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[Display omitted] • The volatile compounds in the stems and leaves of Platostoma palustre exhibit differences. • The germplasm and ploidy of Platostoma palustre can be differentiated by its volatile compounds. • The combination of HS-GC–MS and e-nose can recognize stems and leaves of Platostoma palustre. • E-nose sensors and volatile compounds intensities exhibit correlation. Platostoma palustre (Mesona chinensis Benth or Hsian-tsao, also known as "Xiancao" in China), is an edible and medicinal plant native to India, Myanmar, and Indo-China. It is the main ingredient in the popular desserts Hsian-tsao tea, herbal jelly, and sweet herbal jelly soup. P. palustre is found abundantly in nutrient-rich substances and possesses unique aroma compounds. Variations in the contents of volatile compounds among different germplasms significantly affect the quality and flavor of P. palustre , causing contradiction in demand. This study investigates the variation in the volatile compound profiles of distinct ploidy germplasms of P. palustre by utilising headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC–MS) and an electronic nose (e-nose). The results showed significant differences in the aroma characteristics of stem and leaf samples in diverse P. palustre germplasms. A total of sixty-seven volatile compounds have been identified and divided into ten classes. Six volatile compounds (caryophyllene, α-bisabolol, benzaldehyde, β-selinene, β-elemene and acetic acid) were screened as potential marker volatile compounds to discriminate stems and leaves of P. palustre. In this study, leaves of P. palustre showed one odor pattern and stems showed two odor patterns under the influence of α-bisabolol, acetic acid, and butyrolactone. In addition, a correlation analysis was conducted on the main volatile compounds identified by HS-GC–MS and e-nose. This analysis provided additional insight into the variations among samples resulting from diverse germplasms. The present study provides a valuable volatilome, and flavor, and quality evaluation for P. palustre , as well as new insights and scientific basis for the development and use of P. palustre germplasm resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]