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Moringa plants from the Moringa oleifera species are widely cultivated and used by residents in tropical regions, including Indonesia. Indonesians generally in rural areas use this plant as food and traditional medicine. The development of knowledge followed by the results of recent experiments, shows that all moringa organs contain secondary metabolite compounds that are beneficial to humans, especially as a source of good nutritious nutrition, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antihistamine, anticancer, and able to increase the body's immunity. The cultivation of moringa as yard plants in housing is still not popularly carried out by urban residents. In addition to functioning as a source of food, medicine, it is also able to function ecologically for the surrounding environment. The adaptation of growing moringa in an altitude area is quite wide, ranging from 0-1000 m above sea level. This study, conducted in March-April 2022, aimed to analyze the type of diversity and concentration of secondary metabolite compounds in the moringa leaf organs planted at two different altitudes, including the origin of housing in Turangga Village, Bandung City at an altitude of 696 masl and the origin of housing in Kenjeran Village, Surabaya City at an altitude of 4 masl in Indonesia. The analyses of moringa leaf extract through a QP-2010 type chromatography tool identified more phytochemical diversity than those from Bandung, including carbinol, methyl cyclopentane, n-Hexane, neophytadiene, hexa decane, pronalol alaniol, methyl palmitate, and eicosyne. Meanwhile, moringa leaf extract from Surabaya, the dominant type of carbinol was identified, followed by acetic acid, and methyl hydroxylate. The results of the analysis recommend that moringa is effectively used as urban farming to meet food sources, while improving the ecological quality of the surrounding environment. Meanwhile, to improve the quality of phytochemical diversity, it is recommended that the cultivation of moringa should be in moderate rainfall areas with average daily air temperatures ranging from 20 ºC to 30 ºC and high soil moisture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Strychnos lucida R. Br. or Songga was empirically used as an anti-malarial and immunostimulant in the Tetun tribe, Indonesia. However, almost all plants from the genus Strychnos contain the alkaloid toxic compound strychnine. Objectives: The aims of this study are to determine in vitro/in vivo anti-malarial activity, to analyze the selectivity index, and to measure the phytoconstituents of various extracts (water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane) from S. lucida stem. Materials and Methods: In vitro anti-malarial study was conducted against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7-chloroquine-sensitive, and in vitro cytotoxic was performed against Monkey kidney Vero cell. Plasmodium berghei ANKA-chloroquine sensitive infected malaria mice were used as a model for evaluation of in vivo anti-plasmodial. Phytoconstituents profile was determined using Thermo scientific LC-HRMS, and the m/z data was analyzed using Compound Discoverer software with mzCloud MS/MS Library. Results: Water (W), Ethanol (E), and Ethyl Acetate (EA) extract exhibited more potential in vitro/in vivo anti-malarial activity than n-hexane (H) extract (IC50 2.48±0.09; 2.45±0.02; 2.90±0.07; 7.64±0.30 μg/mL, respectively). The selectivity index of water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extract are 211.47, 78.46, 249.62, and 32.39, respectively). According to the LC-HRMS profile, water and ethanol extract mainly contain alkaloid and phenolic compounds. Ethyl acetate and n-hexane mostly contain terpenoids and fatty acids. Conclusion: According to the result, we conclude that ethanol and water extract from S. lucida R. Br. display potential anti-malarial. Alkaloids and phenolic compounds probably have the most contribution to their anti-malarial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The storage roots of Pachyrhizus erosus (PE) have been traditionally used as a skin whitening agent in Indonesia and are also consumed fresh in many Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand. However, research on the biological activities of PE is limited. Objective: This study aimed to measure the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and to test the anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities of PE extracts. The Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric, the Aluminium chloride colorimetric, the DPPH scavenging, and the Dopachrome assays were used for the experiments. Results: The dichloromethane extract had the highest anti-tyrosinase activity (IC50= 2.08 ± 0.40 mg/mL), total flavonoid content (9.93 ± 0.02 mg QE/g extract), and antioxidant activity (IC50= 40 ± 0.02 µg/mL). The largest total phenolic concentration was found in the 80% ethanol extract, albeit (11.97 ± 0.55 mg GAE/g extract). Conclusion: Based on its remarkable activities, the dichloromethane extract is recommended for future development in skin-lightening products. The study's findings conclude that PE extracts may be used as an alternate source of antioxidants and anti-tyrosinase agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vernonia amygdalina (VA) is a native plant from Africa that is widely distributed to Asia, especially in Indonesia. One of the factors that can affect the pharmacological activity of natural ingredients is the extraction process. This study aims to show the effect of extraction methods in the VA leaves extraction process on phytochemical content and their correlation with pharmacological activities. VA leaves extract in this study was obtained using different extraction methods. The extracts were investigated for total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) using a calorimetry assay. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to group the extracts based on FTIR data. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was done using DPPH and ABTS assay. While the cytotoxic activity of the extracts was carried out using an MTT assay on T47D, WiDr, and HeLa cells. The cytotoxic activity of extracts was described using the IC50 value. There were significantly different total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of extracts (p<0.05). The microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) extract was identified to have the highest TFC, DPPH, ABTS, and cytotoxic values of 11.06±0.77 mg QE/g dry powder, 63.05±3.21 μg/mL, 32.19±1.23 μg/mL, and 133.922±3.22 μg/mL (T47D), 194.547±3.43 μg/mL (WiDr), and 1275.436±11.42 μg/mL (HeLa), respectively (p<0.05). This is supported by PCA analysis which shows that there are differences in extracts based on FTIR data. This study reports that each extract of VA leaves gives a distinct phytochemical profile (TPC, TFC, and FTIR spectrum) that contributes to the antioxidant activity and cytotoxic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors have recently investigated the chemical components and bioactivity of fungus comb from Macrotermes gilvus Hagen mounds. The ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts of the fungus comb contained active compounds which are preventing the growth of Aspergillus foeti-dus, one of the most economically important wood-staining fungi in Indonesia. In this present study, the bioactivity of the fungus comb extracts was examined against the white-rot fungus Schizophyllum commune Fr. For the purpose of generating a realistic in-service type of environment, the extracts were evaluated according to modified EN-113 after impregnated into wood samples by the vacuum-pressure method, following in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test. The results showed that ethyl acetate extract at concentrations ranging from 2 to 6% and methanol extract at a concentration of 6% presented high bioactivity against S. commune. This result was established through optical microscopy images, which demonstrated the absence of fungal mycelia in the vessels of wood samples treated with EtOAc extract at concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6%, as well as MeOH extract with a concentration of 6%. The toxic values of the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were determined to be 6.17% and 7.72%, respectively. Based on UPLC-HRMS analysis, azelaic acid, and erucamide were discovered as the dominant components in ethyl acetate extracts, which are anticipated to be the most active compounds. It appears that ethyl acetate extract, as well as methanol extract, can be considered as novel preservative sources for controlling wood-decaying fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has a very abundant production of mangosteen, which places at the 14th largest mangosteen production in the world. High mangosteen production affects the amount of mangosteen peel waste. On the other hand, mangosteen peel has been identified as a rich source in health benefits and has proven to be antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and anti-carcinogenic. Traditionally, one of the conventional medicines used in wound dressings or infection medicine. It can be a possibility for patch wound healing development, especially for diabetic ulcers with an open wound, wetness, chronic infections, and high inflammation. This research aims to innovate wound dressings (patch) that contain active compounds from mangosteen peel as herbs with many active compounds to enhance the wound healing process with low toxic side effects. The patch developed from organic material from bacterial cellulose. The research was carried out with the initial process of making patches from bacterial cellulose (BC), then adding mangosteen peel extract as patch dressing with different concentrations (0%, 1%, 2%, 5%, and 10% v/v). Furthermore, the patch was applied to the injured Wistar rat, for 15 days. The wound area was measured using Image-J. The results of measuring the wound area showed significant wound improvement every day at each dose of the mangosteen patch compared with the control group. The optimum dose that appears to be different from the control is 10% v/v mangosteen peel extract which has been able to leave 3% of the wound area on the 15th day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free radicals are molecules with unstable unpaired electrons and originate from environmental pollutants and from unhealthy people's lifestyles that reduce the quality of life in the presence of various degenerative diseases from premature aging, stroke, and even cancer. Antioxidants are used to neutralize, reduce and inhibit the formation of new free radicals in the body by becoming electron donors for free radicals so that free electrons in free radicals become paired and stop damage in the body. With the presence of antioxidant compounds, oxidative stress triggered by free radicals can be stabilized and neutralized to reduce the risk of damage to body cells. Indonesia is a country rich in spice plant resources. One type of spice plant that has the potential to be developed is Attarasa (Litsea cubeba Lour.) which is widely found in the North Tapanuli area. This plant contains essential oils in the fruit, stems, roots, and leaves. This makes all parts of this plant smell good. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of a fraction of Litsea cubeba Lour. barks. The fraction with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as solvent. Antioxidant activities were determined with ABTS, CUPRAC, and O-Phenanthroline method. The data were analyzed using the Principle Component Analysis (PCA) multivariate exploration technique, which was analyzed using the Minitab software. The extracts were obtained IC50 values from the ABTS (395.65 ± 0.37; 344.78 ± 0.57; 30.37 ± 0.04; 283.07 ± 0.85); CUPRAC (220.77 ± 0.21; 144.50 ± 0.26; 10.00 ± 0.01; 11.13 ± 0.04); O-Phenanthroline (798.27 ± 0.06; 410.01 ± 0.23; 175.75 ± 0.25; 32.01 ± 0.03) respectively. While the total phenol was analyzed (23.56 ± 0.56; 2.63 ± 0.01; 77.44 ± 0.56; 600.21 ± 0.54) respectively. Based on the results obtained, the ethyl acetate extract of Litsea cubeba Lour. barks have antioxidant activity with a very strong category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The increase in gingivitis cases based on RISKESDAS data in 2018 is an urgency that requires alternatives to prevent the recurrence of the increase in gingivitis cases in Indonesia. Gingivitis can continue to spread to hard tissue lesions and develop into periodontitis, leading to tooth loss or tooth loss if not treated right away. Chitosan Patch as a treatment for gingivitis can active in a focuse conducting in a focused manner on the target site because it does not go through first-pass metabolism in the liver. The rind of rambutan fruit can be anti-inflammatory and antibacterial with a high content of polyphenols and flavonoids. Methods: The study was divided into five groups, namely two control group and three treatment groups, each treated using a chitosan mucoadhesive patch combined with rambutan peel extract with concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. On the sixth day after patching, Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria were cultured on the rat gingiva, and bacterial colonies were counted using a colony counter and continued with data analysis. Results: The results showed that the mucoadhesive patch of chitosan combined with rambutan peel extract could significantly reduce the number of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacterial colonies in all groups (P>0,05). Conclusion: Chitosan mucoadhesive patch combination of rambutan peel extract can be an alternative therapy as an antibacterial against gingivitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artabotrys sumatranus is one of the Artabotrys species, which lives in Sumatera, Java, and Borneo in Indonesia. No research has been found related to its activity. The objective of this study was to explore the potential of A. sumatranus leaf and twig extracts as the source of an anti-diabetic agent through the α-glucosidase inhibition mechanism, as well as the relationship between the antioxidant and the α-glucosidase inhibition activities in these extracts. Ethanol extracts from leaf and twig A. sumatranus were subjected to several assays: total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), radical scavenging activity, and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) analysis, as well as α-glucosidase inhibition. Later, GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometer) and LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer/mass spectrometer) analysis were conducted to identify the compounds inside the extracts. The identified compounds were tested for potential α-glucosidase inhibition activity using a molecular docking simulation. As a result, the A. sumatranus leaf extract showed more potential than the twig extract as α-glucosidase inhibitor and antioxidant agent. In addition, from the comparison between the measured quantities, it can be deduced that most of the α-glucosidase active compounds in the A. sumatranus are also antioxidant agents. Several active compounds with a high affinity to α-glucosidase inhibition were identified using the molecular docking simulation. It was concluded that A. sumatranus twig and leaf extracts seem to be potential sources of α-glucosidase inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of Luvunga sarmentosa and Eurycoma longifolia is widely prescribed in traditional medicine by the local Dayak tribe in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of antioxidants and analgesics from the combination of hydro-alcoholic extract of L. sarmentosa and E. longifolia stem. The phytochemical investigation was performed using an established method described in the literature. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin Ciocalteu, whereas the flavonoid was determined by aluminum chloride. The in vitro antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The analgesic effect was determined by acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests in male mice. The result shows that combination extract (CE, IC50 162.5±0.21 μg/mL) had higher antioxidant activity than L. sarmentosa extract (LSE, IC50 200.20±0.23 μg/mL) and E. longifolia extract (ELE, IC50 293.45±0.32 μg/mL). All extracts showed significant dose-dependent analgesic activity against acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate pain models. A higher dose of CE, LSE, and ELE (550 mg/kg) produced significant inhibition of writhing by 67.60±2.76, 56.45±2.34, and 68.64±1.65%, respectively. The maximum possible analgesia of CE, LSE, and ELE in the hot plate test at 550 mg/kg BW dose was 25.32%, 16.04%, and 26.72%. CE has higher analgesic activity than LSE and ELE. The extracts are more effective for peripheral than central analgesia. Its mechanism may be related to inhibiting the inflammatory mediator's release. The high antioxidant and analgesic activity at CE is relevant to the higher total flavones and phenols compared to LSE and ELE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Musa paradisiaca var. Kepok Tanjung is a popular banana cultivar that is widely consumed by the majority of the Indonesia’s population. However, the browning of explants caused by the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme is becoming a major constraint for its production which can lead to the low productivity of seedlings. Therefore, this research aims to determine the antioxidant activity of Citrus aurantifolia peel extracts and their ability in inhibiting the browning of Kepok Tanjung bananas explants at the shoot initiation stage under in vitro condition. The extracts were obtained through the maceration of C. aurantifolia peel residue using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol solvents which were added to the culture medium. Furthermore, the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, while enzyme activity was assessed by spectrophotometric method using catechol substrate. The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract of C. aurantifolia peel from day 6 at concentration of 0.3 mg/mL can inhibit oxidation, as shown by the reduced browning index of the explants. Meanwhile, the highest antioxidant activity was discovered at day 9 with PPO enzyme activity of 80.261 U/mL at the same concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) is well known in Indonesia. This plant has wide medicinal properties, ranging from lowering cholesterol, uric acid, anti diabetic, antihypertensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cough medicine, thrush, and digestive disorders to treating acne. A number of studies have been conducted on the content of its fruit and leaves, but there is still a gap in the literature on the content of the flowers. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the methanol extract of A. bilimbi flower as a natural antioxidant, to determine the chemical compounds contained in it by using GC-MS and to determine its potential utilization. Methanol extract of A. bilimbi crown and petals has the ability as an antioxidant with a very low category. The antioxidant activity of the crown flower is higher than that of the petals. The methanol extract of the crown and petals was dominated by Hexanedioic acid, γ-Sitosterol and Hexadecanoic acid compounds. Based on the compounds it contains, A. bilimbi extract can be used as an antimicrobial, anti diabetic, anticancer, lowering cholesterol levels and for maintaining skin health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Purple leaves (Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff) is a native plant from Indonesia (Polynesia) which is empirically common used to treat hemorrhoids, diabetes, and many other diseases. Despite its massive development globally, there are few studies have written about the toxicity of this herbal medicine. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the acute toxicity of this herbal medicine, as the basic ground of the further safe development of this medicine. Method: Each purple leaf dry powder (2 kg) was extracted with 15 L of 70% ethanol and 15 L of hexane by maceration method for 3 days at room temperature and then filtered to obtain macerate liquid. The study was conducted on 36 male 6-8 weeks, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The result was presented as the mean value ± standard deviation (SD). Data were evaluated for homogeneity using Saphiro Wilk. The comparisons between pre dan post treatment body weight were measured by paired student t test and hematological measurements were analyzed by ANOVA. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Acute toxicity of ethanol and hexane extract were assessed following a single dose administered by gavage at a dose of 50, 2000 and 3000 g/kg bw. The mean body weight of rats increased from 150 ± 2.22 g to 161 ± 6.68 g during the 14 days. The difference of body weight between before and at 14 days amongs groups were significantly different with P value <0.01. Conclusion: The present study showed that hexane extract contains more valuable components for medical treatment purposes. The acute toxicity on 50, 2000,3000 kg/BW oral ethanol and hexane extract of Graptophyllum pictum showed no significant influence on hematological blood parameters of rats. It is safe to administered orally ethanol or hexane extract of G. pictum below 3000mg/kgBW rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: People in Indonesia, especially in the West Kalimantan region often use the root of ketepeng as a medicine to treat jaundice, but they lack knowledge regarding the appropriate dosage. Therefore, this study aims to determine the acute toxicity of ketepeng root extract. Methods: The sample population consists of 8 male mice, which were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups, namely P1, P2, P3, and P4 with dosages of 0.56 mg, 5.6 mg, 56 mg, and 560 mg/20 g body weight, respectively. The extract was administered once, after which the samples were observed for 24 hours to record the number of deaths. Follow-up observations were then carried out for 3 days on the mice that survived the test. Results: The results showed that within 24 hours of administration, the samples in P1 were alive, while all animals in the other groups died. Furthermore, the follow-up observations on animals that survived showed that they were in good condition with no toxic symptoms, such as balance disorders, refusal to eat, and lack of physical activity. Conclusion: Based on the results, the administration of 0.56 mg/20 g body weight of the extract was relatively safe, while higher doses can cause death. However, further testing must be carried out to complete the toxicity information as well as to determine the exact dosage range to avoid mortality during the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl is native to the tropical region of Papua Island, Indonesia, and has traditionally been used as a herbal drink, either alone or in combination with other medicinal plants, to treat diseases such as cancer, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to obtain the fruit peel extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The potential of the extract as an antioxidant using the cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods, and its potential as an antidiabetic through alpha glucosidase inhibition. The optimum extract selected was extract C (extraction time was 45 minutes and amplitude 60%) with IC50 values for antioxidant activity in the CUPRAC method of 39.63 ± 0.009 mg/L and the FRAP method of 77.37 ± 0.8 mg/L, while the inhibition of alpha glucosidase was 0.45 ± 0.007 mg/L. It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit peel has the potential as a source of antioxidants and anti-diabetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Strychnos lucida R. Br. is used empirically by people in Eastern Indonesia to treat malaria symptoms. The Indonesian government has set a decrease in malaria morbidity as a long-term target. This study aimed to determine haem polymerization inhibitory activity and screen secondary metabolites of root extract and fractions from S. lucida. Materials and Methods: Screening of secondary metabolites of root extract and fractions were performed using TLC. Crude extract was fractionated using dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), and N-butanol as solvents. Measurement of haem polymerization inhibition was carried out in vitro using β-haematin. Results: The DCM fraction showed the most effective haem polymerization inhibitory activity (IC50 of 8.96 mg/ml), followed by the n-butanol, aquadest, ethyl acetate, and crude extract. The IC50 values for the DCM, n-butanol, aquadest, and ethyl acetate fractions were smaller than the chloroquine diphosphate. Based on the results of secondary metabolite screening, the DCM fraction of S. lucida root contains terpenoids, alkaloids, and tannins. Conclusion: The content of secondary metabolites influenced the inhibitory activity of haem polymerization in each extract and fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast Cancer is the second-highest prevalence of cancer disease in Indonesia, with the number of new cases and deaths continues to increase. Kirinyuh or Austroeupatorium inulaefolium (Kunth) R. D. King & H. Robinson is a shrub plant, which are widely grown in Indonesia. Traditionally, it is used for woundhealing and information about anticancer potential of A. inulaefolium is still very limited. This study aims to assess the potential of cytotoxic activity of A. inulaefolium on MCF-7 and T-47D breast cancer cells. Tests that carried out in this study were phytochemicals screening, Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) and Cytotoxicity assay. The phytochemicals screening showed that EA (leaves extracts levels 1-3), EB (leaves extracts levels 4-6) and EC (stalk extracts) contained tannin, steroids/triterpenoids, flavonoids and phenols. The BSLT results showed that the EB has the smallest LC50 value of 12.86 µg/mL. MTT assay results showed the smallest IC50 value of the extract and the fraction on MCF-7 cells were EA 204.96 µg/mL and FEA 205.43 µg/mL and T-47D cells were EB 217.03 µg/mL and FEA 192.36 µg/mL. The conclusion of toxicity and cytotoxicity of the herb (leaves and stalks) ethanol 96% extracts of A. inulaefolium had a very toxic effect on BSLT however had less potential cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells and T-47D cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Muntingia calabura L., commonly known as "Kersen" in Indonesia, which is a plant that grow in anywhere. Kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) has been used empirically as a medicinal plant because it contains many potential compounds. This study aims is to standardize and Phytochemical screening the ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.). Standardization of the ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) consist of two parameters that is specific and non specific. The specific parameters include organoleptic test, water and ethanol extractable material, identification of compound content. Whereas non specific parameter include water content, density extract, acid insoluble ash content, mold & yeast contamination, total ash content, microbial contamination, and metal contamination such as Pb and Cd. The result showed that the organoleptic properties of ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) are dark green color, distinctive smell and has a slightly bitter taste. Content of water solvent and ethanol solvent of the ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves is 60.67% and 12.1%. Phtyochemical screening results of the ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves contains saponins, fenol, flavonoid, steroid. The non specific parameters of the ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves are water content of 8.88%; density extract of 0.815 gr/mL, total ash content of 2.27% ± 0.15; acid insoluble ash content 0.05% ± 0,04; mold and yeast contamination of <1.0 x 100 CFU/gr; microbial contamination of <1.0 x 100 CFU/gr; Pb level of 0.07 ppm ± 0.03 and Cd level of <0.001 ppm. Based on these result that the ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) has met the predetermined requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Infectious disease is still a major health problem in Indonesia. One of its bacteriological pathogens is Staphylococcus aureus. Morel berry (Physalis angulata L.) is a traditional herb that can be utilized as an antimicrobial agent because of its chemical substances such as flavanoid, alkaloid, tannins, and polyphenol. Purpose: The aim from this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of morel berry (Physalis angulata L). Methods: This study used the diffusion method and concentration of 50%, 70%, and 90%. The obtained data were analyzed by One-Way ANOVA. Phytochemical screening disclosed the presence of alkaloids, polyphenol, flavonoids, and tannins in ethanolic extracts. Sole extract of morel berry (Physalis angulata L.) at a concentration of 90% showed the largest inhibition zone as much as 17 mm to Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Conclusion: The ethanol extracts prove to be potentially effective as natural alternative preventive to fight against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sonchus arvensis, or known locally in Indonesia as tempuyung, is acknowledged to have many biological activities, including antioxidant activity. This study aimed to cluster the leaves extracts based on the extracting solvent and to determine functional groups that significantly contribute to the antioxidant activity. From the water, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% ethanol, and absolute ethanol extracts, we analyzed the total phenolics content (Folin-Ciocalteu method), antioxidant activity (DPPH method), and the FTIR spectra. The 70% ethanol extract exhibited the highest total phenolics and antioxidant activity. The extracts were grouped based on the extracting solvent using the principal component analysis (PCA) with 95% total variance from its principal component 1 and 2. The partial least square (PLS) regression was employed for finding a functional group that are responsible for the antioxidant activity in the sample extract. PLS regression predicted that the -OH and the C-O groups attributed to the phenolic compounds give a significant contribution to the antioxidant activity of the S. arvensis leaf extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degenerative diseases such as cancer, heart disease is one of the diseases caused by free radicals. Dengen (Dillenia serrata) is one of Indonesia's endemic local plants that has the potential to bind free radicals. So far, only limited to the use of fruit and consumed directly. This study aims to determine the ability of dengen stem bark extract to bind to free radicals expressed in IC50. In the initial research, the total content of polyphenols in dengen stem bark extract was 444.8 mg GAE / g or 44.48%. Dengen stem bark is extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol solvent. Antioxidant activity was calculated based on IC50 (Inhibition Concentration) values using the DPPH method, and measured at a wavelength of 516 nm. Ethanol extract of dengen bark is made in 5 concentration series, namely 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm and 50 ppm. Ethanol extract of dengen bark has a very active antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 48.33 ppm. Whereas for comparison vitamin C has an IC50 value of 15.448 ppm. From the results, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of dengen bark has the ability to bind free radicals with IC50 48.33 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pirdot (Saurauia vulcani Korth) is used by the people of West Pakpak in North Sumatera as medicinal ingredients. This study aims to identify secondary metabolite and to know the antidiarrheal activity of ethanol extract of pirdot leaves which tested on mice male which is induced by oleum rincini. The dosage variation of ethanol extract is 50 mg/kg body weight, 100 mg/kg body weight, and 200 mg/kg body weight. Loperamide was used as a positive control with 2 mg/kg body weight dose, and 0.5% CMC Na as a negative control. Determination of antidiarrheal activity from the frequency of diarrhea, duration of diarrhea, and the consistency of the mice’s feces which induced with oleum ricini by comparing the % inhibition from parameters. The results obtained showed that the extract dose 100 mg/kg body weight better than other variation of dose but not better than loperamide 2 mg/kg body weight as an antidiarrheal activity. Based on this research that the extract of pirdot leaves can be used as antidiarrheal with the right dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molluscs, apart from being a food ingredient, animals belonging to this class, also can be used as a source of potentially bioactive compounds. Shellfish are generally often used to treat liver disease. Thus, clam Meretrix meretrix may become a hepatoprotector. This research was conducted to determine the phytochemical components and hepatoprotective activity by measuring the levels of SGPT and SGOT from experimental animals that had been intervened by using ethanol extract of fresh and fermented clam Meretrix meretrix. The results of phytochemical screening showed the ethanol extract of the fresh sample only contained alkaloid compounds, and the ethanol extract of the fermented sample contained alkaloids, steroids, and saponins. The measurement of the SGPT value after treated with the sample extracts at concentrations of 100 ppm, 150 ppm, and 200 ppm for three days varied of 19.49 - 22.97 IU. The same also found in SGOT measurements after-treatment of the sample extracts at concentrations of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and 150 ppm for three days, varied of 28.08 - 34.60. Our study revealed that ethanol extract from fresh and fermented clams showed a potential hepatoprotective activity, as seen from the effect of reducing SGPT and SGOT values after treatment for three days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Aggressive periodontitis has the characteristics of rapid loss of periodontal tissue and bone destruction resulting in tooth loss. Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. is widely used as herbal medicine in Indonesia. The flavonoid content in Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. is known to have a role as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant. This research aimed to analyze the role of Graptophyllum Pictum (L.) Griff. extract gel on the amount of macrophages as an inflammatory indicator on periodontal tissue of Wistar rats with periodontitis. Methods: Periodontitis was produced in Wistar rats by induced of 2 ml 109 CFU A. actinomycetemcomitans at gingival sulcus of the upper right second molar, afterward were treated with 7.5%, 15%, and 30% Graptophyllum Pictum (L.) Griff. extract gel for 3 days. Gingival tissues were removed for Hematoxylin Eosin staining for histopathological analysis and measurement of the number of macrophages. Results: Graptophyllum Pictum (L.) Griff. extract gel at concentrations of 7.5%, 15%, and 30% could significantly decrease the number of macrophages, but only group with a concentration of 15 and 30% can reduce the number of macrophages to reach an amount equivalent to the level in the negative control group. A concentration of 30% extract gel could reduce the number of macrophage cells more than the other two treatment groups. Conclusion: The concentration of 30% Graptophyllum Pictum (L.) Griff. extract gel was the most effective concentration in decreasing the amount of macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lime peel contains essential oils are used as anti-oxidants or anti-cancer compounds. As a traditional medicine, lime has been widely used as a substitute for antibiotics. This study aimed to identify active compounds in peel extracts from Citrus aurantifolia that grows in Indonesia. Extraction was carried out by maceration using three different solvents: ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-hexane. The extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that lime peel contained many important compounds and that 28, 27, and 24 different chemical compounds, both minor and major constituents, were extracted by ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-hexane, respectively. Four compounds were found in all three solvent extracts, namely, D-limonene, phytol, α-tocopherol, and 5, 7-dimethoxycoumarin. Forty-seven compounds were uniquely present in one solvent, including 17 in ethyl acetate, 17 in chloroform, and 13 in n-hexane. Among the active compounds extracted, several are of biological importance, for example, stigmasterol, D-limonene, Vitamin E, and α-tocopherol. It can be concluded that a variety of distinct compounds are extracted from the same lime peel sample when different solvents are used and that some of these are bioactive compounds with anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, or anti-cancer properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hantap (Sterculia urceolata J. E. Smith), Malvaceae family, is widespread in Indonesia. Hantap leaves are empirically used to treat heartburn, thrush, flatulence, constipation, expectorants, hair cleanser, and tonic. There has been no scientific proof through the safety of hantap leaves ethanolic extracts. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the acute toxicity and toxic symptoms of hantap leaves ethanolic extracts. Materials and Methods: Acute toxicity assay was conducted by various concentrations of hantap leaves ethanolic extract (70, 700, 1400, 7000, and 21,000 mg/kg mice) on female Swiss Webster mice. The toxic symptoms were observed for 14 days. Results: The safety level of hantap leaves ethanolic extract was 6th category, i.e., relatively harmless, based on Hodge and Sterner toxicity scale. This extract has a significant effect on the central nervous system by reducing the effects of hanging (P = 0.010) and retablissement (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Hantap leaves were safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease caused by hyperlipidemia is the highest case in term of fatality of non-infectious disease in Indonesia. Cnidoscolus chayamansa is well known as a herb that has nutraceutical potential for medicine and likely as a hypolipidemia agent. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the optimal dose of C. chayamansa as a candidate to treat cardiovascular diseases. A total of 30 white rats were acclimatized in the laboratory for 14 days. After that, the rats were grouped into six groups, randomly, which including a healthy control group (K0), a negative control group or hyperlipidemic rats (K-), a positive control group or hyperlipidemia-induced rats that was supplemented with atorvastatin (K+), then a hyperlipidemic rats treated with alcoholic extract of C. chayamansa leaves at doses of 100 mg /kgBB /day for K1, 200 mg/ kgBB/ day for K2 and 400 mg/ KgBB/ day for K3. The results showed that K3 treatment is the most effective and optimum dose for lowering total cholesterol level at 76.81±1.10 mg/dl, triglycerides 72.39±1.66 mg/dl and LDL-C at 21.47±0.58 mg/dl. The aortic histology assessment also showed that the K- group had putative thrombus or plaque in intima, and it was not found in other groups. This research focused on the optimum dose and new usage of C. chayamansa, as an anti-inflammatory in atherosclerosis. By understanding the optimum dose of C. chayamansa, the community can apply and control the herb consumption for their own therapeutic properties. For future application, the herb is potentially developed as anti-atherogenic medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau, a shrub found in South East Asia, particularly in Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia has many potential medicinal uses. It is used as a traditional herbal medicine for treating many diseases including skin rashes. Skin rash often appear in an allergic reaction. Recently, we have shown that C. nutans aqueous extract has the ability to alleviate ovalbumin-induced active systemic anaphylaxis rats from anaphylaxis – the acute form of allergy. This present study is aimed at comparing the ability of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. nutans to suppress IgE-mast cell degranulation. Materials and Methods: IgE-presensitized rat basophilic leukemic (RBL-2H3) cells pretreated with C. nutans ethanolic (100% ethanolic, 70% and 50% aqueous ethanolic) or 100% aqueous extracts were challenged with dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin to analyze the release of early and late-phase pro-inflammatory mediators. Results: We found that at concentrations of 5 mg/ml and above, C. nutans aqueous extract was able to suppress the levels of β-hexosaminidase and histamine while suppression was not seen in ethanolic extracts pretreated RBL-2H3 cells.Conclusion: Hence, we proposed that C. nutans aqueous extract is more active compared to the ethanolic extracts in suppressing the mediators of IgE-mast cell degranulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to analyze the comparison of the number of Laban leaf extracts from geothermal and non-geothermal regions, calculating yield values, and identifying active compounds in Laban leaves taken from geothermal and non-geothermal regions in Aceh Besar, Aceh Province. The study was started by extracting Laban leaves by maceration method, using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol for 3 x 24 hours. Then the extract was concentrated with a Rotary evaporator, calculated yield value, and phytochemical test. The results of the identification showed that there were differences in extract weight and weight of yields in the leaves in geothermal and non-geothermal regions. In n-hexane extract, the weight difference of extract was 37.6 g, and the difference in weight of the yield was 1.25%. In ethyl acetate extract the extract weight difference was 98.57 g, and the weight difference in yield was 3.28%. Methanol extract weight difference is 427.33g, and the difference in weight of the yield was 11.59%. The biggest difference is found in methanol extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide and in Indonesia. Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. is a herbal plant from South-East Asia which is known for its ability to inhibit the growth of Estrogen Receptor (ER) + breast cancer cell line from the former study. However, its effect on ER- breast cancer cell lines had not been studied. Therefore, we want to examine the cytotoxicity effect of K. pandurata Roxb. on ER- breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). Nanoparticle is a form of preparation that optimizes the activity of any compound to the targeted cell. Therefore, it is expected that it can increase the effectivity of anticancer in Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. In this study, the rhizome of K. pandurata Roxb. trituration was dried and extracted with n-hexane solvent. Nanoparticle of K. pandurata Roxb. was synthesized with CaCl2, chitosan, and alginate by stirring with a magnetic stirrer, adjusting pH, and centrifugation. Then, nanoparticle was analized by UV/VIS spectrofotometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cytotoxicity of K. pandurata Roxb. extract and nanoparticle were examined with MTT assay. The result of this test is data of inhibition percentage and IC50 value. The result showed that n-hexane extract of K. pandurata Roxb. is synthesized into nanoparticle form with 99,43% yield percentage (entrapment value). Anticancer activity of n-hexane extract and nanoparticle of K. pandurata Roxb. is moderate with IC50 value of the extract is 87,23 μg/ml and the nanoparticle is 24,23 μg/ml. The nanoparticle's activity is better than the extract. n-Hexane extract and nanoparticle of K. pandurata Roxb. has cytotoxicity effects towards MDA-MB-231 cell line. Nanoparticle can increase the cytotoxicity effect of K. pandurata Roxb. extract because its hydrophobic feature and nanometer size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr. (local name: tombe uwa) is a plant endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia, and grows around lakes or aquatic environments where fish live. Based on phytochemical screening in previous studies, i.e. methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction from the leaves of Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr., the methanol extract gives positive results containing polyphenol compounds in the flavonoid group which have been known to have strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Objective: To test the effectiveness of the comparison of the natural content in the compounds (antibacterial and antioxidant properties) and the total content of phenol in Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr., which was extracted using two methods, i.e. maceration and Ultrasonic- Assisted Extraction (UAE), in fish-disease bacteria. Method: The leaves were separated to be extracted with two different methods: maceration and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE). Extracts were first screened qualitatively for antioxidant activity and then quantified with respect to in vitro antioxidant activity using the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Antibacterial activity was determined by the paper disc diffusion method and microdilution. Results: 70% Ethanol in leaves extract of Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr. The extract which has the highest activity based on the DPPH test and FRAP test is the extract from UAE extraction with IC50 value of 9.81512 μg/mL and ferrous equivalent antioxidant capacity (FeEAC) value of 1.661.3 μmol/gr. UAE method also has a higher potential in antibacterial activity based on the diffusion method of paper discs and microdilution with the MIC obtained as much as 390.6 μg/mL. Conclusion: the UAE extraction method is better at scanning polyphenol compounds compared to the conventional maceration extraction method. Therefore, the results of the antioxidant and antibacterial activity using the UAE method are better than the maceration method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tapak Liman (Elephantopus scaber Linn) is a medicinal plant in Indonesia which traditionally used as a treatment for fever, gout, dysentery, hepatitis, and infections. Aim: This study aims to determine the immunostimulants activity of tapak liman extract with carbon clearance method and to determine the percentage and total leukocytes and relative lymph weights. Materials and Methods: Twenty white male mice divide assigned to 1 control group and 3 experimental groups. It treated by oral administration of tapak liman extract; 10, 30, and 100 mg/kgBW. After six days of administration, mice intravenously injected with 0.1 ml/10gBW colloidal carbon. Blood obtained from the mice tail at; 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th and 15th minutes. The determined absorbance then calculated to obtain the phagocytotic index, the percentage and the total of leukocyte cells and lymph weights. Results: Phagocytosis index increased significantly at 1, 12, 1.24 and 1.47. The percentages of neutrophil segment are 57%, 60% and 60%, for lymphocytes are 3, 80%, 32.80% and 34.20%, monocyte cells are 4.60%, 3.00% and 2.60%, neutrophil are 3.40%, 3.20%,2.20%, and for the eosinophil cells are 3.20%, 1.8% and 1.20%. Total leukocyte cells are 10,760, 11,630 and 15,880 cells/microliter. The relative lymph weight of each dose in the sequence is 0.36, 0.49 and 0.66. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of tapak liman leaves (Elephantopus scaber Linn) can increase the immunity of mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pineapple (Ananas comusus (L.) Merr) has a high bromelain content with protease activity which hydrolyzes proteins. Bromelain is distributed to all parts of pineapple, including the pineapple crown, which is agricultural waste that has not been utilized properly. The purpose of this study was to determine the protease activity and the character of bromelain extract from the Indonesian pineapple crown. The pineapple crown was collected from Subang district, West Java, Indonesia. The bromelain extract was obtained through the precipitation process with ethanol, then a protein qualitative test was performed. Solubility test was conducted to determine the physicochemical property. UV spectrophotometer was used to determine protease activity by measuring the tyrosine concentration which produced from hydrolysis of casein as a substrate. The bromelain character was determined by protease activity in various pH, temperature, and substrate concentration. The bromelain extract was protein with specific solubility in various solvents and the protease activity was 7.72 ± 0.45 IU/mg. The optimal activity was reached at pH 5 and 55 °C, KM as 1.00 mg/mL, Vmax as 8.11 IU/mg.min, and Kcat as 0.03/sec for casein as substrate. Thermal inactivation of bromelain extract can be described by a first-order model and the calculated Ea value was 642.20 ± 10.60 kJ/mol. The bromelain extract of pineapple crown has protease activity with the specific character and first-order thermal inactivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research study was performed to determine the antistaphylococcal spectrum activity of Cinnamomum burmanii stem bark extracts from Indonesia on Staphylococcus species as follows: Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 13228, Staphylococcus xylosus ATCC 3342, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 11784, Staphylococcus warneri ATCC 3340, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus ATCC 3741. Materials and Methods: The antistaphylococcal spectrum of the extract was assayed on Staphylococcus strains using the agar diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration value (MIC) was done using macrodilution method and followed by subculturing the overnight MIC result onto the surface of agar media to determine the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value. In addition, the antistaphylococcal potency of the extract was compared to neomycin sulfate. Results and Discussion: Flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, saponins, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and quinones were detected in C. burmanii stem bark extracts. Those metabolites supported the significant result of antistaphylococcus spectrum of the extract against Staphylococcus strains. The strongest activity of the extract was achieved against S. epidermidis and the weakest was on S. xylosus. The MIC and MBC values were various in ranged: S. epidermidis ATCC 13228 (0.25–0.50% w/v), S. xylosus ATCC 3342 (3.00–3.50% w/v), S. aureus ATCC 11784 (0.75–1.00% w/v), S. warneri ATCC 3340 (0.75–1.00% w/v), and S. haemolyticus ATCC 3741 (0.50–2.00% w/v). The comparative analysis of the extracts indicated that neomycin sulfate demonstrated greater antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis ATCC 13228 than the extract (1:2.047.10−4). Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of C. burmanii stem bark exhibited a wide spectrum of antistaphylococcal activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaves of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. have been traditionally used in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia as food and herbal product for various medicinal purposes. It is worth noting that different concentrations of metabolites in herbal medicine, cultivated in several different geographic locations, may result in different therapeutic effects. The present study was aimed to identify the metabolic profiles of S. androgynus extracts. This is the first report on metabolomic study of S. androgynus leaf extracts from six different geographic locations. S. androgynus leaf extracts from twelve samples were subjected to study the metabolic fingerprinting using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) method. S. androgynus data from various locations were grouped and classified by Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis, respectively. The samples from Purwosari alone was merged into one group or a cluster and the other samples were merged into the other cluster, while samples from East Surabaya and Trenggalek showed the close relationship in score plot of PCA and in the dendrogram. Metabolic fingerprinting of S. androgynus by GC-MS shows clearly that S. androgynus leaf extracts from several various different geographic locations contain many biologically active compounds in various concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garcinia husor is one of the folk medicines in Maluku-Indonesia. This species has been used for the treatmet of Malaria disease. The phytochemical contents and antiplasmodial activity not reported yet. In this study we evaluated the quantitative phytochemicals, in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of stem bark ethyl acetate extract. In vitro assay was done using P. falciparum 3D7 strain sensitive of chloroquine. For in vivo analysis, four groups of M. musculus were infected by P. berghei and their parasitemia levels were for 7 days of treatment with ethyl acetate extract; hematological and biochemical parameter were analyzed at the end of experiment. The result showed ethyl acetate extract with the TPC (169.47 mg GAE/100 g ±0.61) and TPC (167.37 mg QE/100 g ±1.05) was active against P. falciparum 3D7 strain (IC50 value of 0.31±0.43 µg/ml). The animal treated with extract showed suppression of parasitemia to 87.57±1.41% compared with the P. berghei infected-mice (negative control), ED50 value of 22.30 mg/kg BW. The dose of extract in 200 mg/kg BW was reduce parasitemia of infected mice with P. berghei more potential. The ethyl acetate of the stem bark G. husor with has antiplasmodial properties and future investigation are necessary to elucidate its mechanism of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temurui (Murraya koenigii [Linn.] Spreng) is a local plant of Aceh. The leaves of M. koenigii are used in most of the local foods as spices. Nowadays, cancer is claimed as the second deadly disease in the world where the number of sufferers increases every year. Cervical cancer (HeLa) is one of the most dominant cancers that happen in developing country, including Indonesia. Some chemotherapeutic agents using synthetic drugs have been used to treat cancer, but they are relatively expensive and cause poisoning that limits their use. Based on literatures, M.koenigii serves the potential secondary metabolites that could be developed as anticancer agent. This study aims to evaluate the cytotoxic activity from three extracts of M. koenigii leaves against HeLa cell line, including hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Methodology used included extraction process, phytochemical screening, and cytotoxicity evaluation. The result showed that all the three extracts demonstrated a potent cytotoxic activity for HeLa cancer cells. Hexane and ethyl acetate showed a very strong cytotoxic effect with CD50 values <1 μg/mL, whereas methanol extract showed cytotoxic effect with CD50 value of 2.25 μg/mL. These results prove the potential of M. koenigii as an anticancer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Turkcap (Malvaviscus arboreus Cav., Malvaceae) leaves, empirically, are used as a hair growth stimulant in the Salawu area, Tasikmalaya district, Indonesia. Ethanolic extract of Turkcap leaves contains polyphenols, essential oils, terpenoids, saponins, and sapogenin. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the acute toxicity of Turkcap leaves ethanolic extracts on Swiss Webster mice. Materials and Methods: Mice were given Turkcap leaves ethanolic extract at a dose of 500, 2500, 5000, 10000, and 15000 mg/kg body weight mice. Results: The safety level of Turkcap leaves ethanolic extract was 6th category, i.e., relatively harmless, based on the classification of the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. Conclusion: Turkcap leaves were safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degeneration and the aging process involve complex processes that are influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Free radicals in the form of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the main causative factors in the process of skin aging both for intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In addition, excessive production of ROS causes oxidative stress which can contribute to inflammation, allergic reactions, inhibit the healing process of the skin and trigger skin carcinogenesis. Therefore, antioxidant supplementation is needed on the skin that is able to suppress the cumulative effect of oxidative damage by using cosmetic products that have potent antioxidant activity. The active ingredients for cosmetic may derived from natural resources. Since Indonesia is known for its biodiversity, there should be a rigorous effort to utilize this resource as a way to increase the economic value of Indonesia's natural resources. One plant that has the potential to be developed as a cosmetic ingredient with antioxidant activity is merbau (Intsia bijuga) wood. Previous screening study of 35 Indonesia's medicinal plants showed that methanol extract of merbau wood had a potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 6.6 µg/mL based on DPPH assay. This research aims to formulate cream of methanol extract of merbau with antioxidant activity. Powdered extract of merbau wood was macerated using methanol and the dried extract was tested for its cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity on human keratinocytes cell line (HaCaT). Different formulations of cream containing non-toxic concentration of merbau extract were made and physical and stability evaluation were performed. The yield of merbau extract was 15%. Cytotoxicity evaluation demonstrated an IC50 of 181.3 µg/mL and antioxidant evaluation of merbau has been performed. Several formulations of merbau extract fulfilled the evaluation parameters. High concentration of merbau resulted significant damage to HaCaT (p < 0.0001) and non-toxic concentration should be use as active ingredient for cream. Our study demonstrated that several stable cream formulations of merbau extract was successfully formulated with tested antioxidant activity. Further studies are required to investigate which chemical compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]