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Rainfall is a key input in management of agriculture and irrigation projects and any change in this variable can influence on sustainable management of water resources, agriculture and ecosystems. Rainfall extremes motive big socioeconomic effects in Indonesia, as they're frequently followed with the aid of using disastrous events, including floods and landslides. Of precise hobby is Java Island, the most populated vicinity in Indonesia, that's susceptible to destructive flooding due to heavy rainfall. This study sought to determine the spatial and temporal variability of rainfall under past and future climate scenarios. The changes of water movement and distribution are influenced by extreme rainfall and land cover conversions. The rainfall becomes more extreme than before. The trends and patterns of extreme rainfall on Java Island, Indonesia, we were studied from 2009 to 2021 the rainy season from November to May, with January and February being the wettest months. The dry season begins from June and ends in October and also find the earthquakes and eruption days, month rainfalls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Tsunamis are high energy events capable of transporting extremely heavy loads including boulders. We compare boulder deposits created by two modern tsunami events, the 2004 Indian Ocean and the 2009 South Pacific tsunamis, where the boulder sources were in similar topographic settings, and for which we have accurate data on the wave characteristics. Boulder distribution, preferential orientation and numerical simulation of boulder transport are discussed. A comparison between the impacts of the South Pacific and Indian Ocean tsunamis shows similar characteristics, such as limited landward extent and the absence of landward fining. Differences between the results from modelling and field data are most probably caused by variables such as coastal plain roughness (buildings, trees), microtopography, particle shape, and boulder collision during transport that are summarised as coefficients in the mathematical models. Characterising modern events through coarse sediment deposits provides valuable information to help identify and interpret palaeo-tsunami imprints on coastal landscapes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]