mortality rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For rewilding the depleted crocodylian populations in India, a targeted 'one-species one area' based conservation approach was adopted in the early-1970s. Suitable habitats were identified and designated as protected areas, specifically targeted to recover a particular crocodylian species. A ~ 610 km stretch of Chambal River in the Ganga River Basin was declared as National Chambal Sanctuary to restore the 'Critically Endangered' gharial (Gavialis gangeticus), where active management of mugger (Crocodylus palustris) was discouraged. In the present study, we examined the population trends, occupancy, and genetic status of mugger by conducting population monitoring and genetic assessment to understand the status of potentially competitive mugger in the Sanctuary. Our finding suggests that the mugger population has notably increased and colonised the Sanctuary. We observed a moderate level of genetic diversity in the mugger, which was relatively higher compared to the gharial in the Sanctuary. The rapid colonization of ecological generalist mugger raises concerns about potential competition with ecological specialist gharial threatening its long-term sustainability. Considering the coexistence dynamics between the species, it is essential to extend adaptive management strategies for mugger to ensure successful recovery of gharial population in the Sanctuary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is the habitat of many freshwater fish species that make a significant contribution to endemism. However, the native species population is declining at a very fast rate due to pollution, habitat loss or degradation, new species introduction, hydrologic alterations, and overfishing. The minor carp, Labeo gonius, is one of the important fish species in the Indian river systems and holds enormous potential in culture fisheries. Therefore, the precise status of population structure is a prerequisite for the management of the species. In the present study, we assessed the potential of mtDNA ATPase 6/8 and D-loop regions as markers to determine the genetic diversity and phylogeography of L. gonius from Indian rivers. We have selected five major Indian rivers for investigation which could represent geographically distant populations of the studied fish. A total of 210 ATPase 6/8 sequences (842 bp) and 203 D-loop region sequences (683 bp) of L. gonius from the five major Indian rivers were submitted to NCBI. Results revealed that ATPase 6/8 has 17 haplotypes and 70 polymorphic sites with an overall haplotype diversity of 0.560 ± 0.036 and nucleotide diversity of 0.00347 ± 0.00. Furthermore, D-loop analysis revealed 58 haplotypes, 67 polymorphic sites, 0.954 ± 0.006 overall haplotype diversity, and 0.01914 ± 0.00 nucleotide diversity. The hierarchical AMOVA analysis indicated that a high proportion of the genetic variation (76.46% and 70.22% for the D-loop and ATPase 6/8 regions, respectively) was attributed to among-population variation under gene pool-1 (considering all the stocks from Ganga, Brahmaputra, Teesta, Narmada, and Mahanadi as a single pool). Furthermore, in gene pool-2, samples were divided into two groups: group 1 (Himalayan rivers)--Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Teesta; and group 2 (peninsular rivers)--Narmada and Mahanadi. Genetic variations in the D-loop and ATPase 6/8 regions were found among populations within groups at 70.65% and 53.48%, respectively. Haplotype network analysis revealed that there were significant differences in distributions and frequencies. The observed unique haplotypes might be useful for differentiating the stocks. In brief, the present study suggested that the D-loop and ATPase 6/8 regions are potential markers and represent a significant contribution to the genetic characterization of the minor carp L. gonius from major Indian rivers. Moreover, the L. gonius population along the east coast especially in the Himalayan rivers (Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Teesta river basin) is found to be genetically more diverse. The results would provide a scientific basis for the assessment of fisheries resources and management of this important species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing haplotypic and genotypic diversity is crucial for comprehending biological invasion dynamics and devising effective management strategies. In India, Gambusia spp. were introduced in the early twentieth century for mosquito biocontrol, but recent studies have demonstrated their detrimental impact on native biota. The present research employs molecular tools to investigate the haplotypic and genotypic diversity of Gambusia species in India. The findings reveal a greater distribution of Gambusia holbrooki and a lesser occurrence of Gambusia affinis in India. The study underscores that G. holbrooki was initially brought into India from Europe and later multiple times from other regions across the globe. Our global haplotypic network shows the presence of a single G. affinis haplotype, which is narrowly distributed in the northeastern part of India. Additionally, our population genetic analyses exhibit a low genetic variability and significant population genetic structuring among G. holbrooki populations. This study emphasizes the significance of evaluating haplotypic and genotypic diversity to develop a comprehensive understanding of the invasion history and dynamics of introduced species, thereby aiding in the development of effective management strategies that mitigate their negative impact on native biota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The taxonomy and geographical distributions of Osteobrama species have historically posed challenges to ichthyologists, leading to uncertainties regarding their native ranges. While traditional taxonomy has proven valuable in classification, the utility of an integrated approach is restricted for this particular group due to limitations in combining information from biogeography, morphology, and genetic data. This study addresses the taxonomic puzzle arising from the recent identification of Osteobrama tikarpadaensis in the Mahanadi and Godavari Rivers, casting doubt on the actual distribution and systematics of both O. tikarpadaensis and Osteobrama vigorsii. The research reveals distinctions among specimens resembling O. vigorsii from the Krishna and Godavari riverine systems. Notably, specimens identified as O. vigorsii from the Indian Museum exhibit two pairs of barbels, while those from the Godavari River in this study are identified as O. tikarpadaensis. Inter-species genetic divergence and maximum likelihood phylogeny provide clear delineation between O. vigorsii and O. tikarpadaensis. The study suggests that O. vigorsii may be limited to the Krishna River system in southern India, while O. tikarpadaensis could potentially extend from the Mahanadi River in central India to the Godavari River in southern India. Proposed revision to morphological features for both species, accompanied by revised taxonomic keys, aim to facilitate accurate differentiation among Osteobrama congeners. The data generated by this research provide a resource for future systematic investigations into cyprinids in India and surrounding regions. Further, the genetic diversity information obtained from various riverine systems for Osteobrama species will be instrumental in guiding aquaculture practices and formulating effective conservation action plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the utility of genotypes in the breeding program in mid-hill environments of the north-western Himalayas of India, apple cultivars were studied during 2019 and 2020 to discover inter-relationships of variables as well as to study genetic variation across yield attribution traits. For fruit set, fruit drop and fruit volume, high heritability and moderate genetic gain was observed. Substantial correlation between fruit yield per plant and pruning weight, tree volume, tree spread and TSS was observed. However, the increments in tree height and trunk girth were strongly and adversely linked with fruit yield per plant. Thus the traits tree spread, tree volume and flowering length may be used as selection indicators for increased production with high-quality apple cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little millet is an important small millet grown mostly in India. The availability of genetic variability is a critical requirement for crop improvement. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and correlation study was undertaken in a set of 28 little millet genotypes to estimate genetic diversity, association pattern among seven quantitative traits and to select suitable genotypes for crop improvement. In cluster analysis, the genotypes were classified into three distinct clusters, each with one or two subgroups. Cluster I had the major genotypes with comparable ancestry, followed by Cluster II. The total variance was split into seven major principal components, with the top two PCs with eigenvalues greater than one accounting for 82.57% of the overall variation. PC1, which explained a larger part of the variance (58.05%), was strongly influenced by days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of productive tillers per plant, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield. PC2 was primarily influenced by plant height and fodder yield. PCA and association analysis revealed a significant positive association between grain yield and the number of productive tillers per plant, 1000-grain weight, plant height. These traits would be useful for direct selection for little millet crop improvement. In both cluster analysis and PCA, the genotypes DHLM 14-5, IIMR LM-8004, NDL LM1, TNPSu 242, VS 33, WV 168, DPLN 1 and VS 38 displayed diversity, implying that these lines may be used in crossing programme to generate further genetic variability to select suitable transgressive segregants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Garden pea is a cool season vegetable crop cultivated extensively throughout the world. Besides nutritional quality it also boosts soils through the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. The most important task of pea breeding is to develop varieties with high and stable production, different maturity types and resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. To fulfil these objectives, analysis of genetic diversity is the prerequisite to choose genetically diverse parents for a successful hybridization program and to know the source of genes for a particular trait within the available germplasm. Methods: A study was conducted at ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi during 2015, using principle component analysis, correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis approaches to assess the genetic diversity present in 160 pea genotypes for the identification of diverse parents for use in crop improvement. Result: Based on the phenotypic data, three superior genotypes VRPD-2, VRPR-15 and VRP-292 were identified on the basis of pod yield, number of pods per plant, ten pod weight, pod length and number of seeds per pod whereas three other genotypes VRPE-45-1, VRPE-55 and VRPE-36 were found early flowering. Principle Component Analysis revealed that first four principle components contributed to 85% of the total variation so these four were given due importance for further explanation. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that number of pods per plant, ten pod weight and number of internode for first pod were the best predictors of pod yield per plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a versatile crop with high genetic yield potential and various uses. While yellow maize is primarily used for animal feed, white maize is preferred as a food by rural and tribal populations in India. However, white maize landraces suffer immensely in terms of low yield. Heterotic grouping is an excellent method to develop hybrids with increased yield potential in maize. The heterotic grouping of 78 white maize inbred lines was performed using combining ability and molecular diversity analysis. The lines were crossed with two testers, and the resulting hybrids were evaluated for grain yield at three locations representing different agroecological zones in India. The combining ability analysis based on specific combining ability effects on mean grain yield was used to classify the inbred lines into heterotic groups (HG‐A: 18 inbreds; HG‐B: 33 inbreds). Additionally, marker‐based clustering using 62,470 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated through genotyping by sequencing was also employed to determine the genetic relationships among these lines. The combining ability information was superimposed on marker‐based clustering data to obtain the heterotic grouping information, and two distinct HGs with 7 (HG‐1) and 18 inbred lines (HG‐2) were developed. The results of this study will contribute to the development of high‐performing white maize hybrids through the efficient utilization of clear‐cut and well‐defined HGs. Hence, the use of SNP markers along with the combining ability of inbred lines is a useful method for heterotic grouping and understanding of genetic relationships of white maize. Core Ideas: White maize is a staple crop in many parts of the world, but resources are mostly devoted in yellow maize in India.The establishment of heterotic groups in white maize is important for developing high‐yielding hybrids.The current study uses both combining ability and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐based methods for efficiently grouping the maize inbred lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native potatoes are an important source of biotic/abiotic resistance and quality traits improvement. The aim of this study was to analyse genetic diversity and population structure using 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and 51 distinctness, uniformity and novelty (DUS) phenotypic traits in native potato collection (94 accessions) in India representing sub-tropical plains (45), north-west (NW) hills (25), north-east (NE) hills (22) and two unknown sources. Polymorphic 14 SSR loci revealed 97 alleles, where allele sizes per marker ranged between 75 bp (STM0037) and 296 bp (STM5114), and the number of alleles per marker varied between 2 (STI0030) and 13 (STPoAc58/STM0031). The polymorphic information content (PIC) of SSR was found between 0.29 (STI0030) and 0.90 (STPoAc58/STM0031). The accessions were grouped into four major clusters using both SSR and phenotypic traits separately based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient using the neighbour-joining clustering approach by the DARWin software. However, both clusters contained different accessions and intermixing was observed amongst collection sources. Clusters were supported by principal component analysis (PCA) plots based on both SSR and phenotypic data. Population structure analysis revealed four populations using the SRUCTURE software based on the SSR data. Taken together, our study suggests that SSR and DUS trait profiling are the key components of genetic diversity and population structure analysis in the potato. This would be useful for genetic fidelity testing of true-to-type accessions in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes is one of the four major types of non-communicable disease which has reached the epidemic proportions leading to major public health problems and concern. Several studies have shown the impact of genetic variations on diabetes pathogenesis. KCNJ11 gene has been associated with T2DM. Any variation in this gene disrupts the insulin release from β cells ultimately causing diabetes. Aim: The present research aims to resolve whether genetic variants of KCNJ11 have association with susceptibility to T2DM in the North Indian population. Method: PCR-RFLP technique was used to genotype 200 subjects for rs5219 genetic variant of KCNJ11 gene. Student's t test and chi square test (χ2) were used to evaluate continuous and categorical variables. Association of KCNJ11genotypes with T2DM was done by odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI). All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS-21 software. Results: Environmental factors such as smoking and lack of exercise increase the risk for T2DM (OR>1). The genotype frequency distribution for KCNJ11 rs5219 SNP was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) for both control (p-value-0.96) and T2DM case group (p-value-0.685). rs5219 was associated with T2DM in dominant genetic model (p-value- <0.001; OR- 3.781) and recessive genetic model (p-value- <0.001; OR- 3.740). It was found that T allele was a risk allele that increases susceptibility for T2DM. Conclusion: This study elucidated that rs5219 genetic variant of KCNJ11 may increase the susceptibility for T2DM and TT genotype might be involved in predisposing individuals for development of disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted at Dry Land Agriculture Research Station (DARS), Rangreth, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India aimed to comprehensively assess 40 genotypes, alongside 5 checks, for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) characterization. Employing an Augmented Block Design in the field in kharif season of April-August, 2022 and a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in the laboratory from September-March 2023, the genotypes underwent evaluation for 21 DUS traits and 43 morphological, maturity, yield and quality traits. The evaluation followed descriptors specific to rajmash genotypes, utilizing frequency distribution based on "state" and "code" for each trait. The results indicated that majority of genotypes exhibited early flowering (<50 days), with 91% displaying an absence of anthocyanin coloration. Erect plant types were prevalent (51.11%), with 51% and 60% being viny and determinate, respectively. Most genotypes featured medium-sized, light green, ovate leaves (46.66%, 53%, and 22%, respectively). White-colored flowers (48.88%) with striped petal surfaces (57.77%) and medium curvature (40.00%) were predominant. Seed-related traits, such as cordate pod shapes (51%) and concave pod sutures (50%), along with acute pod distal shapes (69%), were observed. Pale green pods (57.77%) and 76% of genotypes exhibiting pod stringiness were noted. Seed shapes were mainly kidney-shaped (60%), and absent pigmentation in pod shells (73%) was observed. Large-sized seeds (40%) with dark red testa color (44%) were common, and seed testa variegation was "absent" in 75.55% of genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deciphering the population structure and variations of vector species is indispensable for effective disease management programs. The population genetic structure of a species is an attribute of its vector competence. In India, Culicoides oxystoma Kieffer, 1910 (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) has recently been implicated in the transmission of BTV-1. We studied the genetic structure of C. oxystoma obtained from various physiographic regions of India and evaluated it based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit-1 (COX-1). Genetic similarity was assessed through median-joining networks based on haplotypes and FST analysis. Major findings reveal that the geographic clustering is aligned with the Palearctic-Indomalayan-Australian cluster which is distinct from the Senegal haplotypes. Pairwise FST showed significant genetic differentiation among the haplotypes of the Palearctic, Indomalayan, Australian and African regions except between China and Japan. Tests of neutrality illustrated an expanding population within the Indian subcontinent. Calculated values of coefficient of difference of morphological parameters across various physiographic regions suggest an absence of subspecies, which, however, requires further validation. In summary, our study indicates there is presence of gene flow in C. oxystoma across various physiographic regions of India. However, homogeneity in the population structure of this vector species, C. oxystoma, indicates that it poses a significant risk of outbreaks in multiple localities in a conducive environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement: Preserving and conserving crop landraces, tended by indigenous farming communities, is crucial for future food security. This research focused on rice landrace diversity in the north‐eastern Himalayan region of Nagaland, India, where Naga communities cultivate rice according to their dietary and cultural preferences. Rice diversity is closely linked to the region's ethnolinguistic and ecological variety. On‐farm conservation, in collaboration with indigenous communities, is imperative to protect these germplasm resources. Involving these communities actively in conservation efforts will safeguard their traditional knowledge, endorse sustainable farming practices, and enhance the resilience of local agricultural systems. Summary: Understanding the genetic diversity and cultural significance of crop landraces is crucial for their conservation and sustainable utilization. This study focused on rice landraces from Nagaland in north‐eastern India to assess their genetic diversity and explore their associations with ethnolinguistic groups.We collected 78 rice landraces from Nagaland and a small part of Manipur and conducted microsatellite genotyping for genetic analysis. We integrated social anthropology and population genetics analyses of rice landraces to glean insights into the genetic diversity, population structure, and ethnolinguistic history of rice cultivation in Nagaland.The study revealed the rich cultural significance of rice landraces among the Nagas. Farmers practiced small‐scale subsistence farming, maintaining diverse rice landraces. Naming conventions were based on factors such as seed source, color, grain type, and ecological suitability. Rice landraces played important roles in ethnic cultures, festivals, and religious ceremonies. Genetic analysis identified significant diversity, with 277 alleles across 69 loci and a moderate gene diversity of 0.57. Two distinct sub‐populations were identified, with one dominated by Chakhesang and Angami Nagas and the other by Sümi and Lotha accessions. Differentiation was observed between lowland and upland cultivars, with one sub‐population comprising exclusively lowland varieties. Cultural factors and cultivation practices influenced population differentiation, with ethnicity and ecotype having a significant impact. The study also highlighted the correlation between ethnolinguistic differentiation and the indica–japonica structuring of rice landraces. Different ethnic groups in Nagaland had distinct cultivation practices, contributing to genetic differentiation.Overall, this research emphasizes the need to preserve rice landraces and associated traditional knowledge for future improvements and cultural heritage conservation. It provides insights into genetic diversity, cultural significance, and the relationship between genetic diversity, cultural practices, and agricultural traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study aimed to investigate genetic diversity in Babesia gibsoni, the causative agent of canine babesiosis, and to assess the presence of atovaquone-resistant isolates in naturally infected dogs. Methods: A total of 24 blood samples confirmed for B. gibsoni infection was subjected to PCR amplification and sequencing based on cytb gene. Genetic characterization of B. gibsoni as well as attempts to detect the point mutation rendering atovaquone resistance was carried out based on the analysis of nucleotide sequence of cytb gene using bioinformatics software. Results: The findings indicated that the B. gibsoni isolates in the investigation exhibited a high nucleotide identity with the Asian genotype, ranging from 98.41 to 98.69%. Notably, none of the isolates carried cytb gene variants associated with atovaquone resistance. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering of most isolates with those from Japan and China, except for one isolate forming a distinct subclade. Haplotype network analysis indicated a high diversity with 22 distinct haplotypes among the B. gibsoni isolates, emphasizing the genetic variability within the studied population. Conclusion: In conclusion, the cytb gene exhibited remarkable conservation among the twenty-four B. gibsoni isolates studied and the study represents the first genetic diversity assessment of B. gibsoni using the cytb gene in dogs from India. These findings shed light on the genetic characteristics of B. gibsoni in the region and provide valuable insight for addressing the challenges posed by this life-threatening disease in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a complex medical condition characterized by atherosclerotic plaque accumulation in coronary arteries, leading to narrowed blood vessels and impaired blood flow. Endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and various risk factors contribute to CAD development. Matricellular proteins, including thrombospondins (THBS), play crucial roles in vascular processes and cardiac function. Methods: A case–control study was conducted among 296 participants from Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, India, to investigate genetic variations in THBS1 (N700S) and THBS2 (3′ UTR T → G) in relation to CAD. Genomic DNA was isolated, and PCR–RFLP was employed for genotyping. Clinical and biochemical parameters were assessed, and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. Results: The study revealed that age, serum cholesterol, HDL, VLDL, and LDL were significantly associated with CAD in the Indian population. However, no statistically significant associations were found between triglyceride and serum creatinine levels, as well as the studied THBS1 and THBS2 genetic polymorphisms, and CAD. The analysis of genotypic and allelic frequencies did not indicate significant associations with CAD risk. Conclusions: This study suggests that specific genetic variations in THBS1 and THBS2 may not be strongly linked to the development or risk of CAD in the studied Indian population. The associations observed between age, lipid profiles, and CAD highlight the multifactorial nature of CAD susceptibility. Further research with larger sample sizes and diverse populations is warranted to validate these findings and explore additional genetic factors contributing to CAD in specific populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an extensive exploration survey of wild progeny was conducted which yielded 18 candidate plus trees (CPTs) of Terminalia bellerica. Seeds of these CPTs were collected from diverse locations between 10°54′ and 28°07′ E longitude, and 76°27′ and 95°32′ N latitude, covering 18 different locations across 5 states of the Indian subcontinent. The objective of the progeny trial was to assess genetic associations and variability in growth and physio-chemical characteristics. Significant variations (p < 0.05) were observed among the growth traits, encompassing plant height, basal diameter, girth at breast height and volume, as well as physio-chemical characteristics such as leaf length, width, area and chlorophyll content, carotenoids, and protein in the progeny trial. Broad-sense heritability (h2b) estimates were consistently high, exceeding 80% for all growth and physiological related traits under investigation except for plant height, leaf length, and girth at breast height. A correlation study revealed that selecting based on plant height, leaf area, and girth at breast height effectively enhances T. bellerica volume. A moderate genetic advance in percent of the mean (GAM) was observed for most traits, except leaf length, leaf width, girth at breast height, and plant height. Across all 13 traits, phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) surpassed genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV). Utilizing principal component analysis (PCA) and dendrogram construction categorized the genotypes into seven distinct groups. In conclusion, the study has demonstrated that targeting girth at breast height and plant height would be a highly effective strategy for the establishment of elite seedling nurseries and clonal seed nurseries for varietal and hybridization programs in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A heavy burden of cardiometabolic conditions on low- and middleincome countries like India that are rapidly undergoing urbanization remains unaddressed. Indians are known to have high levels of triglycerides and low levels of HDL-C along with moderately higher levels of LDL-C. The genomewide findings from Western populations need to be validated in an Indian context for a better understanding of the underlying etiology of dyslipidemia in India. Objective: We aim to validate 12 genetic variants associated with lipid levels among rural and urban Indian populations and derive unweighted and weighted genetic risk scores (uGRS and wGRS) for lipid levels among the Indian population. Methods: Assuming an additivemodel of inheritance, linear regressionmodels adjusted for all the possible covariates were run to examine the association between 12 genetic variants and total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C among 2,117 rural and urban Indian participants. The combined effect of validated loci was estimated by allelic risk scores, unweighted and weighted by their effect sizes. Results: The wGRS for triglycerides and VLDL-C was derived based on five associated variants (rs174546 at FADS1, rs17482753 at LPL, rs2293889 at TRPS1, rs4148005 at ABCA8, and rs4420638 at APOC1), which was associated with 36.31mg/dL of elevated triglyceride and VLDL-C levels (β = 0.95, SE = 0.16, p < 0.001). Similarly, every unit of combined risk score (rs2293889 at TRPS1 and rs4147536 at ADH1B)was associatedwith 40.62mg/dL of higher total cholesterol (β=1.01, SE=0.23, p < 0.001) and 33.97 mg/dL of higher LDL-C (β=1.03, SE=0.19, p < 0.001) based on itswGRS (rs2293889 at TRPS1, rs4147536 at ADH1B, rs4420638 at APOC1, and rs660240 at CELSR2). The wGRS derived from five associated variants (rs174546 at FADS1, rs17482753 at LPL, rs4148005 at ABCA8, rs4420638 at APOC1, and rs7832643 at PLEC) was associated with 10.64mg/dL of lower HDL-C (β = -0.87, SE = 0.14, p < 0.001). Conclusion: We confirm the role of eight genome-wide association study (GWAS) loci related to different lipid levels in the Indian population and demonstrate the combined effect of variants for lipid traitsamong Indians by deriving the polygenic risk scores. Similar studies among different populations are required to validate the GWAS loci and effect modification of these loci by lifestyle and environmental factors related to urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]