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The conversion of forests into agricultural land and the application of agro-technology on land without considering the capability and suitability of land will result breakdowns on Krueng Seulimum Watershed. This will obviously lead to high attrition, low land productivity in the upstream, sedimentation, and high fluctuation in the downstream. This study is aimed to: 1) predict the amount of erosion on every watershed land unit in Krueng Seulimum Watershed and 2) determine the appropriate agro technology (soil and water conservation techniques) for cocoa farms to suppress erosion (erosion < ETol). The method used in this study is a survey method with the following steps: 1) the preparation phase, 2) a preliminary survey, 3) a primary survey and 4) data analyses and result presentation. The prediction of was performed on each land unit (LU) and the cocoa -based farming systems (Cocoa, Cocoa + Areca nut, and Cocoa + Banana) using USLE. The results show that the greatest erosion prediction occurred on the shrub and dry land farming use. The predictive erosion values of the land use for shrub, dry land agriculture, grazing and secondary forest ranged from 30.71 - 292.98 tons ha-1 year-1 (ETol 31.50 - 40.96 tons ha-1 year-1), 27.60 - 118.19 tons ha-1 year-1 (ETol 39.11-40.96 tons ha-1 year-1), 9.92 tons ha-1 year-1 - 62.98 tons ha-1 year-1 (ETol 22.16 - 24.20 tons ha-1 year-1), and 1.31 - 6.94 tons ha-1 year-1 (ETol 23.98 - 29.28 tons ha-1 year-1), respectively. The agro technologies for soil and water conservation that should be implemented on agricultural dry land (cocoa, cocoa + areca nut, and cocoa + banana) are the provision of a complete fertilizer (7% slope), bunds terracing + grass planting to amplify the terrace (14% slope) and bund terracing + grass planting to amplify the terrace + mulching 6 tons ha-1 (21% slope). The forest land use is recommended to remain as forest, while the shrub land use is recommended for cocoa farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 545 serum samples were consecutively collected from patients with acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, chronic hemodialysis and voluntary blood donors to study the seroepidemiology of HBV and HCV infection in Jakarta. Fourteen out of 243 or 5.8% samples from blood donors were HBsAg-positive, while HCV-antibodies (anti-C100 and/or anti-CP9 and/or anti-CP10) positivity rate was found in 59 out of 243 or 24.3%. Out of 91 donors aged 29 years or younger, 15 (16.5%) donors turned positive for HCV-antibody (-ies), while out of 152 donors aged 30 years or above, 44 (28.9%) donors were anti-HCV-positive, showing a higher HCV-antibody prevalence among higher age group. Among 88 acute hepatitis patients, 33 (37.5%) cases, 10 (11.4%) cases, 15 (17.0%) cases and 30 (34.1%) cases were diagnosed as hepatitis A, hepatitis B, acute exacerbation of HCV carriers, and NANB hepatitis respectively. HCV-antibodies were found in 15 (45.5%) of hepatitis A cases and 6 (40.0%) of acute exacerbation of HBV carrier cases, but found only in 9 (30.0%) of acute NANB hepatitis cases. Positivity rates of HCV-antibodies among 23 chronic hepatitis, 80 liver cirrhosis and 64 hepatocellular carcinoma cases were 78.3%, 75.0% and 65.6% respectively, while 30.4%, 30.0% and 45.3% of the respective groups were positive for HBs antigen. Among 47 hemodialysis cases, 97.9% and 6.4% were positive for HCV antibodies and HBs antigen respectively. It was concluded that: (1) HBV infection rate is high among blood donors and patients with acute and chronic liver diseases. (2) HCV infection rate is high among blood donors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)