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Background: Histopathological diagnosis of lesions arising from the intake of tobacco is based on subjective evaluation of morphological alterations within the lesional tissue. Oral exfoliative cytology is a non-invasive diagnostic technique for early detection of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. Morphometric techniques have been advocated as objective and reproducible methods of detecting changes before they are visible by routine microscopy and can facilitate differentiation of normal and abnormal epithelium. This study was conducted to assess the morphometric parameters (cell diameter, nuclear diameter and nuclear cytoplasmic ratio [N:C ratio]) in tobacco smokers and chewers and to evaluate the variations, if any. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on cytological smears obtained from oral lesions of patients with habit of tobacco smoking (Group B) and tobacco chewing (Group C). Group A comprised of subjects free from oral lesions and not using tobacco in any form. Patients with both the habits were excluded. The smears were stained using Papanicoloaou staining method. For morphometric analysis, Microimage 3.0 image analysis software was employed. The statistical test employed was an analysis of variance and P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The results of this study showed that the cellular diameter was progressively reduced and nuclear diameter progressively increased from Group A to Group B to Group C. The N:C ratio also showed a progressive increase from Group A to Group C. Conclusion: The results confirmed that tobacco chewing and smoking influenced the cytomorphology of normal appearing buccal mucosa and the degree of these changes were found to be greater in chewers as compared to smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tobacco smoking in any form (cigarette, bidi etc.) has long been established as a risk factor for CAD (coronary artery disease) but a very little research has been done on tobacco chewing, which is restricted to South Asia (India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka) whether it increases risk for cardiovascular morbidity or not. Aims & Objective: To assess the cardiovascular risks in tobacco chewers as compared to normal population of Aligarh a city of Western Uttar Pradesh. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in Department of Physiology, Department of TB Chest and Department of Medicine JNMCH, AMU Aligarh. The study consisted of 30 tobacco chewers (in any form) and 30 subjects without any history of tobacco consumption in any form. The age group varied from 20-60years. Anthropometric measurement age, weight, height, BMI, Pulse, SBP (systolic BP), DBP (Diastolic BP) and Lipid Profile estimation from blood sample. Results: Anthropometric measurements did not show any significant change when compared in two groups (p > 0.05). Cardiovascular Parameters like, Systolic pressure (117.46 ± 11.07); diastolic pressure (83.37 ± 8.74); mean arterial pressures (93.40 ± 6.33) and pulse rate (84.29 ± 5.70), were significantly increased in chewers as compared to normal population (p < 0.05). Lipid Profile Parameters like, Total cholesterol (237.04 ± 82.6); HDL (45.54 ± 5.46); LDL (161.16 ± 76.7) were increased in chewers as compared to control (p < 0.05). Atherogenic index T Choles./HDL (5.22 ± 1.90); LDL/HDL (3.57±1.35); Non-HDL/HDL (4.3 ± 1.0), were also showed a significant increase (p < 0.05). Conclusion: All these findings are suggestive that tobacco chewers are at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases as compared to non-tobacco consuming population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]