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Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was used to detect candidate genes affecting economic traits in livestock. GWAS can detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in all chromosome regions. This study aimed to determine the genetic markers for body weight by GWAS in native cattle breeds of Indonesia. The Illumina Bovine 50K BeadChip was used to determine the candidate genes in three mixed-sex Indonesian cattle breeds of Bali (16 animals), Madura (16 animals), and Ongole grade (13 animals). All animals were raised at the Pasuruan Regency, East Java, Indonesia breeding station. The GWAS was performed in pooled sample of animals (45 animals) with the general linear model (GLM) method using SNP markers with minimum allele frequency (MAF) values more than 0.05 by TASSEL 5.0. software. Therefore, the body weight of cattle at 1 to 3 years of age was collected for each animal for computing Manhattan plot graphics. This research found that SUGT1, SF3A3, and DSCAM genes were detected as potential genetic markers for body weight in cattle breeds of Indonesia. The SUGT1 and DSCAM genes were monomorphic in Bali cattle (Bos javanicus). In addition, both genes were significantly associated (P<0.05) with the body weight of Ongole-grade cattle (Bos indicus) at three years of age. However, the SF3A3 gene was significantly (P<0.05) associated with body weight of Madura cattle (Bos indicus) at 2 and 3 years of age. In conclusion, the GWAS of pool animals reveals three candidate genes significantly associated with body weight in many cattle breeds of Indonesia. Further study to detect SNPs in candidate genes with sequencing method is essential to apply these findings practically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphostructural characterization can be used to identify unique characteristics in different animal breeds and an essential tool for the identification and classification of these breeds. The objective of this study was to characterize four Indonesian goat breeds based on their morphostructural traits. A total of 315 female goats (does) at 2.5 - 3.5 years of age were used currently and consisted of 28 Boer, 118 Boerka, 141 Kacang and 28 Ettawa cross. Total eleven body measurements and ten body conformations were measured to describe the morphostructure of goats. Two statistical methods of canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to differentiate goat breeds. Body measurement and body index were able to discriminate goat breeds with canonical correlation (Function 1) of 0.81 and 0.77, respectively. According to HCA of morphostructural traits, Boerka and Kacang does are classified into similar cluster. Body measurement is better for discriminating goat breeds rather than body conformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cattle farming in Indonesia, especially in North Sumatra, is still a secondary livelihood for breeders. Treatment and processing of beef are generally done in the traditional way. The success of the beef cattle business is very dependent on the fulfillment of nutrients that affect livestock health. Therefore, quality and sustainable feed is an important factor in livestock cultivation technology. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fermented feed on cattle weight at a small cattle farm in Pondok Rawa Village, Deli Serdang Regency, Sumatera Utara. Fermented feed is formulated by mixing corn ash and palm oil cake (5:1), coarse salt, molasses, and EM4 into chlorine-free water. The feed was stored in PP plastic and incubated for 7 days. Five cows chosen randomly were given fermented feed every day for 1 month while the other 5 cows were only given forage. All test cattle were about 4 years old and weighed weekly and the data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA in JASP 0.16.4. The results showed that the average weight gain of one cattle fed with fermented feed (1.54 kg/week) was higher than forage treatment (0.69 kg/week). This result was validated and substantiated by ANOVA test result showing that value of p < 0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genome-wide association study is popularly used to identify markers associated with high economic traits in cattle breeds worldwide. However, this method has never been applied to Bali cattle (Bos javanicus), which are indigenous to Indonesia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether the GWAS can also be employed to figure out genomic regions potentially affecting Bali cattle's birth weight trait. In this study, phenotypic and genotypic data of 48 Bali cattle were used to figure out genomic regions which are potentially affecting the birth weight trait of Bali cattle. Those samples were genotyped using an Illumina bead chip array with 53.218 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The estimation of the variance proportion explained by each SNP was conducted by a restricted maximum likelihood (REML) approach. The result showed that the birth weight trait in Bali cattle was affected by multiple regions dispersed over the genome, especially chromosomes 20 and 21. This study demonstrated that GWAS can be used effectively and discovered two intriguing regions related to quantitative trait loci and genes, namely STXBP6 and TERT, which previously had been linked to cattle birth weight and growth. These findings are important for developing and refining genomic-based selection programs for Bali cattle in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is one of the larger producer copra in the world, so coconut still economic backbone of society. A tropical grass namely koronivia grass well adapted under mature coconuts, crude protein content lower than minimum requirement in the ruminant diet, carrying capacity able to provide only the needs of total digestible nutrient for cattle with bodyweight no exceed to 250 Kg. Needs inorganic nitrogen fertilizer application but costly and occurred negative impacts on the environment. Herbaceous legume integrated as mixed pasture failed to persist due to the aggressiveness of this koronivia grass. This research aims to study the ability of tree legume Indigofera zollingeriana as a source of protein and dry matter to enhance the carrying capacity. Koronivia grass solely could provide dry matter, crude protein and TDN for cattle with body weight 250 Kg, and I. zollingeriana as well, but the latter provides crude protein more, almost double than koronivia. Both species altogether in the same space and management could provide feeds to fulfil the requirement of cattle more than 250 kg body weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Birth weight and calving interval are included of productivity traits that can be increased by selection program. However, the standard of desirable birth weight in cattle during the selection program is important to prevent dystocia incident risk. This study was aimed to select Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) based on Estimated Breeding Value of birth weight (EBVBW) and Most Probable Producing Ability of birth weight (MPPABW) and calving interval (MPPACI). Total of 758 records data of BW were collected from Lombok and Sumbawa islands, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Research showed the average of BW in Bali calves were 15.69±1.70 kg (Lombok) and 13.49±1.89 (Sumbawa). The average of CI in Bali cows at both islands were about 385 days. In addition, the heritability (h2) values of BW in both islands was about 0.90. The repeatability (r) values of BW in both islands were about 0.30. Meanwhile, the r value of CI in Sumbawa island was 0.39. The highest of EBVBW for sire was +4.25 kg by bull's ID: 0838 (Sumbawa). Meanwhile, the highest of EBVBW for calves was +6.07 kg by calf's ID: 0917 (Sumbawa). The highest of MPPABW was +2.67 kg by cow's ID: 0872 (Sumbawa). The lowest of MPPACI was -25.70 days by cow's ID: 02076 (Lombok). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]