Search

Purno Agitok Sangma, an ardent advocate for children's rights, has long been a vocal critic of the practice of using children in hazardous jobs. He has spent his whole time in office as labour minister advocating for children's rights and implementing regulations for businesses and individuals that use minors as labourers. He eventually became the longest-serving Union Minister. He advocated for the elimination of child labour to be given high priority on the national agenda and secured political backing to protect children's rights at both the federal and provincial levels. He had a key role in the passage of the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Bill, which he introduced in 1986. It limits the hours that children under the age of fourteen can work in hazardous jobs and sets age requirements for hiring minors in other industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of alcohol in one form or other has prevailed throughout the history of the world. The first half of this paper deals with the sociocultural roots of alcoholism and drinking habits in ancient India, besides discussing its socioeconomic implications and impact on several areas of life. In the second half, it presents the history of the implementation and repeal of total prohibition in Tamil Nadu state against the backdrop of incumbent Dravidian political parties and a series of statewide anti-liquor protests during 2016 -2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research of agricultural rights movement under different departments of the political as well as the centre and the state of bureaucrats and it requires the special attention of planners and program implementers. If the programme implementers do not stop those illegal actions or programmes like the land being given to the paramilitary forces, the agricultural land or any other land can easily get converted into the industrial areas. The society of Kashmir has totally collapsed into the misfortune for future generations due to the population as well as the biggest factor for hurdles the development of Kashmir that is the land taken the paramilitary forces or the Government uses the unauthorized land for itself. The violation is hierarchal in Kashmir in every sense whether it is regard to rights pertaining to everything that is present in the society of Kashmir but everyone become victim of the injustice especially our land. The land of Kashmir is not safe due to the various internal and external compulsions through this simply the is victim will become a person for this tragedy that is exhaustible for Kashmir but are illegal occupied by different ways of different society through own uses in a rational way. The agricultural rights are beneficial in every manner for any society like human development, social development and economic development. However, unfortunately, in Kashmir the Human rights violation as well as agricultural rights movement is peak in Kashmir due to politics of Government, paramilitary forces the central government is more responsible in Kashmir for the violation of any type land and civil society as well also. The central Government deployed more and more paramilitary forces for the purpose of respect and dignity violation of the basic rights of the people of Kashmir society and they want agriculture eradication in Kashmir to make them dependent or handicapped for the society of India. The state Govt. is also equally responsible as the central Govt. Because the paramilitary forces are playing the land Grab policy in everywhere in Kashmir and also they are changing the face of tourism and agriculture in everywhere and every year in Kashmir. They never want to see the development in Kashmir. Tourism and agriculture is the backbone of the Kashmir. If there cannot be seen agitation, land grabbing and violation of human rights. Then these three sectors will eradicate the poverty in Kashmir and lot of population can be saved from this. Indian wanted that Kashmir will become dependent on Indians but not independent. At last, it is impossible in Kashmir that there will be no remain peace in Kashmir until and unless The civil society (Kashmir) achieves the rights that are here illegally occupied by the Indians according to the view of the people of Kashmir's and absolutely it is closely linked to the human rights. Conflict or movement is increased day by day and year by year because a human being is stripped off his basic human rights, the extra ordinary slowly starts becoming the norm. According to the Kashmir the agricultural or any type of land movement they are lasting their precious lives forever but they never get back against the human rights. Especially the organizations like the separatists and civil society have demanded the freedom of Kashmir from India. Then there will be remain a peace in Kashmir when Kashmir gets separated from India. Then there will be seen human rights as self-determination and want the own land for own purpose and no one wants in Kashmir to see any stranger to sit in the Kashmir land by force or any other type of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the transformation of liquor and industrial alcohol into a commercial product in twentieth-century colonial India. Liquor (alcoholic beverages for human consumption) remained prominent in political discourse and in the public sphere in this period. Temperance activists, Gandhian nationalists and medical authorities critiqued government revenue extraction from consumable liquors and advocated either partial or total prohibition. On the other hand, industrial alcohol emerged as an unchallenged and untampered commodity while it became essential to Indian industrialization, a process that accelerated between the wars. This article moves beyond cultural explanations of transformation of commodities and instead focuses on the temporal and political lives of liquor and alcohol in colonial India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bihar Excise (Amendment) Act, 2016 was promulgated in the state and a complete prohibition on alcohol was declared within the state of Bihar. We aimed to assess the impact of the prohibition on extent and pattern of alcohol use in the state of Bihar using the National Family Health Survey data. We also compared the data from Bihar with the data for the whole country, its neighbouring states and the state of Gujarat. There was a 41.78% reduction in the proportion of men who reported alcohol use in Bihar. Among those who reported alcohol use proportion of those who used 'almost every day' reduced by 29.72%. There was a 69.56% reduction in the proportion of women in Bihar who reported alcohol use. There was a significant increase in proportion of men reporting use of tadi madi and country liquor. Since the prohibition of alcohol in the state of Bihar there has been a reduction in self-reported alcohol use among men and women. However, alcohol use continues to be reported in the state even after the prohibition. There are states in the country that have similar extent of alcohol use as compared to Bihar, despite lack of prohibition. This warrants a relook at the policy to address what the prohibition could not achieve., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest None., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The study was carried out to study the acquisition of negation in twenty monolingual Manipuri-speaking children within the age of 2 to 4 years in a natural setting. This study has focused on the form and function of negation in Manipuri to figure out the developmental patterns. The functions of negation are rejection, non-existence, prohibition, and denial. The study was carried out to check whether the developmental pattern follows or violates this sequence of functions. Thus one of the main aims of this work is to identify the sequence of functions of negation during the course of acquisition. This study has also checked which of the functions is more frequently used by the children (for instance, hypothetically rejection may be used more frequently as compared to say denial). The study focuses on the initial stages of language development in the early children's speech. It is possible that only few of the negation functions are found in these subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the role of alcohol production and use in the daily lives of people in India, from ancient times to the present day. Alcohol use has been an issue of great ambivalence throughout the rich and long history of the Indian subcontinent. The behaviors and attitudes about alcohol use in India are very complex, contradictory and convoluted because of the many different influences in that history. The evolution of alcohol use patterns in India can be divided into four broad historical periods (time of written records), beginning with the Vedic era (ca. 1500–700 BCE). From 700 BCE to 1100 CE, (“Reinterpretation and Synthesis”) is the time of emergence of Buddhism and Jainism, with some new anti-alcohol doctrines, as well as post-Vedic developments in the Hindu traditions and scholarly writing. The writings of the renowned medical practitioners, Charaka and Susruta, added new lines of thought, including arguments for “moderate alcohol use.” The Period of Islamic Influence (1100–1800 CE), including the Mughal era from the 1520s to 1800, exhibited a complex interplay of widespread alcohol use, competing with the clear Quranic opposition to alcohol consumption. The fourth period (1800 to the present) includes the deep influence of British colonial rule and the recent half century of Indian independence, beginning in 1947. The contradictions and ambiguities—with widespread alcohol use in some sectors of society, including the high status caste of warriors/rulers (Kshatriyas), versus prohibitions and condemnation of alcohol use, especially for the Brahmin (scholar-priest) caste, have produced alcohol use patterns that include frequent high-risk, heavy and hazardous drinking. The recent increases in alcohol consumption in many sectors of the general Indian population, coupled with the strong evidence of the role of alcohol in the spread of HIV/STI infections and other health risks, point to the need for detailed understanding of the complex cross-currents emerging from the past history of alcohol use and abuse in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Since 25th March 2020 India went into a complete and extended lockdown. Alcohol production, sales, and purchase were barred with this overnight prohibition order. We conducted a qualitative analysis of the media reports published within the first month of the nationwide lockdown with the objectives (a) using the media reports as indications of possible public health impact and population response of a sudden alcohol prohibition in India, (b) suggesting areas for future research.Methods: We performed thematic and content analysis of 350 articles published online in national newspapers between the 26th March, 2020 and 25th April, 2020. Initial inductive, followed by deductive coding was done in this exploratory thematic analysis.Results: The thematic analysis revealed four main themes: the beneficial aspects of the policy, the harmful aspects of the policy, non-compliance and attempts to change and / or subvert the policy, popularity and level of public buy-in of the policy. We generated relevant sub-themes under main themes. Two additional themes, not directly related to the sudden prohibition, were use of stigmatizing language and ethical concerns. The content analysis showed the frequency of the appearance of the main themes and proportions of sub-themes and codes under those main themes.Conclusion: The harms, perceived from the media reports, should be balanced against the potential benefits. Absence of a national-level alcohol policy was made apparent by the reflexive, disconnected, and conflictual measures. Future research could systematically examine the potential ramifications of alcohol prohibition on public health, social, and economic aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, as with other countries across the world, the Central and State Governments of India initiated several measures to slow down the spread of the virus and to 'flatten the curve'. One such measure was a 'total lockdown' for several weeks across the country. A complex and unexpected outcome of the lockdown which has medical, ethical, economic, and social dimensions is related to alcohol consumption. The lockdown and consequent acute non-availability of alcohol resulted in people with alcohol dependence going into withdrawals, black marketing of alcohol, and in extreme cases suicide resulting from the alleged frustration of not having access to alcohol. The health dilemmas around this situation are biological (e.g. pushing people into risky situations-potentially fatal alcohol withdrawal, consumption of illicit or other non-consumable alcohol) and psychosocial (e.g. isolation increasing the risk of relapses, loss of control over the decision to abstain which can be detrimental to recovery, restriction of access to services for alcohol problems). The legal and rights-related dilemmas are centred around whether States have the right to impinge on individual autonomy on the grounds of public health, the capacity of the health systems to provide appropriate services to cope with those who will struggle with the unavailability of alcohol, the constitutionality of the Central government's impinging on jurisdiction of states under the guise of a health emergency caused by the pandemic, and the ability of the State to make unbiased decisions about this issue when it is highly dependent on the revenue from the sale of alcohol and associated industries. The way forward could be a pragmatic and utilitarian approach involving continued access to alcohol, while observing all physical distancing norms necessary during the pandemic, for those who want to continue drinking; and implementing innovative measures such as tele-counselling for those who wish not to return back to drinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]