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Mycoplasmosis is one of the economically important diseases in small ruminants. Mycoplasma affects respiratory system predominantly apart from synovial joints, udder and mucus membrane bearing surface. In the current study, a total of 514 samples consisting of 465 nasal swabs, 18 lung tissues, 16 milk, 11 synovial fluids, 3 ear swabs, and one fetal fluid were subjected for isolation of Mycoplasma in PPLO broth and PPLO agar. Inoculated samples were incubated at 37°C for 24-48 h under 5% CO2, until turbidity and colour change was observed. Broth cultures were also subjected for Mycoplasma genus specific and species specific PCR. Of the 514 samples that were cultured, 32 (6.22%) produced characteristic 'fried egg' microcolonies on the agar surface. Of the 32 isolates, 21 were M. ovipneumoniae, 7 were M. arginini and 4 unidentified mycoplasma species. Seventy five (14.59%) samples were positive for genus specific PCR. By species specific PCR, 21 (28%) samples were identified as M. ovipneumoniae, 13 (17.33%) M. arginini, whereas 41 (54.66) samples did not amplify with either of the clusters specific primers or other species specific primers and remain unidentified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the present study, gastrointestinal parasites (GIP) prevalence in sheep and goats from India was estimated by scientometrics. Methods: The GIP prevalence studies (86) reported during 1998–2021 was obtained from online databases, and offline literatures, meta-analysis was undertaken by using "meta" package in R-Software. Results: The pooled GIP prevalence in India was 65% (95% level CI 56–74%, PI 12–96%) in sheep, 74% (95% level CI 66–80%, PI 14–98%) in goats and 68% (95% level CI 62–73%, PI 15–96%) in sheep and goats. Period-wise analysis revealed a higher GIP prevalence during 1998–2010 than the recent periods. Among the zones, GIP prevalence was higher in the Central zone (79%) in sheep, North zone (82%) in goats, and Central zone (78%) in sheep and goats. Based on the state-wise analysis, a higher GIP prevalence was observed in Haryana for sheep, Himachal Pradesh for goats, and Uttarakhand for sheep and goats. In India, a higher prevalence was reported by nematodes than other parasite classes. Based on climatic regions, a higher GIP prevalence was observed in semi-arid Steppe type region (84%). Conclusion: The high prevalence zones, states, species, sample types, parasite classes, parasite species and climate regions of GIP will be useful in decision-making and resource use efficiency by policymakers and stake holders. There is an urgent need to prevent the occurrence of GIP infections in sheep and goats by adopting scientific management practices, effective therapeutic measures, and hygienic practices on farms to augment the economic benefits to sheep and goat farmers in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The study evaluated the effectiveness of 'Mass Vaccination Campaign (MVC)' implemented against the contagious transboundary OIE notified Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats on the lines of 'pulse polio campaign' for humans in Chhattisgarh state, India. The effectiveness was evaluated on the axes of adequacy, financial viability under with and without MVC through differencing under various scenarios and options and programme impact from a farmer's perspective. The adequacy evaluation revealed that the reported outbreaks, diagnosed and death cases declined under PPR‐MVC inconsonance with increased vaccination coverage. Furthermore, the seroconversion increased during post PPR‐MVC implies elevated immunity levels in the sheep and goat population. The estimated mean mortality loss was USD 45.2 and USD 16.5 per animal in goats and sheep, respectively, whereas the treatment and opportunity cost of labour was USD 1.9 and USD 2.5 per animal respectively. Under the low PPR incidence scenario, benefit: cost ratio, net present value and internal rate of return were 4.9:1, 48.9 million USD and 146.6%, whereas it was 12.4:1,142.7 million USD and 430.4% and 13.5:1,156.7 million USD and 430.4% under medium and high incidence scenarios. Furthermore, the option of vaccinating 100% risk population during the first year followed by 30% during subsequent years to cover naïve population will maximize benefits than 100% coverage every year; nevertheless, benefits outweighs cost manifolds in both of these options. The farmers had a positive opinion on the overall services provided under PPR‐MVC and the results provide the empirical evidence on effectiveness of 'mass vaccination' for its replication in other states of India or countries with similar socio‐economic and rearing environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]