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Indonesia has the opportunity to become a country with a very high level of risk of water shortages. This means that water reserves are no longer sufficient to meet demand. The desalination method is needed to solve the problem of the water crisis in Indonesia. In this study, a new alternative desalination method with droplet atomization was developed that utilizes the phenomenon of air entrainment. This study analyzes the effect of nozzle diameter on the spray angle to characterize the mist in the desalination process from the design results. The research was conducted by observing the spray angle using a video camera image processing program. It was found that the nozzle diameter affected increasing the nozzle spray angle with increasing pressure. The 0.5 diameter nozzle has a wider spray angle than the others, with the highest angle of 62,250 at a pressure of 9 bar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources states that 2% of Indonesia's total population of around 5.2 million Indonesians do not have access to electricity. Most of these people live in remote areas – areas located far away from the district center with low-income civilians. Indonesia has a large potential for renewable energy sources, one of which is water energy. The potential of water energy in Indonesia is 46 GW which is divided into 3 classes - large, medium, and small capacity. For remote areas, small capacity is widely used and suitable as it requires small space to be installed and is classified into mini, micro, and pico. The process of converting water energy into electrical energy is done using water turbines. One example of water turbines is a vortex turbine. Vortex Turbine is a new type of pico-hydro turbine utilizing basin to form a natural vortex phenomenon. Water Vortex Energy can be harnessed to produce Electrical Energy by turning the Water Vortex Turbine. This study focuses on the effect of orifice diameter and blade depth installation on the performance of the Water Vortex Turbine. The orifice diameter and blade depth installation were varied based on Mulligan's Ratio which spans from 0.14-0.18 for orifice-basin ratio and 0.1-0.3 for blade depth installation-basin height ratio. Computational Study was conducted using ANSYS CFD Fluent to analyze fluid flow as it passes through the basin and strikes the blades. The Straight-typed blade was utilized. It was found that the maximum efficiency of 56% is obtained when the Orifice-Basin ratio is 0.14 with optimum turbine angular velocity at 300. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of wildland fires in the tropical area does not only occur on dry land, but also in wetlands such as peatlands, especially in the dry season which caused the wetlands to dry up then become more flammable. This peat fires are dominated by smoldering combustion that is the most persistent type of combustion. Previous researchers have studied about smoldering combustion behavior and gain some information that the combustion process on peatfires is a function of the moisture content, organic content and density of material, The literature review based on previous research was being an initial guidelines and observations were held by seeing the data that had been taken from laboratory-scale experiments of natural peat soil from Kampar, Indonesia with two types of inorganic modified content are 1:12 and 1:6. This experiment prove that modifying the inorganic content of a sample can affect the ability of peat to smoldering. From observations Natural Peat, Modified Peat 1 and Modified Peat 2 have the value of average smoldering spread rate ∼1.08 cm/h, ∼0.80 cm/h but the Modified Peat 2 was failed to smoldering because the heat generation was not enough to propagate the next deeper layer. The results of this research can provide new knowledge about effect of adding inorganic content and can be one of the basic references for further research related to the prevention of the widespread peatfires which is a serious problem for the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]