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Global warming has changed plant phenology and induced variations in the productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. Recent studies have shown inconsistent results regarding the influence of phenological changes on plant production. We carried out a three-year in situ experiment in Inner Mongolia and used Stipa krylovii as an example to examine the phenological changes and their importance to plant production under changes in temperature and precipitation. We found that precipitation, temperature, and their interactions had no significant impact on the start of the growing season (SOS) or vegetative growth length (VGL). Precipitation had significant impacts on the end of the growing season (EOS), the length of the growing season (LOS), and reproductive growth length (RGL). The precipitation addition treatments of T2.0W + 50% (2 °C warming and 50% precipitation addition) and T1.5W + 50% (1.5 °C warming and 50% precipitation addition) significantly delayed the EOS by 6.7 d and 5.4 d, and significantly prolonged the LOS by 9.3 d and 9.3 d, respectively. Precipitation significantly changed the net CO2 assimilation rate (Pn) of the heading stage. There was no significant difference in the dry mass among all the treatments. The SOS and VGL had significant negative impacts on the dry mass of Stipa krylovii, while temperature, precipitation, and the EOS had no significant direct effect on it. Our results imply that the SOS was more important than the EOS in regulating the plant production of Stipa krylovii. This study can facilitate the understanding of the response of productivity to phenological dynamics and improve the accuracy of simulating the terrestrial ecosystem carbon budget. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]