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Inclusion of legumes in cereal based cropping system restores soil fertility and improves carbon storage and soil quality. In this background a field experiment was conducted in a strip-split plot design using three legume species viz., green gram, groundnut and cluster bean as vertical strip, two residue management practices i.e. residue removal (-R) and residue retention (+R) as horizontal strip, and three nitrogen levels i.e. 100%, 75% and 50% recommended rate of nitrogen (N) application in intersectional sub plots with four replications during summer 2017 and 2018. The grain and stover yield of maize, N uptake and soil properties were monitored after each crop harvest; soil nitrogen balance and soil organic carbon were estimated. Under 100% N fertilization, cluster bean – maize cropping system with residue (+R) recorded 12.78 and 9.78% higher maize grain and stover yield, respectively than without residue (–R) treatment. Highest available N (189.9 kg ha−1) and available P (54.5 kg ha−1) were registered under cluster bean- maize cropping system. Legume residue incorporation resulted 9.65, 8.46, 7.09 and 8.86% higher (p = 0.05) WBC content, WBC stock, available N and P contents over residue removal scenario. Annually, 1.71% added carbon converted into soil organic carbon. Legume residue retention and 100% recommended rate of nitrogen application enhanced nitrogen balance. Soil N balance was highest under groundnut – maize system (165 kg ha−1). Overall, for better soil health and optimum crop production, cluster bean – maize cropping system with legume residue retention and 100% N fertilization may be promoted in semi-arid Western India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green gram is an excellent pulse crop with high economic and nutritional values. Optimal water and nutrient application can boost yield, water productivity, nutrient use, energy indices, and economic gains. The field experiment comprising three irrigation schedules (one irrigation at pre-flowering, two irrigations at pre-flowering and pod formation, and three irrigations at branching, pre-flowering and pod formation stages) and four nutrient management (control, 100% recommended fertilizer (RDF), farmyard manure at 5 t ha−1, and 100% RDF + FYM at 5 t ha−1) was arranged in a split-plot design with three replications during the summer seasons of 2016 and 2017. Based on the principal component analysis technique and economic assessment of all the treatments studied, three irrigations at branching, pre-flowering and pod formation stages with the recommended fertilizer plus FYM resulted in the maximum growth, yield components, seed yield (784 kg ha−1), stover yield (2288 kg ha−1), highest NPK uptake, total output energy, net energy gain, greatest gross return (USD 749.7 ha−1), net return (USD 331.7 ha−1) and higher BCR (1.79). However, maximum crop water productivity and irrigation water productivity (0.55 and 0.96 kg m−3, respectively) were recorded with a single irrigation at pre-flowering stage in tandem with full recommended fertilizer and farmyard manure. A linear relationship was detected between seed yield and seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ETc) at different nutritional levels. Seasonal water consumtion of 178 mm corresponding to an irrigation amount of 170 mm with a yield of 620 kg ha−1 and CWP of 0.36 kg m−3 was a balance for optimum seed yield, ETc and CWP. The 0–30 cm depth of the root zone profile contributed 80–84% while the 30–60 cm depth accounted for 16–20% of total soil moisture depletion. Based on the physical and financial outputs, a three-irrigation schedule coupled with the full recommended fertilizer and manure was identified as the best management strategy for green gram production and can thus be recommended to farmers of non-saline coastal soils in eastern India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulse production in Old Alluvial Zone, Malda is significantly low compared to their potentiality due to poor cultivation practices and adoption of traditional varieties by the farmers. Cluster Frontline Demonstration, which is a noble tool, was studied during 2017–2019 in two pulses viz. blackgram (var. PU-31) and greengram (var. PDM-139) to evaluate its impacts on technology adoption and bridge the gaps in yields among potential, demonstration, and farmers' plots. In this study, variation of technology index (TI) was observed between 23.6–32.33% and 26.07–31.67% for blackgram and greengram, respectively; whereas extension yield gaps varied by 458.0–522.0 kg ha−1 and 462.0–508.0 kg ha−1, respectively. It was inferred that blackgram and greengram productivity can be enhanced by 76.46–90.43% and 82.06–84.53%, respectively, by adopting an improved package of farm technologies. The BCR (benefit–cost ratio) of blackgram and greengram in demonstration plots varied between 1.99–2.18 and 2.03–2.61, respectively; whereas in farmers' plots they were 1.38–1.56 and 1.39–1.82, respectively, i.e., average BCR enhanced by 41.61% and 44.57% in demonstration plots over farmers' plots of blackgram and greengram, respectively, by adopting improved production technologies. During 2017–19, improved production technology in demonstration plots increased the average water usage efficiency of blackgram and greengram by 42.25% and 82.79%, respectively. The yield variations between farmers' plots and demonstration plots were statistically significant at p ≤.01 significance level. It is hypothesized that CFLDs are quite feasible and have enormous potential to enhance blackgram and greengram productivity in prevailing farming situations of socio-economically poor farming communities of this region in a sustainable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In India, about 6.75 million ha, which is around 2.3% of the country's geographical area is salt affected of which 3.79 million ha is sodic soil. Total sodic soil area in Tamil Nadu is around 0.36 million ha, accounting for 9.5% of total sodic soil area in India. Reclamation of salt-affected soil using drainage is expensive and leaching with good quality water is uneconomical in shallow water table areas. Addition of organic amendments performs a dual role in these situations by enhancing gypsum solubility and improving soil physico-chemical characteristics. Methods: In this context a field experiment was conducted at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tiruchirappalli during summer season of 2021 and 2022 to study the reclamation potential of ameliorants under sodic soil. The experiments were laid out in split plot design with three replications. The treatments comprised of different soil amendments in main plot and foliar nutrition in sub plot. Result: The results showed that, gypsum @ 50% GR+CSR GROMOR @ 25 kg ha-1 registered significantly higher growth parameters viz., plant height (53.5 and 58.4 cm), no. of branches plant-1 (7.27 and 6.75), DMP (2791 and 2801 kg ha-1), physiological characters viz.,CGR (4.12 and 4.46 g m-2 day-1), SPAD value (27.70 and 29.96), RWC (64.10 and 56.15%) and soluble protein (74.60 and 69.72 mg g-1) at harvest. It also increased grain yield of 834 and 875 kg ha-1 with higher exchangeable Ca and Mg with lower Na content during 2021 and 2022 year of experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out during kharif season of 2022 and 2023 at the Punjab Agricultural University (PAU)-Regional Research Station (RRS), Ballowal Saunkhri (SBS Nagar) with the objective to find out the impact of foliar spray of agrochemicals on biophysical parameters, PAR interception and heat use efficiency of rainfed mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) under variable sowing dates. Timely sown crop (second fortnight of July) resulted in higher leaf area index, chlorophyll index, PAR interception and heat use efficiency (HUE) as compared to late sowing (first fortnight of August). Significantly higher seed yield, stover yield and biological yields were obtained in timely sowing during both the years of study. Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1.5% recorded significantly higher leaf area index, chlorophyll index, PAR interception, heat use efficiency (HUE) and helio-thermal use efficiency (HTUE) but it was statistically similar with foliar spray of N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1.5%. Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1.5% and N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1.5% gave statistically similar seed, stover and biological yields and significantly better than other treatments. There was an increase of 33.3% in seed yield with foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1.5% and increase of 29.1% with foliar spraying of N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1.5%, when compared with control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mungbean is an ancient pulse crop widely cultivated under different agro-ecological situations in India. It is the potential source of protein, essential minerals and vitamin-B (vitamin-C in sprouting grains). Pulses offer an alternative for diversification of agricultural system but poor yield renders them poor competitors of cereals, oilseeds and cash crops. So it is necessary to screen and identify phenotypically stable genotypes which could perform more or less uniformly under different conditions. The current study aimed to identify the high potential stable genotype and appropriate sowing time for mungbean cultivation in hot arid zone of Rajasthan. Methods: A field experiment was conducted with 35 mungbean genotypes over four environments created by four different dates of sowing in RBD with three replications at SKRAU, Bikaner during summer-2019 and Kharif-2019 using the model of Eberhart and Russell (1966). Result: Stability parameters revealed that genotype IC-39269 exhibited stable performance for number of seeds per pod, biological yield per plant and harvest index across the environments; whereas, IPM 02-3, MH 2-15 and RMG-344 exhibited stable performance for seed yield under favourable environment i.e. Kharif season and genotype IC 103059 for stressed environment i.e. summer season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of seven predominant integrated nutrient management (INM) practices on soil quality indicators and indices under two inter-cropping systems, namely cotton + black gram and green gram + rabi sorghum, at the All-India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture (AICRPDA), Parbhani Center, located in Central and Western Maharashtra, India. The INM practices include F1: Farmyard Manure (FYM) @ 5 t ha−1; F2: Gliricidia @ 3t ha−1 (semi dried leaves + very soft upper twigs); F3: Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF); F4: 25% RDF + FYM @ 2.5 t ha−1; F5: 25% RDF + Gliricidia @ 1.5 t ha−1 (semi dried leaves + very soft upper twigs); F6: Control with rotation and F7: Absolute control without rotation. The order of overall performance of the INM treatments, in terms of mean Soil Quality Index (SQI), across both the cropping systems studied was: F1 (2.59) > F4 (2.55) > F5 (2.52) > F2 (2.49) > F3 (2.40) > F6 (2.12) > F7 (2.04). In case of Cotton + black gram system, the predominant soil parameters which emerged as key soil quality indicator, along with their percent contribution toward soil quality index, were: organic C (21%), available Mn (21%), labile C (20%), dehydrogenase activity (DHA) (19%), pH (5%), available S (5%), mean weight diameter of soil aggregates (MWD) (5%) and available K (4%). However, in case of green gram + rabi sorghum system, labile C (24%), available K (23%), available Mn (23%), microbial biomass C (MBC) (21%) and available S (9%) were found to be the key soil quality indicators in the black soil under study. The common indicators for the two cropping systems studied under these Vertisol soils were: available K, available S, available Mn and Labile carbon (LC). Thus, these indicators assume great significance in managing the Vertisol soils under study. The methodology followed and the results of the present study will be immensely useful to different stakeholders in conducting such future studies and managing and improving soil quality under different inter-cropping systems in Vertisols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgreens grown and consumed at high altitudes can help inhabitants with nutritional security. A study on the measurement of phytochemical content and nutritional characteristics of nine (i.e. radish, cabbage, broccoli, beetroot, peas, mung beans, sunflower, garden orche, and buckwheat) microgreens grown in high-altitude regions of India was carried out to understand their nutritional richness and diversity. The phytochemical analysis for 26 parameters, including proximate, essential elements, and vitamins, was performed using standard methods. The nutrient content % and nutrient quality score were also calculated and compared with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines to develop their dietary recommendations for better understanding the nutrient content of the dose of these microgreens. A nutrient quality score is calculated based on 12 desirable and 1 limited nutrient (Na). The result stated that these microgreens are rich sources of vitamins A, C, and β-carotene, with cruciferous members like radish, cabbage, and broccoli being particularly high in vitamin B5 as per RDI values. Beetroot microgreens are excellent sources of vitamins B2, B3, B5, β-carotene, Mn, Fe, and dietary fiber. Mung bean microgreens are rich in vitamins C, B3, B5, β-carotene, Fe, and Mn. Sunflower pea, and radish microgreens are also beneficial for various vitamins. The phytochemical measurement of microgreens found that they can potentially enhance nutritional uptake successfully in high-altitude regions. Further research is required on sustainable production, packaging, storage, sensory attributes, their potential to prevent or treat diseases, and gut–microgreens interaction to establish them as a more efficient, functional, and instant food for the region's nutritional security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf blight disease (LBD) of mungbean caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is one of the major yields reducing factor in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Temperature and relative humidity play a significant role in development of this disease. In the present studies which was carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Badnapur during kharif 2017. The factors were found to have a temperature showing non-significant and humidity showing significant role in disease development on leaf blight under field conditions. Maximum temperature (31.4°C), minimum temperature (25.61°C) and relative humidity (84.04%) favored high disease development. Positive and non-significant correlation was observed between disease and temperature while significant, positive correlation was noticed between disease development and relative humidity. This is the first-time study on the impact of weather parameter on leaf blight of mungbean in Maharashtra State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The production of pulses recorded a negative growth rate due to stagnation in expansion of pulse growing area and very slow progress in the improvement of productivity of important pulses. Therefore, there is urgent need to increase the area under pulse crops by promoting them into new areas and seasons. Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is third most important pulse crop both in acreage and production in India and hence, identification of high yielding dual season (kharif and summer) stable blackgram genotypes is very crucial for horizontal expansion of crop, which in turn leading to increased production. The present study was thus envisaged to identify stable, high yielding dual season (kharif and summer) genotypes. Methods: Twenty-five blackgram genotypes were evaluated at three different locations during kharif and summer seasons to identify high yielding, stable and suitable for dual season. The data obtained from six environments was subjected to stability analysis as per Eberhart and Russell (1966). Result: Analysis of variance for stability revealed that variance due to genotypes, environment and environment + (genotype × environment) were highly significant for all the characters. The genotypes viz., TRCRU-136, BDU-20, BDU-18, AKU-15 and TRCRU-22 were found early maturing with wider adaptability to unfavourable environments. While, BDU-18 and LBG-465 were found stable in expression with high mean performance across the six environments for 100-seed weight. From the present study, six promising stable genotypes viz., BDU-17, TRCRU-22, BDU-18, TRCRU-339, TRCRU-18 and IC 436778 were identified for cultivation during kharif as well as summer seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imbalanced and excessive use of chemical fertilizers has brought many soil fertility problems. Soil test crop response (STCR) approach aims to estimate precise fertilizer requirement for target yield under varying soil test values and gaining prominence for site-specific nutrient management. A field experiment to estimate STCR based fertilizer requirement for targeted yield of mungbean was conducted during 2019–2020 at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India. Three fertility gradient plots of varying soil fertility levels were created by applying graded dose of N, P2O5 and K2O and growing wheat as an exhaust crop. Each of three soil fertility gradient plot was divided into 24 subplots (21 plots with different combinations of varying levels of N, P2O5, K2O and FYM, remaining 3 plots as controls) and mungbean was grown as main crop. Results revealed the requirement of 6.72, 0.883, and 3.52 kg of N, P and K, respectively for producing one quintal of mungbean grain. Soil, FYM, fertilizer and fertilizer along with FYM contributed 28.06%, 5.94%, 113.22%, and 135.01% for N; 24.73%, 3.18%, 15.1%, and 18.85% for P; 13.19%, 7.21%, 39.52%, and 55.84% for K, respectively. This information is used to develop STCR based fertilizer prescription equations along with ready reckoners of fertilizer doses at different soil fertility levels and yield targets of mungbean for providing balanced fertilization. The maximum response of mungbean in terms of grain and protein yield was obtained with the application of 20:50:30 kg ha−1 N: P2O5: K2O, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: India has been using natural, renewable resources for dishwashing and cleaning since pre-Harappan times, which speak to the country's rich biodiversity and long standing traditions of health and hygiene. The current review focuses on several Indian traditional dish wash materials that are categorized according to their mechanism of action as scrubbers and scrappers, abrasives, degreasers, deodorizers and saponin biosurfactant dish wash cleaning materials. Scrubbers and scrappers include rice straw, bagasse, coconut coir, coconut brooms, jute and agave fibers, luffa, etc. Soil, clay, sand, crystal salt, lime, rice husk, bran, starch, ash (wood, dung, husk), charcoal, biochar, and other materials are examples of abrasives. Materials that contain organic acids, such as citrus, mango, gooseberry, tamarind, tomato fruits, are used as degreasers. On the other hand, Citrus peels, drumstick seeds, sour butter milk, etc., come under deodorizers. The saponin biosurfactant rich fruits and seeds of soapnuts, soap pod, green gram, Bengal gram, bitter Albizia, etc., function as surface active agents. A few of them use multiple mechanisms to clean the vessels. They are used in many forms (solid, powder, liquid, paste, sponge, fiber, scrub, broom) and obtained from a variety of plant plants (leaf, bark, stem, fruit, seed) as well as the earth's crust. Short conclusion: Compared to commercial, manmade surfactants, natural organic and biosurfactant cleaners have several major advantages over synthetic ones, such as their natural availability, affordability, renewability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, minimal environmental and human toxicity, hypo-human allergenicity and multifaceted biological activities. They are free from preservatives and carcinogenic byproducts, free from phosphate-induced eutrophication and sustainable in terms of local resource use, fossil fuel independence and low carbon footprint production. In addition to kitchen utensil cleaning, few of them are utilized for their myriad of functionalities such as jewelry polisher, face mask, bathing soap, hair cleanser, hair conditioner and washing detergent. The use of renewable and natural cleaning materials aligns with several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, including Goal 6, Goal 9, Goal 12, Goal 13, Goal 14 and Goal 15. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, cow dung is widely utilized to create formulations that serve as effective plant growth enhancers with antimicrobial properties. The cow dung-derived handmade paper manufacturing process produces two waste-liquor streams, a Raw Liquor (RL) produced through the dewatering of the cow-dung slurry and a Black Liquor (BL) produced during the soda pulping of dewatered cow dung. The present study explored the potential of these waste streams to be used as plant biofertilizers for germination and cultivation of Vigna radiata seeds (mung bean, IPM-02-03 variety). An in vitro assay for seed germination efficiency and a pot study for plant growth promotion (PGP) activity were used to assess this potential. The in vitro assay demonstrated that nutrient-rich RL, with its 100% seed germination efficiency (better than the 85.7% of tap water) was an effective biofertilizer for seed germination. In contrast, BL yielded poor seed germination efficiency. The pot study showed that water irrigation led to good seed germination, survival, plant rooting and shooting, but it was probably deprived of nutrients for inducing good grain yields. When water was replaced with RL, it was able to replicate the results, but with good grain yields. In contrast, BL produced poorer germination, seed survival and PGP results. The poor biofertilization efficiency of BL was most probably due to the nutrient losses and toxic chemicals produced in the harsh pulping process. The results showed that RL, though considered a waste stream, is sufficiently nutrient-rich to act as an effective biofertilizer for germinating mung bean seeds and promoting plant growth and grain yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 50 genotypes were evaluated during Kharif 2022 in three different locations in Tamilnadu, India. The data on seed yield per plant was subjected to AMMI and GGE biplot analysis for stability study. The IPCA values explained 100% and 98.8% variation in AMMI and GGE biplot respectively. Results from both analyses inferred that the genotypes viz., Mash 114, Mash 1008, VBN (Bg) 4 and VBN 10 were stable across the environments with high mean seed yield per plant. Hence these varieties can be utilized for cultivation in varied environments of Tamilnadu. Besides, the genotypes; MASH 1008, MASH 114, VBN (Bg) 4, VBN 8, VBN 10 and VBN 11 were found to be resistant to MYMV based on the field screening at National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban, Pudukkottai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exotic ornamental tree Senna spectabilis (DC.) H. S. Irwin and Barneby has invaded various Protected Areas of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve including the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary in India creating a significant threat to biodiversity. This study examined the allelopathic potential and heterotoxicity of invasive S. spectabilis leaf extract by bioassay under laboratory conditions and identified its allelochemicals using HRLC-ESI–MS (QTOF) analysis. The bioassay experiment with test plant species including Vigna radiata (mung bean), Cicer arietinum (chickpea), and Amaranthus cruentus (red amaranth) was conducted in the laboratory and the methanolic leaf extract found to exhibit the greatest inhibitory activity. The percentage of inhibition of plumule growth by methanolic leaf extract on V. radiata, C. arietinum, and A. cruentus were 82%, 86%, and 99%, respectively. Phenol and proline content were significantly increased in germinated seedlings treated with even a quarter strength of leaf extract. Further by HR-LCMS analysis fifteen important allelochemicals were identified including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthraquinone, benzoic acid derivatives, and cinnamic acids. A soil sterilization experiment was used to examine the role of soil microbes in the phytotoxicity of leaf leachate. No significant variations exhibited in the phytotoxicity. The full strength of leaf leachate inhibited the shoot length of B. bambos by 52% in the sterile and 48% in the non-sterile soil, whereas it was 74 and 68%, respectively, in V. radiata. Further studies in the process of allelochemical release and their mode of action may confer a more lucid knowledge concerning the invasion mechanisms of S. spectabilis through allelopathy, guiding to practical management strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The future of South Asia’s major production system (rice–wheat rotation) is at stake due to continuously aggravating pressure on groundwater aquifers and other natural resources which will further intensify with climate change. Traditional practices, conventional tillage (CT) residue burning, and indiscriminate use of groundwater with flood irrigation are the major drivers of the non-sustainability of rice–wheat (RW) system in northwest (NW) India. For designing sustainable practices in intensive cereal systems, we conducted a study on bundled practices (zero tillage, residue mulch, precise irrigation, and mung bean integration) based on multi-indicator (system productivity, profitability, and efficiency of water, nitrogen, and energy) analysis in RW system. The study showed that bundling conservation agriculture (CA) practices with subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) saved ~70 and 45% (3-year mean) of irrigation water in rice and wheat, respectively, compared to farmers’ practice/CT practice (pooled data of Sc1 and Sc2; 1,035 and 318  mm  ha−1 ). On a 3-year system basis, CA with SDI scenarios (mean of Sc5–Sc8) saved 35.4% irrigation water under RW systems compared to their respective CA with flood irrigation (FI) scenarios (mean of Sc3 and Sc4) during the investigation irrespective of residue management. CA with FI system increased the water productivity (WPi) and its use efficiency (WUE) by ~52 and 12.3% (3-year mean), whereas SDI improved by 221.2 and 39.2% compared to farmers practice (Sc1; 0.69  kg grain m−3 and 21.39  kg grain ha−1 cm−1 ), respectively. Based on the 3-year mean, CA with SDI (mean of Sc5–Sc8) recorded −2.5% rice yield, whereas wheat yield was +25% compared to farmers practice (Sc1; 5.44 and 3.79  Mg  ha−1 ) and rice and wheat yield under CA with flood irrigation were increased by +7 and  +  11%, compared to their respective CT practices. Mung bean integration in Sc7 and Sc8 contributed to ~26% in crop productivity and profitability compared to farmers’ practice (Sc1) as SDI facilitated advancing the sowing time by 1  week. On a system basis, CA with SDI improved energy use efficiency (EUE) by ~70% and partial factor productivity of N by 18.4% compared to CT practices. In the RW system of NW India, CA with SDI for precise water and N management proved to be a profitable solution to address the problems of groundwater, residue burning, sustainable intensification, and input (water and energy) use with the potential for replication in large areas in NW India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pulses constitute the major source of dietary protein; therefore, it has ability to fulfil required protein recommended dietary allowance for vegetarian population of India. Pulse crop attack more than 200 insect pests and inflicting heavy damages at different growth stages that lead to significant economic losses to the farmers. The studies were conducted on green gram to find out the effective control measure of different crop stages against insect pests complex in green gram. Methods: The field experiment was laid out in a randomized block design and the consist 12 treatments with seed treatment and foliar sprays of insecticides at 50 per cent flowering stages then these treatments were replicated thrice at both years 2017 and 2018. Result: The experiments concluded that the reduction of sucking pests population like thrips, jassid and whitefly and larval population of Maruca vitrata and Helicoverpa armigera was found in seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS and spray of flubendiamide at 50 per cent flowering stage in green gram with Rs. 10,678 net profit and 1:1.42 cost-benefit ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maize is the third most important food crop in India. Conventionally it is a furrow irrigated crop and hence, it calls for an effective on-farm management of water in field through micro irrigation. Intensive agriculture practice like continuous monocropping without following the principles of crop rotation and sequence have resulted in several ecological complications. Hence, blackgram was introduced as a succeeding crop after drip irrigated maize. The aim of the study was to examine the residual effect of drip irrigation levels and maize genotypes and their interaction on succeeding crop i.e. blackgram. Methods: During summer 2018 and 2019, maize experiment was conducted with four irrigation levels (drip irrigation at 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 ETc and furrow irrigation at 0.8 IW/CPE ratio) and four maize genotypes (NK-6240, Pinnacle, CP-818 and RCRMH-2). After maize, succeeding blackgram was taken up under rainfed condition of Dharwad during kharif 2018 and 2019. Result: Performance of blackgram was superior under residual effect of drip irrigation treatments over furrow irrigation method. Among the interactions, significantly higher yield, RWUE and net returns were recorded with residual effect of I1G4 treatment combination. However, it was on par with I1G2, I1G3, I1G1, I2G1, I2G2, I2G4, I3G2 and I3G3 treatment combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping is used for the precise localization of genomic regions regulating various traits in plants. Two major QTLs regulating Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) value (qSPAD-7-1) and trichome density (qTric-7-2) in mungbean were identified using recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations (PMR-1-Pusa Baisakhi) on chromosome 7. Functional analysis of QTL region identified 35 candidate genes for SPAD value (16 No) and trichome (19 No) traits. The candidate genes regulating trichome density on the dorsal leaf surface of the mungbean include VRADI07G24840, VRADI07G17780, and VRADI07G15650, which encodes for ZFP6, TFs bHLH DNA-binding superfamily protein, and MYB102, respectively. Also, candidate genes having vital roles in chlorophyll biosynthesis are VRADIO7G29860, VRADIO7G29450, and VRADIO7G28520, which encodes for s-adenosyl-L-methionine, FTSHI1 protein, and CRS2-associated factor, respectively. The findings unfolded the opportunity for the development of customized genotypes having high SPAD value and high trichome density having a possible role in yield and mungbean yellow vein mosaic India virus (MYMIV) resistance in mungbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation sought to evaluate the genetic variability and determine well-suited genotypes for crossbreeding initiatives with the goal of augmenting the desirable traits of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek, more commonly referred to as green gram. This crop holds significant significance as a legume grain in India. Ninety-four genotypes were evaluated for various quantitative traits, and statistical analysis was conducted to estimate genetic parameters and determine divergence. Significant variations were observed among the genotypes for all studied traits, indicating a wide genetic diversity. Phenotypic observations revealed the influence of both genotype and environment on the expression of traits. Biometric parameters, such as genotypic coefficient of variation, broad-sense heritability, and genetic advance, were used to measure the observed variability. The results provide valuable insights for breeders to develop selection programs for genetic improvement of green gram. Additionally, clustering analysis based on D2 distance categorized the genotypes into 12 distinct clusters, highlighting their unique genetic characteristics. The study identified traits contributing significantly to divergence, with the number of pods per plant showing the highest contribution. This research contributes to the development of superior green gram varieties through enhanced genetic understanding and selection strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the findings of a study on the resistance of different genotypes/varieties of greengram to the spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata. The study categorized the genotypes/varieties based on larval population and pod damage, and found that four of them were resistant to M. vitrata. The study also measured grain yield and found that one genotype, VSGG 9, had the highest yield. The authors suggest that screening for resistance is an effective way to identify resistant genotypes/varieties. The article provides valuable information on the challenges posed by insect pests to greengram cultivation in India. [Extracted from the article]

Rice followed by wheat is the dominant cropping system in the middle Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP). Lower productivity (4.8 t ha-1) of this cropping system in Bihar, compared to the national average (6.8 t ha-1) due to several climateand production-related issues, is a matter of concern for the farmers and the policymakers. Keeping all these in view, an experiment with rice-wheat cropping system was carried out during 2020-21 and 2021-22 in 17 adopted villages of 13 districts of Bihar under the Project "Climate Resilient Agriculture Program (CRAP)" to evaluate the feasibility of early transplanting of rice in the month of June with the aim of achieving higher system productivity by early harvesting of rice and subsequent timely sowing of wheat before 15 November with the provision of assured irrigation. In this study, the concept of an innovative community irrigation approach and single-phase 3-hp submersible pump was employed. Longduration rice variety (150 days) Rajendra Mahsuri-1 was sown during 20-25 May in the nursery and transplanted through puddling operation during 15-20 June in 17 locations. Under delayed conditions, the nursery sowing and transplanting window were 10-15 June and 10-15 July, respectively. Timely sown rice grown with the provision of a community irrigation system achieved a grain yield of 5.2 t ha-1 and 85.8% higher water productivity, compared to late-sown crops. Following the harvest of rice, the HD-2967 variety of wheat was planted in the first fortnight of November and harvested in the first week of April, yielding 4.9 t ha-1 with the application of 2-3 irrigations based on soil type and evaporative demand. Timely harvesting of wheat facilitated farmers of the region to take an additional crop of summer green gram. With an assured irrigation system and shifting planting dates and thereby managing climatic risks, the overall productivity of the rice-wheat cropping system was achieved to the tune of 10.1 t ha-1 with a cropping intensity of 300% for better adaptation and sustainable production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blackgram is the most important legume crop grown throughout India. It is mostly cultivated during the rainy and winter seasons in central and southern India. An investigation was carried out during winter 2021 to evaluate the effect of High Day Temperature (ambient+3oC) and Elevated CO2 (600ppm) (HDT and eCO2) and High Day and Night Temperature (ambient+3oC) and Elevated CO2 (600ppm) (HDNT and eCO2) on growth and yield of blackgram (Vigna mungo) under soil plant atmospheric research (SPAR) and ambient conditions with eleven treatments (T1 to T11). The results revealed that significant (P=0.05) increase in photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, number of pods per plant and grain yield by 22.3%, 80.6%, 29.2%, 28% and 41.3%, respectively, under HDT and eCO2 conditions from 46 to 60 DAS (days after sowing) in comparison with HDNT and eCO2 and ambient conditions. The increase in chlorophyll index under HDT and eCO2 during 16 to 30 DAS by 12.9%. The significant increase in the number of flowers per plant and biomass of the blackgram was increased under HDT and eCO2 during 31 to 45 DAS by 7% and 38.1%, respectively. However, the plant height and leaf area index of the blackgram were found to have significantly increased under HDT and eCO2 during the early stage (1 to 15 DAS) by 29.3% and 44.5%, respectively. This experiment indicated a significant increase in crop growth, leaf photosynthesis and yield of blackgram under HDT and eCO2 at flowering stage to pod development stage (31 to 60 DAS) followed by HDNT and eCO2 and ambient condition. The overall findings of the study showed that increased temperature and CO2 levels would result in greater biomass production and increased yield for the black gram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is a self-pollinated diploid grain legume (2n=2x=22) crop and has a genome size of 560 Mb. The present study was concentrate to portray the nature and extent of genotypic variation exists among mungbean collections for a range of traits of potential agronomic and adaptive interests. Many diseases affect mungbean, causes the major constraint in the increasing production among which Powdery mildew disease caused by Erisyphe polygoni is economically significant because it reduces photosynthetic activity and physiological changes which results in 20-40 per cent reduction in yield. Some genespecific marker were analysed and found associated with powdery mildew resistance in mungbean genotypes. Methods: The present investigation was carried out to evaluate thirty-one mungbean genotypes (including four checks) collected from the different parts of India. The genotypes were sown in an incomplete augmented bock design along with four checks varieties. viz. 'Kamdev', 'OBBGG-52', 'IPM-02-14' and 'IPM-02-3'. All the mungbean genotypes were evaluated for different phenotypic traits and their tolerance to powdery mildew disease at two cropping seasons as well as at two different locations in Odisha. In this investigation, seven molecular markers viz., VrCSSTS1, VrCSSTS2, VrCSSSR3, CEDG191, MB-SSR238, CEDG166, CEDG282 were analysed. Result: SSR marker such as VrCSSSR and VrCSSTS linked with powdery mildew resistance gene were tested in different genotypes with known powdery mildew reaction and the results showed a consistent association of the marker in all the powdery mildew resistant genotypes and absent in all the powdery mildew susceptible genotypes. The results confirmed the validation of these markers with the powdery mildew resistance gene in different genetic backgrounds. Similarly, CEDG191, CEDG166, CEDG282 markers, reported to be linked to powdery mildew resistance, amplified the respective marker fragment of 100 to 300 bp in mungbean genotypes and were polymorphic. The above PCR-based and locus-specific markers could be employed for marker-assisted breeding (MAB) program as well as genotype conservation. These linked markers will boost the efficiency and precision of powdery mildew resistance breeding in mungbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intercropping maize with legumes can enhance diversity, stability, complementary sharing of resources, maintain soil fertility, productivity and livelihood of the farmers. The current study was aimed to develop the scientific knowledge of maize and pulse intercropping and their combinations in different planting structures. Methods: The field experiment consisted of seven treatments viz. sole maize, sole soybean, sole green gram and two intercropping ratios of soybean and green gram with maize at 1:1 and 1:2 row ratios and laid out in randomized block design in four replications during 2018-19 at Imphal. The intercropping, economic and competitive efficiency indices were calculated accordingly. Result: Intercropping of maize either with soybean or green gram in 1:2 ratio gave the best combination based on intercropping and economic efficiencies. Maize + soybean at 1:2 row produced the highest maize equivalent yield (82.65 q ha-1), system productivity (22.60 kg ha-1 day-1) and production efficiency (55.84 kg ha-1 day-1). Maize + green gram at 1:2 ratio had significantly higher land equivalent ratio (1.7) and land equivalent co-efficient (0.54) whereas maize + soybean at 1:2 ratio produced the highest area time equivalent ratio (1.27). Competition between the crops was higher under maize + green gram at 1:1 ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present investigation was undertaken to examine the genetic variability and relationship between traits among the 73 germplasm lines of mungbean collection of diverse nature. Genetic variability and association studies play an important role in developing a new genotype. The mungbean productivity remains low in India because of low genetic base for yield improvement, absence of variability for yield traits, poor ideotype of mungbean plant, inadequate management of the crop, weed infestation and susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stresses. Genetic variability is most important factor of success of any crop improvement programme. Methods: An experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with two replication at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh in high productive black cotton soils during kharif 2016 on 73 mungbean genotypes. Result: The study revealed that the mean sums of squares due to genotype were highly significant for all the morphological traits. High estimates of heritability and genetic advance were recorded for clusters per plant, no. of branches per plant, days to maturity, seed yield, days to 50% flowering; plant height and no. of pods per plant indicating the role of additive gene effects with low environmental influence for the determination of these traits and simple phenotypic selection may be effective. The results also indicated improvement through direct selection for these traits can increase directly the grain yield in mungbean. Genotype Pusa Baisakhi, HUM-16, IPM-02-03, IPM-02-19, PM-5, AKM-9904, COGG-912 and RMG-991 were found good donors for these traits in recombinant breeding programme for yield enhancement in mungbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Breeding for early maturity and higher yield is the principal objective in genetic improvement of Indian soybean. Yellow Mosaic Disease caused by Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus (MYMIV) causes 80% yield loss in soybean. Aims: This study aimed to develop early maturing, MYMIV resistant and high yielding soybean genotypes for enhancing soybean production and expanding the land area under cropping. Methods: MYMIV resistance was introgressed from G. soja in to a widely adaptable cultivar JS 335 through a series of four generations of backcrosses and by evaluating derived progeny against MYMIV at a disease hot spot. Key results: An extra-early maturing (71 days) genetic stock called NRC 252 was developed, which can be a potential gene donor in breeding for early maturing soybean varieties. Introgression lines YMV 1, YMV 2, YMV 11 and YMV 16 with MYMIV resistance and higher yield performance over recurrent parent and other check varieties were identified and characterised. Biplot analysis, assessing the main effect of genotype and the interaction of genotype with environment, revealed an ideal genotype with respect to 100-seed weight and grain yield that was also promising under sugarcane-soybean intercropping system in spring season. Conclusions: Alleles from wild type soybean could improve yield attributing traits and MYMIV resistance in cultivated soybean. Improved genotypes such as YMV 1, YMV 2, YMV 11 and YMV 16 were found superior to the recurrent parent JS 335 as well as other check varieties. Implications: The genotypes developed in the present study will help in reducing the damage caused by MYMIV disease and expansion of the area of soybean cultivation through intercropping with sugarcane. Genes conferring economically important traits, like disease resistance, were successfully introgressed from wild type soybean Glycine soja. We developed improved genotypes with resistance to mungbean yellow mosaic India virus, and high grain yield, within the genetic background of a more widely adaptable soybean variety; and developed the earliest-maturing soybean breeding material (71 days). The resulting genotypes are suitable for intercropping with sugarcane and have implications for enhancing soybean production in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The green gram (Vigna radiata L.) is the major legume crop in India. Dry root rot (DRR) incited by M. phaseolina is a serious problem to the green gram production area in the world and India; Dry root rot has in recent years become a major obstacle to the successful and gainful growing of green gram, which can lead to significant losses in green gram production. The host plant resistance is the best alternative to management the DRR of the green gram, it is an economical and eco-friendly way to disease management. In the experiment, Twenty-five green gram germplasm has been tested for resistance to DRR, a serious disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. Methods: M. phaseolina sand maize meal inoculum was applied to the field in sufficient amounts to maintain the sick plot before planting green gram germplasm, each germplasm was planted in three rows of 5 m in length, maintaining a distance between plants of 10 cm, the incidence of DRR was recorded using a disease rating scale. Based on disease reaction, green gram germplasm was grouped into different categories. Result: From 25 green gram germplasm, four germplasm showed a resistant reaction to dry root rot, namely IPM-02-03, G-2, MH-2- 15, MUM-2, while this has been observed. Susceptibility of green gram germplasm to dry root rot such as RMG-26. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The salinization and sodification of agricultural lands in arid and semi-arid regions of the world are two limiting factors in crop production. In India, an area of about 6.72 million ha is salt-affected, of which 3.77 million ha is sodic soil. To evaluate the reclamation potential of soil amendment, a laboratory incubation study was conducted at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tiruchirappalli (2022). Different soil amendments, viz., T1-Pongamia GLM @ 6.25 t ha−1, T2-Pressmud @ 10 t ha−1, T3-CSR GROMOR 25 kg ha−1, T4-Marine gypsum 50% GR, T5-Marine gypsum @ 50% GR + Pongamia GLM 6.25 t ha−1, T6-Marine gypsum 50% GR + Pressmud 10 t ha−1, T7-Marine gypsum 50% GR + CSR GROMOR 25 kg ha−1 and T8-Control (no amendments), were used for incubation. After 90 days of incubation, a pot culture using post-incubated soil was raised to study the seedling parameters of green gram, which was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The analysis of post-incubated soil using ICP-MS shows higher levels of cations, viz., Ca (+67%), Mg (+65%) and K (+66%), were found in marine gypsum @ 50% GR + CSR GROMOR @ 25 kg ha−1 with lower values of pH (−15%), EC (−63%), ESP (−39%) and Na (−58%) compared to the control. The same treatment recorded higher chlorophyll, relative water content and seedling vigor index I and II in green gram. The results indicated that marine gypsum + CSR GROMOR had a positive impact on reducing soil sodicity and improving soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted at the instructional farm of Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India during early Pre-kharif seasons of 2020 and 2021 to evaluate the comparative performance of green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) under single super phosphate (SSP) and nano-phosphorus. Experiments consisted of T1: 100% phosphorus through SSP, T2: 75% through SSP +1 ml L−1 of nano-phosphorus at 15 days after sowing (DAS), T3: 50% through SSP +1 ml L−1 of nano-phosphorus at 15 DAS, T4: 25% through SSP +1 ml L−1 of nano-phosphorus at 15 DAS, T5: 100% through nano-phosphorus (1 ml L−1 at 15 and 30 DAS), T6: 100% through nano-phosphorus (2 ml L−1 at 15 DAS), and T7: control (no phosphorus). Results of the experiment revealed that whenever nano-phosphorus was applied either in combination or in alone performed better in terms of growth and yield of green gram over single use of molecular phosphatic fertilizer. Pooled data over the years revealed that application of 2 ml L−1 of nano-phosphorus at 15 DAS (T6) recorded significantly tallest plant, larger root volume, greater leaf area, maximum dry matter, longest pod, and highest number of pod plant−1 which ultimately helped in producing 33.13% more grain yield and contributing 50.28% higher profit over 100% phosphorus through SSP. It can be concluded that farmers of the Eastern sub-Himalayan region can grow green gram profitably during summer season with the foliar application nano-phosphorus 2 ml L−1 along with 20 kg nitrogen and 40 kg potassium ha−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black gram is one of the most important short duration grain legume, which contributes significantly towards nutritional security and environmental sustainability. The virus specific primers confirms the presence of mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) in representative samples. A total of 27 cultivated and two wild species were found as highly resistant (HR) to MYMIV and validated through molecular markers. The start codon target (SCoT) markers analysis revealed that the SCoT loci, namely, SCoT‐4 (2200 bp), SCot‐9 (1150/ 1200 bp), SCoT‐15 (1150/1100 bp), SCoT‐16 (700 bp), SCoT‐24 (2500 bp), SCoT‐25 (700 bp), SCoT‐33 (900/1000 bp), and SCoT‐34 (600 bp), were found unique, able to distinguish HR and highly susceptible (HS) genotypes. Biochemical characterization and gene expression profiling revealed the higher expression of antioxidants and R‐genes just after pathogen inoculation indicated the activation of defence mechanism in both cultivated and its wild relatives, which modulates the resistant responses in cultivated and wild accessions. These information will be really helpful in accelerating resistance breeding in black gram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants have an intrinsic defense mechanism to defend themselves from different pathogens and activate suitable genetic mechanisms inside the cells via proteins. These proteins are encoded by a class of defense-related genes known as "R-genes". Nucleotide-binding site—leucine-rich repeats (NBS-LRRs) proteins recognize the pathogens directly or indirectly and activate downstream signaling pathways, which activate defense response. In the present study, the detailed analysis of NBS-LRR genes in mungbean (Vigna radiata) and their expression in two mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV)-resistant wild Vigna accessions, PRR 2008-2 (V. umbellata) and TCR-20 (V. glabrescens), have been studied. Total of 87 VrNBS proteins were identified in mungbean genome and their subsequent classification and characterization were done. The expression of VrNBS-LRR genes in the wild non-progenitor Vigna species revealed that the MYMIV resistance in both the species follows different pathways. Therefore, the present study demonstrated the expression of VrNBS genes in wild Vigna background. The informations generated in present study will provide a valuable resource. The study also gives a clue for utilizing wild Vigna gene pool for improving MYMIV resistance in mungbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is a popularly known pulse crop in India for its nutritional quality and adaptability to many cropping systems. The crop is mostly cultivated in areas experiencing water stress which reduces the yield potential. Thus, it is imperative to assess the genetic variability present in the existing blackgram germplasm under drought condition. For this, principal component analysis was carried to visualize the complex dataset. This study was aimed to identify key traits and drought tolerant genotypes. Methods: Twenty-one blackgram genotypes were screened in the field condition for water stress where the experiment was laid out in RBD with two replications. Principal component analysis was carried out with thirteen traits in twenty-one genotypes of blackgram under normal and water stressed conditions. Result: In T0 and T1, more than 75% of total variability among thirteen traits was explained by five and four principal component axes respectively. Under water stress, pod length was highly correlated with seed yield per plant. Based on the interaction vectors and PC scores of genotypes, VBG-12062 had a positive interaction with seed yield. Thus, VBG-12062 can be a reliable candidate for breeding high yielding drought tolerant variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphine, as per several reports, is considered to be an ideal and effective alternative to methyl bromide (MB) fumigant, phased out globally honouring 'Montreal Protocol'. The food grains fumigated with phosphine are perceived to be residue-free; however, estimation of its residues is imperative. In the present study, the phosphine residues were estimated in grains of wheat, rice, green gram, chickpea and yellow pea fumigated with different formulations of phosphine under 7 and 10 days exposure periods at various locations in India. For efficacy studies, the conventional aluminium phosphide (AlP) tablet (56% @2 and 3 tablet/MT) and granular AlP (77.5% @1.0 and 1.5 g phosphine/m3) formulations were applied. Each treatment including untreated control was replicated thrice. The concentration was monitored every 24 h until the end of exposure periods. Food grain samples were drawn before and post fumigation following a certain waiting period for estimation of phosphine residues using gas chromatography equipped with FPD detector. Residues in fumigated food grains were observed in traces in all the experimental stacks, but below the MRL (0.1 ppm), fixed by Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). Phosphine can be considered safe for use as an alternate fumigant in quarantine and long-term storage of food grains leaving residues below MRL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field study was conducted at the Instructional Farm, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, on exploring productivity and soil quality of aromatic rice‐green gram system by dual influence of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients. Among integrated nutrient management practices, 50% NPK + 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN)‐farm yard manure (FYM) to rice produced the highest grain yield (3875 kg ha−1) followed by 75% NPK+ green manure (GM; 3489 kg ha−1). Likewise, residual effect of 50% NPK + 50% RDN‐FYM to rice and application of 75% NPK+ Rhizobium+ phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) to green gram produced the highest seed yield of green gram (812 kg ha−1).Combined application of 50% NPK+ 50% RDN− FYM to rice and 75% NPK + Rhizobium+ PSB to green gram resulted in significantly (p = 0.05) higher system rice equivalent yield (6521 kg ha−1) and production efficiency (31.2 kg ha−1 day−1) while increasing the nutrient uptake of short grain aromatic rice‐green gram system. The highest PFPN (132.7 ± 12.4 kg kg−1) and nitrogen uptake efficiency (0.73 ± 0.06 kg kg−1) were also recorded due to the application of 50% NPK+ 50% RDN‐FYM to rice and 75% NPK + Rhizobium + PSB to green gram (99.0 ± 26.3 kg kg−1, 0.61 ± 0.01 kg kg−1, 1.32 ± 0.40, and 19.5 ± 2.9, respectively). Application of 75% NPK+ GM to rice and 75% NPK + Rhizobium + PSB to green gram significantly (p = 0.05) increased soil organic carbon, available N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu as well as microbial status of soil. Core Ideas: Integrated approach of nutrient management can enhance the productivity with maintaining better soil health.Green manuring can increase the biological activity of rhizosphere.Green manuring and FYM to rice and biofertilizers to green gram can supply adequate nutrients to green gram as residual nutrient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted during November, 2021 at Department of FMPE, CAET, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India to investigate the torque requirement and ascertain optimum peripheral cutting velocity of rotary cutting disc based on varying stem diameter and moisture content of green gram. The cutting operation was simulated to find the cutting torque in the instrumented soil bin, which comprises of test trolley, processing trolley and vertical rotor assembly with vertical shaft having serrated cutting disc. Sample plant stems of green gram were firmly fixed in the plant stem holder, and buried beneath the soil to simulate the natural standing of the crop as in the actual field condition. The cutting torque required to cut the stem of green gram at different crop moisture content (39.2, 41.4 and 42.9% (wb)), peripheral cutting velocity (20, 25, 30, and 35 ms-1) and plant stem diameter (2.95, 3.97 and 4.96 mm) was measured. It has been observed that peripheral cutting velocity of disc, stem diameter and moisture content of plant affected cutting torque at 1% level of significance. The cutting torque increased with decrease in moisture content and increase in diameter of plant stem of green gram. The cutting torque increased with an increase in peripheral cutting velocity up to the critical velocity of 30 ms-1, but the value decreased after critical peripheral velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Green gram being an important legume crop, its rooting traits and nodule characteristics are vital in determining its overall productivity. Land configuration plays a crucial role in influencing the root and nodule growth in green gram. Judicious use of balanced nutrients and fertilizers is needed owing to the sustainability concern of the environment and also for optimising the production process. Methods: Field experiments were carried out at the Agronomy Main Research Farm, O.U.A.T. Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India during 2020 and 2021 to study the effect of different land configuration methods and varying nutrient management practices on the root growth, nutrient uptake and yield of summer mung. Split-plot Design was adopted with three replications having four main plot and 6 sub-plot treatments. Result: The outcomes of the experiment showed that raised bed method with PDM-139 cultivar gave the highest pooled root length (13.1 cm), root dry weight (1.52 g) and shoot: root ratio (6.83). F6 nutrient management treatment gave synonymous results (12.16 cm root length, 1.53 g root dry weight). Similar trend was observed for number of nodules (15.48 nodules/plant) and nodule fresh weight (25.50 g) under land configuration, variety and (16.61 nodules/plant, 25.50 g) under nutrient management respectively. The total nutrient uptake in grain and straw for nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium was found to be the highest in flat-bed method with PDM-139 cultivar. The result revealed that sowing of green gram on raised bed land configuration with PDM 139 along with nutrient management practice based on STCR equations (F6) significantly produced more yield (522.84 kg/ha and 455.29 kg/ha respectively) than the other treatments. The study revealed that there was positive correlation between the grain yield and the respective N, P2O5 and K2O uptakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated nutrient management has potential to enhance soil quality and sustain agricultural productivity, however, such effects under cotton + greengram intercropping is not well understood in vertisols of Maharashtra, India. Therefore, a field study was conducted during 2016–2017 at the Research field of AICRP for Dryland Agriculture Akola, Maharashtra (India), on an ongoing long-term experiment initiated in 1987–1988 under cotton + greengram (1:1) intercropping system to find out how different nutrient management practices affect the soil quality (SQ) and cotton + greengram productivity. The eight treatments comprised of sole use of organics and chemical fertilizers, integration of organics with chemical fertilizers (INM) to partially substitute nitrogen, and a control treatment. The results after 30th cycle revealed that the partial substitution of N through FYM/gliricidia increased cotton and greengram yield over control. These treatments caused significant improvement in the soil physical and biological properties and also improved the soil fertility status, mainly soil organic carbon (OC) by 53%, available N (AN) by 25%, available P (AP) by 50%, and available K (AK) by 25% over control. The SQ assessment through principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that, in this semi-arid subtropical region, HC, OC, and CO2 evolution can be viewed as important indicators of SQ for cotton + greengram intercropping system. Therefore, we concluded that, INM practice that encourages balanced fertilization must include FYM/gliricidia as part of the nutrient application package in this region to improve soil quality and sustain productivity of cotton + greengram intercropping system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Green gram is one of the ancient and third important conventional pulse crop cultivated throughout India and acclimatized over wide range of agro-climatic zones for its multipurpose uses. Furthermore, imbalanced and inappropriate use of inorganic nutrients worsened the soil resource base by reducing the population of beneficial micro-organisms and also deteriorated the quality of the crops. Increased health consciousness among the masses has augmented the demand for safe and quality foods for which a comprehensive food production technology needs to be developed with emphasises on quality enhancement and yield stability. In fact, it is not affordable for an average Indian farmer to jump immediately from inorganic source of nutrients to organics in their crop production as it may lead to unbearable drastic reduction in crop yields in the initial years. This may become possible through the progressive substitution of organic sources of nutrients in place of in organics to meet crop nutrient requirement for attaining higher and stable crop yield of better quality with an improvement in soil health. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of differential substitution of nutrients through organics on growth, yield, quality, nutrient uptake and economics of green gram in Shiwalik foothill region. Methods: In this field experiment conducted during summer 2016 and 2017, at SKUAST-Jammu, Main Campus Chatha with green gram variety SML-668 on sandy clay loam soil. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with sixteen treatments during both the years using recommended package and practices. Result: The result of the study concluded that RDF and 75% NPK +25% N through Vermicompost and FYM (1:1) were adjudged as the best treatments with regard to crop growth parameters, yield and yield attributes, net returns and benefit cost ratio where as highest crop quality traits were realized where in 100% N was substituted through FYM followed by Vermicompost and Vermicompost and FYM (1:1). Treatment 100% N was substituted through FYM was adjudged as the best treatment in improving crop quality traits and soil properties. Further, for substitution of nutrients, green gram, for immediate shifting from in organics to organics combination of Vermicompost and FYM (1:1) can be the best option for early realization of yield at par with recommended dose of fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight integrated crop management (ICM) practices were evaluated for six years consecutively, which are ICM1&2: 'business-as-usual' (conventional transplanted rice fb flatbed wheat), ICM3&4: conventional direct seeded rice (DSR) fb furrow irrigated raised-bed wheat without residues, ICM5&6: conservation agriculture (CA)-based zero-tilled (ZT) DSR fb ZT wheat with the wheat and rice residues and ICM7&8: CA-based ZTDSR fb ZT wheat with the wheat, mungbean and rice residues. ICM7-8 produced 9.6–16.4% and 9.4–9.9% greater system rice equivalent yield (REY) than the ICM1-4 and ICM5-6, respectively. Residue-retained CA-based ICM5-8 had 23.2% and 58.5% greater N and P balance, respectively, than the residue removed (ICM1-4); subsequently, negative K balance (–53 to –115.5 kg ha−1) was recorded in ICM1-4. ICM5-8 consumed ~60-78% of total energy and produced the highest energy output (Eo) in rice (11.5–12.6%)/wheat (7.3–13%) than ICM1-4. In contrast, ICM1-4 had a greater energy use efficiency (EUE) compared to ICM5-8 due to lesser energy input (EI) through indirect renewable sources. At a soil depth of 0.0–0.45 m, the ICM5-8 contributed 7.9% and 20.2% greater active and passive OC pools over the ICM1-4. Thus, CA-based ICM in rice-wheat rotation (RWR) could be a possible substitute for the positive nutrient balance, system yields and energy and carbon dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reclamation potential of Halimeda microloba in sodic soil was studied. The soil sample was collected and soil quality parameters were studied before and after reclamation. The seaweed was collected from the southeast coast of India and it was identified as Halimeda microloba. In addition, various commercial fertilizers including Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and gypsum were purchased, isolated, and identified for their influential reclamation. A pot experiment was carried out and after 1 month of treatment, the soil parameters were accomplished. The Vigna radiata (green gram) seeds were sought, monitored, and examined periodically. After reclamation treatment, the pH was greatly reduced from 9.8 to 8.0 in Halimeda microloba treatment. Meanwhile, electrical conductivity and exchangeable sodium percentage levels were diminished from 713.8 to 234.3 µs/cm and 62 to 21% respectively in gypsum treatment. Furthermore, the calcium content in gypsum was found to be 5010 mg/100 kg, and in Halimeda microloba of about 3772 mg/100 kg. Similarly, microbial biomass carbon was found to be a notable increase (P < 0.05) in gypsum and seaweed treatment as compared to control. There is a substantial growth of bacterial and fungal populations in seaweed and gypsum-treated soil. However, the individual use of different microorganisms has shown limited outcomes on the sodic soil. Indeed, the treatment with gypsum/seaweed, and seaweed shows promising in plant growth, soil enzyme activity (dehydrogenase), and enhanced nutrient uptake in the soil gypsum treatment. Finally, this study is the first attempt as proved as Halimeda microloba is an efficient biological candidate for ameliorate sodic soil transformation with a wide range of agricultural benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is an important food legume crop of India. Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease is the major problem in blackgram. The disease can reduce seed yield upto 100% or even kill a plant infected at an early vegetative stage. The most effective way to prevent the occurrence of this disease is to develop genetically resistant cultivars of blackgram. However, a major difficulty in breeding MYMV disease resistant in blackgram is field screening for the virus disease. Hence identification of QTL followed by Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is highly useful for genetic improvement of crops. With this background, a study was made for identification as well as validation of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for MYMV disease resistance in blackgram. Methods: A total of 112 F2:3 lines were evaluated for MYMV disease resistance along with parents viz., MDU 1 (MYMV disease susceptible) and Mash 1008 (MYMV disease resistant) at the National Pulses Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vamban, Tamil Nadu during July-September 2018 under Augmented Design in the field. Each line was sown in one row of 3 m in length with a spacing of 30 cm as between row and 10 cm as within row. Susceptible genotypes CO 5 and MDU 1 were sown as disease spreader rows after every eight rows and also around the plots. The MYMV disease score was recorded on 60 DAS, by using phenotype rating scale from 1 (resistant) to 9 (highly susceptible), as suggested by Singh et al. (1995). The mean of each progeny was calculated and used as phenotypic data. A total of 525 SSR primers were used to test polymorphism between parents MDU 1 and Mash 1008. Genotyping was carried out for 112 F2:3 RILs of the cross MDU 1 x Mash 1008 with 35 polymorphic SSR markers. Linkage and QTL analyses were performed using QTL IciMapping (version 4.1.0.0) (Wang et al. 2016) and QGene 4.4.0 (Joehanes and Nelson 2008) respectively. Two mapping populations MDU 1 x Mash 114 and CO 5 x VBN 6 in F2:3 and F2 generations respectively were used in this study to validate the identified QTL regions. Result: QTL study indicated the presence of two major QTLs for MYMV disease score in LG 2 and LG 10 at 60 DAS with 20.90 and 24.90% of phenotypic variation respectively. Validation of these QTLs in two other mapping population indicated that QTL on LG 10 was validated with high phenotypic variation of 45.40-46.00%. Hence it may conclude that qmymv10_60 may be utilized for MAS/MABC with assured improvement on MYMV disease resistance in blackgram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellow mosaic disease, a most important destructive disease of mungbean production caused by Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) under North Indian conditions. However, management of this deadly disease is still becoming the biggest challenge due to breaking of resistance under changing climatic conditions. Hence, a field experiment was conducted at IARI, New Delhi, India during Kharif 2021 and Spring–Summer 2022 to understand the sowing date influence on incidence of MYMIV in mungbean resistant (Pusa 1371) and susceptible (Pusa 9531) cultivars. The results revealed the higher disease incidence percentage (PDI) in the first sowing (15–20th July) of Kharif and third sowing (5–10th April) of Spring–Summer season. The mean PDI ranged from 25–41% to 11.80–13.54% for resistant followed by 23.13–49.84% and 14.40–21.45% in susceptible cultivar during Kharif and Spring–Summer season respectively. The detection of MYMIV through DAC-ELISA at 405 nm showed the absorbance values of 0.40–0.60 in susceptible and < 0.45 in resistant cultivar during the Kharif and 0.40–0.45 in Spring–Summer season. The PCR analysis with MYMIV and MYMV specific primers indicated the presence of only MYMIV and absence of MYMV in the present studied mungbean cultivars. The PCR analysis with DNA-B specific primers resulted in the amplification of 850 bp from both susceptible and resistant cultivars during the first sowing of Kharif whereas amplification was observed only in susceptible cultivar with second and third sowings of Kharif and all the three sowings of Spring–Summer season. The experiment results revealed that the most suitable date of sowing for mungbean will be before 30th March during Spring–Summer and after third week of July (30th July to 10th August) during the Kharif season under Delhi conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) is a major problem in Urd bean (Vigna mungo L.) in India, which causes huge yield losses. Breeding for wide spectrum and durable Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) resistance and cultivating resistant cultivars is the most appropriate and effective approach. However, the task has become challenging with the report of at least two species of the virus, viz., Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) and Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) and their recombinants; the existence of various isolates of these species with varied virulence and rapid mutations noted in the virus as well as in the whitefly vector population. Thus the present study was carried out to identify and characterize novel and diverse sources of YMV resistance and develop linked molecular markers for breeding durable and broadspectrum resistant urdbean cultivars against YMV. Towards this goal, we have screened 998 accessions of urdbean national collection of germplasm against YMD Hyderabad isolate both in a field under the natural level of disease incidence and through agro inoculation in the laboratory using viruliferous clones of the same isolate. Ten highly resistant accessions identified through repeated testing have been characterized in terms of reported linked markers. We attempted to see diversity among the ten resistant accessions reported here using earlier reported resistance-linked SCAR marker YMV1 and SSR CEDG180 marker. SCAR marker YMV1 did not amplify with any of the 10 accessions. But with CEDG180, results suggested that 10 accessions shortlisted through field and laboratory tests do not carry PU31 allele and this shows that it may be likely to carry novel gene(s). Further studies are needed to genetically characterize these new sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mungbean is a vital pulse crop in India that can thrive in dry-land conditions and is grown in three seasons, with the added benefit of being used as green manure due to its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Recently, pod rot disease has emerged as a serious threat to mungbean cultivation in India. Methods: In this study, morpho-molecular identification of associated pathogens and the bio-efficacy of systemic and non-systemic fungicides as well as genotype screening was performed during the years 2019 and 2020. The pathogens associated with this disease were confirmed on the basis of morphological and molecular characterization. For the molecular characterization, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1) gene sequences were amplified by using primers (EF1 and EF2). Results: Under in vitro conditions, trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole 75% WG was found to be the most effective against Fusarium equiseti (ED50 2.39 mg ml-1) and Fusarium chlamydosporum (ED50 4.23 mg ml-1) causal agents of pod rot of mungbean. Under field conditions, three applications of trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole 75% WG at 0.07% as a foliar application at fortnightly intervals starting from the last week of July proved to be the most effective against pod rot disease on mungbean cultivars, i.e., ML 2056 and SML 668. To identify the potential resistance sources, 75 interspecific derivative and mutant lines of mungbean were screened for disease reaction to pod rot under natural epiphytotic conditions for the years 2019 and 2020. Genotypic differences were observed for resistance to pod rot disease. The study revealed that among the tested genotypes, ML 2524 exhibited resistance to pod rot disease, with a disease incidence of 15.62% and disease severity of 7.69%. In addition, 41 other genotypes were found to be moderately resistant (MR) to the disease. Conclusion: Altogether, the identified management options will offer an immediate solution to manage this disease under recent outbreak conditions and pave a path for futuristic disease management using identified resistant sources in breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural College, Bapatla, AP, India during kharif and rabi seasons from 2019 to 2021 using different establishment and nutrient treatments. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the energetics between the treatments in the rice-green gram. The results indicated that the input and output energy were the highest in the conventional and the lowest in the minimum tillage. Highest total energy productivity and energy use efficiency were recorded with the reduced tillage. In case of nutrient management, the highest input, output energy and energy productivity and energy use efficiency were recorded with inorganic fertilizer + cured poultry manure treatments. It can be concluded that the reduced tillage with the application of inorganic fertilizer + cured poultry manure is the best in the constraints-prone coastal zone with limited irrigation facilities due to low requirement of non-renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Green gram is grown in many parts of India as a source of dietary protein (21-25%). It is an important nitrogen fixing crop which fixes atmospheric nitrogen (119-140 kg/ha) to soil and enhance the soil productivity. In the present investigation, efficient Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Vigna radiata L. (Wilczek) has been achieved with VrTIP1 gene for abiotic stress resistance i.e. moisture and salinity stress. Methods: Four days old shoot tip and cotyledonary node were used for in vitro regeneration with MS medium supplemented with BAP 2.0 mg/l, kinetin 0.5 mg/l and 50 mg/l kanamycin for co-cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains, LBA 4404. The modified binary vector pCXSN, EHA105 containing hygromycin phosphotransferase II (hpt II) marker genes and a synthetic TIP1 gene under a constitutive CaMV35S promoter were used for transformation of Vigna radiata L. cotyledonary node explants. Putative transformants selected from hygromycin resistant shoots were subsequently rooted on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l NAA and later transferred to sterile vermiculite followed by transfer to the transgenic green house. Result: The T1 plants were produced from PCR positive T0 plants and analysed for presence and integration of transgenes in putative T1 plants were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 752 bp of hpt II fragment. This protocol can be effectively used for transferring new traits in greengram and other legumes for their quantitative and qualitative improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important crop of family Fabaceae used as a potential source of proteins, fibres and minerals. Thus, characterization of existing germplasm is useful for improvement and conservation. The Indian Himalayan Region harbours plentiful varieties of common bean, but it is nearly unexplored till date. In the present study, physical and genetic diversity of common bean was examined. Fifteen newly designed chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) markers were used to assess genetic diversity and population structure in 119 common bean individuals from 20 diverse accessions gathered from Uttarakhand, India. Significantly, positive (p < 0.05) relationship of seed weight was found with seed length (r = 0.813), seed width (r = 0.692) and seed length- width ratio (r = 0.694) using Pearson correlation analysis. A total of 20 alleles were identified using eight cpSSR markers. Mean number of alleles per locus (Na = 1.55), effective allele number (Ne = 1.370), expected heterozygosity (He = 0.213), average polymorphic loci (10.9) and Shannon information index (I = 0.313) were estimated based on cpSSR data. Maximum genetic diversity (He) was recorded in the AKJ/KK/DP/Jhalla/23 accession and minimum in the AKJ/YB/PS/Supi/43 accession. Bayesian-based STRUCTURE evaluation using cpSSR-based information partitioned 20 accessions into two distinct clusters which were also supported by neighbor-joining cluster analysis. These cpSSR markers also demonstrated transferability among other members like Vigna radiata , Macrotyloma uniflorum , Glycine max , Vigna mungo of Fabaceae family, therefore can be used to monitor their genetic heterogeneity. The findings from the study might be valuable to identify elite common bean accessions for production, conservation and future breeding programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop pests and diseases are major threats to food security globally. The mung bean (Vigna Radiata) is one of the leading crops in India. A large part of the population in India is completely dependent on mung bean. So, high production efficiency for the mung bean is required, which does not happen due to the excessive damage from pests and diseases. Recently, with the advancement of Deep Learning techniques, remarkable performance has been achieved in the field of image classification by employing Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). This brings a lot of promise in the field of pest and disease identification by effective image classification. In this paper, we have proposed a novel deep learning-based technique to identify the mung bean pest and disease. In order to handle the limitation arising due to less number of mung bean crop images for the purpose of training, we have adopted transfer learning, which is able to generate a very promising result for quick and easy pest and disease detection. The developed model has successfully recognized 6 different types of mung bean diseases and 4 types of pests out of healthy and affected leaves collected in different seasons. Based on the experiments conducted, the proposed smartphone-based deep learning model for the mung bean pest and disease detection has achieved an average accuracy of 93.65%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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