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The existence of non-inclusive households significantly reduces the effect of the interest rate change policy on households inter-temporal consumption decisions. Further, financial inclusion is closely related to fintech. On the one hand, fintech helps overcome the financial inclusion problem because fintech manages to reach those who were previously inaccessible by banks. On the other hand, fintech will change the payment system structure in an economy that will eventually affect the effectiveness of monetary policy. Using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) with the observation period of 2009-2018, this study aims to analyze the effects of financial inclusion and fintech on effectiveness of the Indonesian monetary policy within the framework of the transmission mechanism of monetary policy through interest rate channel with both the cost of capital effect and the substitution effect. The results demonstrate that financial inclusion level affects inflation rate as a proxy of effectiveness of the Indonesian monetary policy, both in the short run and long run. However, the effect of shocks in financial inclusion on inflation is not permanent. Meanwhile, fintech only affects inflation rate in the short run. However, shocks in fintech affect the volatility of inflation rate is permanent both through the substitution effect and the cost of capital effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the challenges facing Indonesia's self-sufficiency programme. It analyses the determinants of change in relative demand for imported beef by using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) based on annual data from 1992 to 2010. It also investigates the long-run relationships between relative domestic price and relative import quantity to predict the impact of decreased reliance on imported beef using Impulse Response Functions (IRFs). The results suggest that increased income in Indonesia is associated with increased relative demand for imported beef. A shock in relative import quantity, as a result of a government decision to cut beef import quotas, for example, would have long-term impacts on relative domestic price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]