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Massive utilization of firewood faced problems related to deforestation and harmful emissions. Indonesia experiences the fastest deforestation rate in the world (1000 km2/year). Household air pollution (HAP) resulting from the smoke of burning firewood causes premature deaths of around 165,000 to 68,000 each year in Indonesia. Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity are projected to be clean energy sources for households; however, switching to LPG fuel or electricity for remote rural households is constrained by their limited financial ability. Therefore, shifting the energy supply of rural communities from wood to fuel from agricultural waste can reduce the risk of deforestation, while reducing HAP is done by forming it into bio-briquettes. Manufacturing rice husk (RH) or carbonized rice husk (CRH) for bio-briquette fuels is intended to solve the problem of massive woody biomass and improve the combustion process to reduce the risk of HAP. This paper specifically investigates and compares the physical and chemical properties of RH and CRH as a first step to verifying their potential as bio-briquette materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many alternative renewable energy sources in Indonesia, including biomass or organic waste materials. Some of the biomass that has considerable potential are agricultural waste, industrial waste and household waste. The Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) reports that the potential for corn farming in Madura reaches 300,000 hectares with an average production yield of 7 tons per hectare, so there will be 2,100,000 tons of corn per harvest. However, given the high potential for corn production, there is also a high chance of the waste being produced, especially corn cobs, which the majority of the population simply discards and burns. This study intends to use corn cobs into briquettes as fuel. This type of biofuel was chosen because corn cobs as a solid material has a high density, easy in storage and handling. This study was designed to measure the effect of corn cobs briquettes particle size, dough-adhesive ratios and compaction pressure on the calorific value of the biomass briquettes. The design of experiments will be used to measure the optimum composition of biomass briquettes material which has maximum calorific value using Response Surface Methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has the second-largest oil palm plantation in the world after Malaysia. Palm kernel shells are a byproduct of palm oil production that is often thrown away. Due to oil palm shells' hardness, difficulty, and long lifespan, this biomass waste can be utilized as a replacement for coarse aggregate. The purpose of this research was to establish a procedure for optimizing the physical and thermal qualities of hybrid briquettes made from palm kernel shells, wood sawdust, and coffee grounds blends. A briquette experiment was conducted with different palm kernel shell/wood sawdust/coffee grounds blends ratios of 75/10/5; 60/20/20; 70/10/10; and 65/10/10. A manually-operated hydraulic piston press was employed to make briquettes. The briquettes were put through studies to find out their density, compressive strength, calorific value, burning rate, and water vaporizing capacity. The mixing ratio greatly affected the physical and thermal attributes of palm kernel shell/wood sawdust/coffee grounds blend briquettes. The mixing ratio improved density, calorific value, and vaporizing water capacity while decreasing the burning rate. The 65/10/10 palm kernel shell/wood sawdust/coffee grounds blend B4 briquettes showed increased density (1.119 g.cm−3), calorific value (3719 kcal kg−1), water vaporizing capacity (0.851 L.kg−1), and low burning rate (0.846 kg.h−1). Palm kernel shell/wood sawdust/coffee grounds blend briquettes had better handling properties and are predicted to be an effective biofuel with good physical, fuel, and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia relies too much on oil as an energy source and does not make full efforts to develop alternative energy so that it affects energy security. The Energy Law number 30, year 2007 aims to achieve self-reliance and sovereign national energy security. The regulated principles include expediency, rationality, fair efficiency, increased added value, sustainability, community welfare, preservation of environmental functions, national resilience, and integration by prioritizing national capabilities. National energy management includes the main and supporting policies. Energy is an important element that always accompanies daily human activities. The availability of energy sources can meet the needs, affordability of supply and the sustainability of human life. Utilization of alternative energy for biomass briquettes can take advantage of organic waste. A smart city is a city that is able to utilize waste sources into alternative energy for community needs. The research questions presented, namely how to obtain waste sources from the community, how to design an optimization algorithm for the conditions of the biomass briquette densification process, and how to design an optimization algorithm for the biomass briquette drying process conditions. Artificial intelligence is needed in identifying sources of organic waste and opportunities to improve the quality of biomass briquettes. The research objective was to determine the potential of organic waste which can be used as the basic material for making biomass briquettes. The proposed approach is based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and the Response Surface Method (RSM) with data processing technique uses Matlab programming. The results of the literature study show that the use of organic waste has the potential to produce quality biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a tropical country like Indonesia, there are potential sectors of agriculture more particularly the coconut plantation in most regions including the province of Gorontalo. According to Central Bureau of Statistic of Indonesia in 2020, this province has 73,700 hectares of coconut plantation land (BPS.go.id, 2020) that produced only copra as their main coconut product. At the preliminary observation, it was found that every part of coconut fruit can be processed and used for many different purposes in other regions. The shell has been well used in regions such as Bali and West Java. It is then a challenge to inspire the region of Gorontalo to produce an innovative briquette from its coconut shell. With the purpose of helping the economy of local producers, this study is to investigate on the existing condition of the Gorontalo region about how briquette is being used and produced. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with ethnomethodology approach to collect the data of the existing productivity practice of coconut plants in accordance with the geographical conditions of the area. Using observation and in-depth interview to the restaurant business owners as well as the field note result of coconut plantation management, the findings report that coconut has not been maximized to be transformed into a useful product that augment its value and briquette is not known as a possible product that give a longer period of burn in a steady temperature. It is interesting and challenging to create an innovative product of briquette from coconut shell in compliance with the needs of the users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of renewable energy derived from biomass is one of the initiatives in producing alternative energy to lessen reliance on fossil fuels. Wood briquettes are one of the sustainable fuels made from wood. Wood briquettes have the benefit over fossil fuels in that the raw ingredients are always available in nature, cheaper, lighter, easier to obtain, and have economic worth. In Indonesia, wood briquette research is still in its infancy. Even though potential sources of high heat value wood are abundantly available in Indonesia, based on our best knowledge, only two species of wood have been employed to produce wood briquettes, namely teak (Tectona grandis) and sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria). According to the findings of this mini-review, indeed Indonesia has at least eight different species of wood that might be potentially used as briquette raw materials, including primary (Acacia auriculiformis), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus pellita), Gamal (Gliricidae immaculate), lamtoro (Leucaena leucochephala), weru (Albizia procera), laban (Vitex pubescens), kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus), and galam (Melaleuca leucadendron). In addition, by-product Indonesia plywood and sawn timber fabricated can be used as raw materials in briquettes. The most important feature of wood briquettes is their heating or calorific value. The heat value of wood for wood briquettes is determined by chemical components, wood's anatomy properties, and wood's physical characteristics. The heat value of wood is influenced more by the chemical components of the wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil fuel use has caused global warming. The utilization of renewable energy can solve the problem because it is considered carbon neutral. One of the renewable energies is the utilization of rice husk biomass waste to be converted into bio-pellets and bio-char briquettes. In this study, rice husks for biochar briquettes were pre-treated by carbonization at a temperature of 250˚C for 30 minutes. Furthermore, the bio-char briquette material was mixed with 30% starch, while the 1 mm bio-pellet material was mixed with 10% starch and a 1:1 water mixture. Based on the proximate analysis results for the water content, biochar briquettes' volatile matter and ash content are lower than bio-pellets. The calorific value of bio-pellets is 3,349kcal/kg, lower than the quality standard according to SNI 8675:2018. Meanwhile, for briquettes, the calorific value is 5,044 kcal/kg and fulfilling the quality standard according to SNI 01-6235:2000. Measurements obtained PM2.5, CO, and CO2 concentrations during the combustion of rice husk biochar briquettes and rice husk bio-pellets in a biomass stove. The results show the fulfilment of the quality standard according to the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 1077/MENKES/PER/V/2011 (Permenkes RI No. 1077-2011). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of the industrial sector has increased either energy demand or generate a tremendous effect on waste piles. To combat the issue of poor sanitation due to waste accumulation and multiply the energy sources, the government promotes energy diversification, particularly dealing with waste management. This study aims to recycle plastic waste, paper waste and sawdust into solid fuel briquettes while observing their physical and combustion properties. Briquette production is carried out by combining waste of plastics and sawdust with binding agents, such as paper pulp and cassava starch. These materials were mixed with water, being compacted and conventionally dried under the sunlight. Solid briquette was then tested for calorific value, moisture content and volatile matter to ensure the effectiveness of combustion. The results show that the modified composition of plastic and paper with the ratio of 3:1 is physically sturdy with minor cracks, has a greater calorific value of 6801.62 Cal/gr, low moisture content (4.73%) and volatile matter (5.50%). The modified composition of paper: plastic: sawdust with the ratio of 1:1:1 exhibits more sturdy stuff, with a calorific value of 4565.47 Cal/ gr, low moisture content (1.85%) but high volatile matter (34.07%). Waste conversion to solid fuel briquette can be utilized as future green energy alternative in any major cities of Indonesia. A modified mixture of plastic : paper waste is more prone to transmit the heat despite having less capability to ignite, while the mixture of sawdust : paper is more prone to ignite despite having less capability to store and dismiss the heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has abundant natural resources spread throughout the islands. The utilization of these natural potentials has not been fully played and developed to meet daily needs such as for cooking. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential of leaf litter as a domestic source of energy for cooking. In particular, a set of laboratory scaled experiment was conducted by using leaf litter of the species Artocarpus champaden, L., Nephelium lappaceum, L., and Mangifera indica, L. In Indonesia these species are known as Cempedak, Rambutan, and Mangga trees which produce fallen leaf throughout the years. A way of reducing the leaf litter problems by local people is by collecting it from the garden and roof, then burn it to reduce the volume. The experimental work was carried out through some steps. The leaf litter was transformed to biomass briquettes fuel in order to increase energy content for combustion by adding Canola Oil and Starch as a binder. The briquettes were produced manually with minimum mechanical works. Thermal analysis, including calorific value, proximate and ultimate analysis, was performed by standard method and equipment. The experiment was carried out by using a biomass stove with a fuel chamber volume of approximately 660 cm3. A fan was attached to the stove to supply an updraft forced vortex flow of air. Water Boiling Test method was performed to measure the burning characteristic and stove efficiency. It was found that the briquettes (100 grams) from all leaf type tested can boil the water of 1000 ml within 7 minutes. In general, the burning performance of the briquettes were related to proximate and ultimate analysis of the samples. Nevertheless, by comparing the performance using Water Boiling Test suggested that the discrepancies of the performance using different types of leaf litter were not significant. This work showed that leaf litter has the potential as a reliable energy source for cooking in household at rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Indonesia, a large amount of biomasses are available from cashew plantations and rice fields and constitute one of the raw material sources for thermal energy. Annually, 130.052 tons of whole cashews can produce cashew shells with a total energy content of 4,933x109 kcal. In addition, 49 million tons of rice is produced annually in Indonesia. From this sum, 7.5-10 million tons of rice husks are obtained with a total energy content of 2.64x1013 kcal. The purpose of this research is to review the briquette of biomass made from a mixture of cashew shells and rice husks with polyvinyl acetate (PVA) as the adhesive. The mixture ratio of cashew shells and rice husks is varied with a range of 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75% weight. Briquettes are made in a cylinder mold and pressed using a hydraulic press machine. The pressing pressure varies from 2.500, 5.000, and 7.500 kg/m². Results show that a briquette with a mixture ratio of 75:25% shows good pressure tenacity. A model is used to relate density with briquetting pressure. This model shows that the briquette has low compressibility at 0.13. Enhancement of the heating value for the briquettes is also carried out using the torrefaction treatment. The torrefaction process produces biomass briquettes made from a mixture of cashew shells and rice husks with a heating value on par to sub-bituminous coal according to the ASTM D 388 standard classification with a heating value of 6.712 kcal/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Indonesia, a large amount of biomasses are available from cashew plantations and rice fields and constitute one of the raw material sources for thermal energy. Annually, 130.052 tons of whole cashews can produce cashew shells with a total energy content of 4,933x109 kcal. In addition, 49 million tons of rice is produced annually in Indonesia. From this sum, 7.5-10 million tons of rice husks are obtained with a total energy content of 2.64x1013 kcal. The purpose of this research is to review the briquette of biomass made from a mixture of cashew shells and rice husks with polyvinyl acetate (PVA) as the adhesive. The mixture ratio of cashew shells and rice husks is varied with a range of 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75 % weight. Briquettes are made in a cylinder mold and pressed using a hydraulic press machine. The pressing pressure varies from 2.500, 5.000, and 7.500 kg/m2. Results show that a briquette with a mixture ratio of 75:25 % shows good pressure tenacity. A model is used to relate density with briquetting pressure. This model shows that the briquette has low compressibility at 0.13. Enhancement of the heating value for the briquettes is also carried out using the torrefaction treatment. The torrefaction process produces biomass briquettes made from a mixture of cashew shells and rice husks with a heating value on par to sub-bituminous coal according to the ASTM D 388 standard classification with a heating value of 6.712 kcal/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]