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To analyze the function of the family towards the quality of life in elderly in Palu City, which is expected to be a basis for the target of a health promotion program on the quality of life in elderly. The research method used an analytic survey of the elderly in the city of Palu. The sample size was 390 respondents. The sample was the 189 elderly victims of natural disaster who lived in the Temporary Shelter (Huntara) and the 201 elderly people who did not live in the Non-Temporary Shelter (Non-Huntara) which conducted in May - June 2019. The research variable was measured by using questionnaires. The characteristics of elderly namely: Age, gender, education, working status, ethnicity, marital status, history of illness, and history of falls. Family function (A = Adaption, P = Partnership, G = Growth, A = Affection, R = Resolve). The quality of life in eldery was measured by using the questionnaires of WHOQOL-BREF. The data analysis used univariate and bivariate analysis with the SPSS application. The results of the study showed that respondents were 53.33% women and 46.67% men, with 47.95% were junior high school graduated and 73.85% were not working. 67.18% elderly were married. Elderly who has a history of illness of 57.69% and history of fall of 36.92%. Mean score of adaption = 1.49, partnership = 1.44, growth = 1.47, affection = 1.29, and resolve = 1.37. Total mean score of APGAR was 7.07. The mean score of physical dimension = 21.7, psychological dimension= 19.9, social relationship dimension = 9, dan environmental dimension = 23.4. The total mean score of quality of life was 74.0. It can be concluded that the family had a good function (score 7.07) for the elderly and the quality of life in elderly was good (score 74.0). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typhoid fever is still a major health problem in endemic countries. However, the real magnitude of the incidence rate is unclear and difficult to determine. This study is to evaluate the validity of extrapolation of the seroprevalence in children as a proxy indicator for the level of endemicity. Two rural areas of South Sulawesi (Paitana subdistrict as the high-endemic area and Bantimurung subdistrict as low-endemic), Indonesia with approximately 1,000 inhabitants each were selected for this study. Diagnosis of typhoid fever was based on the clinical signs and Widal test confirmed by blood culture. Sera were taken from subjects for determination of IgM by ELISA. The incidence rate of typhoid fever among community both in Paitana and Bantimurung subdistrict was 20.60/1,000 and 8.5/1,000 population, respectively; while the incidence rate of typhoid fever among children both in Paitana and Bantimurung subdistrict was 35.83/1,000 and 9.30/1,000 children, respectively. The seropositivity rates of community in Paitana were significant higher than in Bantimurung subdistrict (11.42% vs 4.67%) (p <0.05). Also, the seropositivity rates of children in Paitana were significantly higher than in Bantimurung subdistrict (45.60% vs. 11.63%) (p<0.05). The high-endemic area in Paitana had similar highincidence and seroprevalence rates both in community and children. In contrast, Bantimurung subdistrict had much lower incidence and seroprevalence rates both in community and children. The correlation coefficient between incidence and seroprevalence rates was 0.98. The results revealed that seroprevalence rates among children may use as an indicator and extrapolation of typhoid fever endemicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Knowledge of risk factors and their relative importance in different settings is essential to develop effective health education material for the prevention of typhoid. In this study, we examine the effect of household level and individual behavioural risk factors on the risk of typhoid in three Indonesian islands (Sulawesi, Kalimantan and Papua) in the Eastern Indonesian archipelago encompassing rural, peri-urban and urban areas. Methods: We enrolled 933 patients above 10 years of age in a health facility-based case-control study between June 2010 and June 2011. Individuals suspected of typhoid were tested using the typhoid IgM lateral flow assay for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever followed by blood culture testing. Cases and controls were defined post-recruitment: cases were individuals with a culture or serology positive result (n = 449); controls were individuals negative to both serology and culture, with or without a diagnosis other than typhoid (n = 484). Logistic regression was used to examine the effect of household level and individual level behavioural risk factors and we calculated the population attributable fraction (PAF) of removing each risk significant independent behavioural risk factor. Results: Washing hands at critical moments of the day and washing hands with soap were strong independent protective factors for typhoid (OR = 0.38 95% CI 0.25 to 0.58 for each unit increase in hand washing frequency score with values between 0 = Never and 3 = Always; OR = 3.16 95% CI = 2.09 to 4.79 comparing washing hands with soap sometimes/never vs. often). These effects were independent of levels of access to water and sanitation. Up to two thirds of cases could be prevented by compliance to these practices (hand washing PAF = 66.8 95% CI 61.4 to 71.5; use of soap PAF = 61.9 95%CI 56.7 to 66.5). Eating food out in food stalls or restaurant was an important risk factor (OR = 6.9 95%CI 4.41 to 10.8 for every unit increase in frequency score). Conclusions: Major gains could potentially be achieved in reducing the incidence of typhoid by ensuring adherence to adequate hand-washing practices alone. This confirms that there is a pivotal role for ‘software’ related interventions to encourage behavior change and create demand for goods and services, alongside development of water and sanitation infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Community Acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is a strain of MRSA that can cause infections in patients in the community, in which these patients had no previous risk factors for MRSA infection and the patient received 72 hours prior to infection when admitted to hospital. This study aims to determine and compare the characteristics of epidemiological, clinical, and molecular biology of CA-MRSA with HA-MRSA. Methods: A total of 11 clinical strains of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Methicillin-sensitive Stapylococcus aureus (MSSA) were collected from 2 hospitals in Jakarta, Indonesia in 2012. SCCmec typing was performed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the presence of six genes (vraR, vraG, vraA, vraF,fruA, and fruB) associated with vancomycin resistance was examined by simple PCR analysis. Results: We found three strains of community-acquired MRSA with SCCmec type II and one strain of hospitalacquired MRSA with SCCmec type IV. The other seven strains did not contain mecA genes and SCCmec. Plasmid pUB110 was found in one strain of community-acquired MRSA and two strains of hospital-acquired MRSA. vraA genes were present in 9 of the 11 strains, vraF in 4, vraG in 5, and vraR in 4. Note worthily, three quarters of strains without pUB110 contained vraR and vraF, and 70% contained vraA, whereas 60% of strains with pUB110 contained vraG. Conclusion: Based on these results, we should be concerned about the possibility of transition from MRSA strains sensitive to vancomycin in VISA strains of MRSA strains obtained in clinical trials. But first we need to look the existence of natural VISA or hVISA among these MRSA strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sero-diagnostic methods are the easiest way of diagnosing an infectious disease in developing countries. In leprosy, phenolic glycolipid-1 (PGL-I) based methods for the detection of leprosy are currently available, but the use of these methods has been hindered due to the inherent problems of sensitivity. We previously showed that antibodies to Major Membrane Protein-II (MMP-II) derived from Mycobacterium leprae could be used to diagnose leprosy in Japan., Methods: Sera from patients and healthy individuals were collected with informed consent and the anti-MMP-II antibody levels of the sera were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The study was conducted at South Sulawesi and Bali, in Indonesia. The study population included 40 each of multibacillary leprosy and paucibacillary leprosy patients, 30 tuberculosis and 16 patients with typhoid., Results: We evaluated the anti-MMP-II antibody levels in Indonesian individuals. The cut-off value was determined from receiver operator characteristic curve as 0.124 using the O.D. titers for patients with multibacillary leprosy, so that the sensitivity of the test was 97.5% and the specificity taking healthy individuals as controls was 984%. Using the determined cut-off values, 98% of multibacillary (MB) leprosy and 48% of paucibacillary (PB) leprosy patients had positive levels of anti-MMP-II antibodies, 13% of patients with typhoid and 22% of the household contacts of MB leprosy had positive levels of anti-MMP-II antibodies., Conclusions: Our results suggest that measuring anti-MMP-II antibody levels could facilitate the detection of leprosy in endemic countries.