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Rice is an important crop for producing the staple food of the world's population, especially in Indonesia. However, national rice production has not been able to meet food needs so rice imports are still needed. Mostly, farmers in Indonesia still use the traditional planting system, namely the Tegel planting system (TPS). New innovations are needed to increase rice production. One of the innovations is to modify the TPS which can provide higher rice yield. This new technology is called the "Jajar Legowo" planting system which is abbreviated "Jarwo" planting system (JPS). This technology can increase a higher rice production than the conventional system. The JPS has been developed in Indonesia, but until now many farmers do not know the advantages of this technology. Therefore, this review article aimed to know the advantages of the JPS in rice cultivation compared to the TPS. Based on the literature available, there are several factors that support the success of the JPS in increasing rice yield, namely rice variety, rice fields, and plant spacing. The JPS of 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1 with a plant spacing of 25 x 12.5 x 50 cm could increase crop populations per hectare by 32%, 15%, and 11.87%, respectively than TPS with a plant spacing of 25 x 25 cm. The advantage of the JPS is that it could inhibit weed growth in the soil surface around rice clumps. Besides, increase in crop populations per hectare attainable compared to the TPS. In the literature reviewed, JPS of the 2:1 type can give rice yield per hectare higher than the types of 3:1, 4:1, or others. Recommended plant spacing for use in JPS is 25 x 12.5 x 50 cm. Further, the review article has made a suggestion that the JPS of the 2:1 type can be applied in rice cultivation, especially in irrigated fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Denpasar City as the capital city of Bali Province-Indonesia, is the second largest city in Eastern region of Indonesia. The rapid development of the tourism industry has made Denpasar City as the center of Bali Province's business activities. The conversion of agricultural land is still a serious problem, especially related to the development of agricultural potential in urban areas. This condition certainly requires special attention so that it does not become a threat to the sustainability of agriculture and the lives of the people of Denpasar City. One solution to maintain agricultural activities in conditions of limited agricultural area in urban areas is through a sustainable urban agricultural development approach. Urban agriculture is oriented towards the realization of the ease of fulfilling daily food needs for urban communities. In addition, the urbanization of Denpasar City is so high, thus there was a conversion of agricultural land into residential areas and other purposes to support tourism. The aim of this research was to analyses the status of agricultural resources sustainability and formulate a strategy for sustainable agricultural policy in Denpasar City. The analysis used the Rap-Ur-Agri ordinance method (Rapid Appraisal for Urban Agriculture), the Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) method and prospective analysis. The results showed that the ecological and economic dimensions were in a less sustainable status, while the social, institutional, and technological dimensions were in moderate sustainable status. Policy strategies to support the sustainability of the agricultural sector in Denpasar City include: (a) maintaining productive rice fields and arranging potential home gardens as an alternative to urban farming development; (b) maintaining the safety and security status of production land through flood prevention and control efforts; (c) designing and developing land-saving urban farming models with clean products; (d) providing subsidies and incentives for farming; (e) developing urban agriculture by using environmentally friendly technology; (f) strengthening of agricultural extension institutions; and (g) developing the implementation of the Sustainable Food House Area Model. The recommendations for agricultural sustainability in Denpasar City were maintaining productive rice fields, arranging the yard of the house as an alternative to be development of farming and preparing workers for agricultural sector, especially the young generation (millennial). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to describe the sustainability of the eco-lexicons of rice fields in Barus, central Tapanuli, Indonesia. The theory used is an eco-linguistic theory emphasizing the survival level of the Barus Malay language (BML). The data were collected using the listening method with the basic tapping technique and the verbal method with the encouragement technique. From the results of the analysis, it could be seen that the lexicons of rice fields in BML consist of 10 lexicon groups, namely (1) the lexicons of the rice field, (2) rice field's objects, (3) crop production equipment, (4) rice, and secondary crops, (5) agricultural tools and machinery, (6) flora lexicons in rice fields, (7) fauna lexicons in rice fields, (8) fishing gears, (9) medicinal plants in rice fields, and (10) bird catchers. There were 190 noun lexicons and 40 verb lexicons from the ten lexicons. The total lexicons found in rice fields and farms in the Barus district were 239 lexicons. Using 239 eco-lexicons of rice fields, the survival rate of the noun lexicons of the rice field was 95% and the verb lexicons 96.3%. This percentage showed that the eco-lexicons of rice fields in the Barus district still exist in the cognitive skills of the Barus Malay-speaking community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is an essential crop in Indonesia, but it also contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Although several aspects of rice that increase productivity have been well studied and documented, studies are exploring its environmental aspects, including GHG emissions, are still lacking. More research may have been conducted, but only a few studies have been published in peer-reviewed journals. Robust data on GHG emissions from rice fields in Indonesia is still lacking, including factors affecting it and technology to reduce GHG emissions. Publications of GHG emissions research in Indonesia have been downloaded from several search engines, including ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, and searches using certain keywords. These reviewed publications reveal that research has only been conducted within controlled environmental settings. Thus, this review focuses on studies that have been carried out in Indonesia and other countries and assesses water regimes, rice varieties, fertilizer, soil types, and organic matter on GHG emissions in rice fields. More research into factors controlling GHG emissions in rice fields (e.g., water management, rice cultivar, soil types, and fertilizer) is still needed. This review identifies knowledge gaps concerning future research and development in Indonesia. The research should meet the needs, either national or global strategies to cope with climate change, develop sustainable farming practices, which will only succeed if there are government policies. Therefore, this research should involve an intensive interdisciplinary approach that includes both researchers and other stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]