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There are different climate classes in Iran where about 85% of the agricultural lands are located in arid and semi-arid regions. To mitigate or compensate effects of drought stress and increase crop fitting and yield, effects of micronutrient application have been studied by several researchers. Field experiments were conducted during the 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 crop seasons to investigate the effect of micronutrients on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of canola cultivars under late-season drought stress conditions. The experiments were arranged in a factorial split-plot design, with two irrigation treatments – normal irrigation (control) or restricted irrigation at flowering stage – and four foliar applications of Zn and Mn after rosette stage (F1: Water, F2: ZnSO4, F3: MnSO4 and F4: ZnSO4 + MnSO4) as the main factor. Winter canola cultivars, including Okapy, Hyola401 and Hyola308, as sub-factor. The results showed that limited irrigation at flowering reduced seed yield, oil percentage and fatty acids content in different canola cultivars. Most of the canola oil is composed of unsaturated fatty acids, and the occurrence of drought stress at the reproductive stage reduced oil quality. By contrast, the minimum yield loss was obtained from Hylon401 cultivar, an early mature cultivar. Overall, it is recommended Hylon401 cultivar for normal irrigation and Hylon308 cultivar for a drought environment when considered the acceptable seed yield in canola. In general, it is suggested that a suitable performance of canola seeds is achieved by foliar application of manganese and zinc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the important pests of cruciferous plants throughout the world including Iran. In the present study, we grew cultivated canola plants under different fertilizers or distilled water and sprayed them with 100 µM abscisic acid (ABA) or a control solution (NaOH dissolved in water) to study (i) the antibiosis parameters of B. brassicae on these plants; (ii) the antixenosis of B. brassicae adults on these plants; (iii) the plant's peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity; and (iv) the plant's total phenolic and glucosinolate content. The results of antibiosis experiments showed that ABA and fertilizers have a profound and negative effect on the performance of B. brassicae. In the antixenosis experiment, control plants attracted a significantly higher number of adult females in comparison to treated plants. Also, B. brassicae had lower performance and preference when they were reared on the ABA-treated fertilized plants with higher levels of phenolic and glucosinolate content. These results prompted us to hypothesize that fertilizers enable canola plants to trigger a higher level of secondary metabolites. Our findings reveal that the type and level of nutrient availability may have different impacts on how the plant regulates its defense mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different fertilizer management systems such as organic, chemical and integrated fertilizer systems in increasing total quality and quantity yields of canola and wheat in two rotations included canola–soybean–wheat and canola-wheat. In this experiment, the effects of zeolite incorporation with different organic and chemical fertilizers were investigated on the improvement of yield components, crop yield and nutrient uptake of canola and wheat in Iran during 2014–2018. Two crop rotations of canola-soybean-wheat and canola-wheat provided the whole-plot treatments with nine fertilization management (F1: urea, F2: urea + zeolite, F3: composted manure, F4: composted manure + zeolite, F5: urea + composted manure, F6: urea+ composted manure + zeolite, F7: urea+ azocompost, F8: urea+ azocompost + zeolite and F9: Control) providing the sub-plots. The highest yield of canola and wheat were observed under F6 and F8. Embedding soybean in the rotation was not significantly efficacious in increasing canola and wheat yields. Also, soybean did not reduce wheat and canola yield, it could fulfill its own requirements. Elemental composition of seeds in crops was affected by the treatments. Principal component analysis (PCA) perfectly displayed that organic fertilizers, especially composted manure accompanied with the application of 8 ton ha−1 zeolite and urea (F6) had the most predominant effect on yield and yield components in both wheat and canola. Crop rotation in the short-term programs might not produce desirable results, but it is expected to see the efficacy of crop rotation in long-term farming practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Nineteen non plant pathogenic pseudomonads strains were isolated for first time. • All strains were pathogenic to eggs and larvae of Ephestia keuhniella. • The strains cause 73.2 to 90.1% mortalities of this pest. • Females Habrabracon hebetor avoided the infection of the treated larvae by the strains. Pseudomonas bacteria include a variety of species with distinct characteristics. Some species within this genus are known for their ability to stimulate plant growth. Recently, the potential of these bacteria in controlling insect pests has been documented. In this study, 58 bacterial isolates were purified from rhizospheres of wheat, broad bean and canola that were collected from different fields of Khuzestan province in south-west of Iran. With biochemical tests 19 non plant pathogenic pseudomonads strains were detected and their lethal effects on the eggs and larvae of Ephestia keuhniella as an important pest that infests stored products, were evaluated under laboratory conditions. For the bioassays, two concentrations of each strain were administered, and the 5th instar larvae and eggs of the pest were subjected to treatment. Mortality rates were recorded after 24 h. The results showed that all isolated Pseudomonad strains of this study had insecticidal effects against eggs and larvae of E. keuhniella. The strains AWI1, AWI2, AWI7, ABI12, ABI15 and ABI16 displayed the highest mortality rate (91.1 %, 86.2 %, 82.3 %, 84.2, 90.5 % and 90.5 %, respectively). Molecular identification and phylogeny tree according to 16 s rRNA sequencing clarified that AWI1, AWI2 belong to P. plecoglossicida , AWI5 belongs to P. lini , ABI12, ABI15 and ABI16 belong to P. taiwanensis. Moreover, the bacterial efficacy at a suspension concentration of 0.5 OD (80 %) was significantly greater than that at a concentration of 0.2 OD (63.33 %). No significant difference was detected in the response of the pest larvae or eggs to the different strains. Furthermore, olfactory trials revealed that the female parasitoid wasp Habrabracon hebetor actively avoided the infection of the treated larvae by the strains. These findings have practical implications for the development of microbiological pest control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimum use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers is necessary to achieve maximum profitability by farmers and to minimize the risks of environmental pollution. In this study, we used three statistical models to predict the grain yield response of wheat, safflower, and canola to N fertilizer based on combined data from 38 field experiments. Meanwhile, based on the yield response functions and fertilizer-to-product price ratios, the economic optimum N fertilizer rate for each crop for 2009 (before targeting subsidies) and 2015 (after targeting subsidies) was estimated. According to quadratic, exponential, and square root models, 82.5, 90, and 76 kg N ha−1 was estimated to be required for maximum agronomic yield of safflower. More than 300 kg N ha−1 was estimated by all three models to obtain the maximum agronomic yield of canola. In contrast with the government policies for reducing N fertilizer application rates by farmers, due to low fertilizer-to-product price ratios, all application rates of N fertilizer were economic for wheat production even after targeting subsidies. According to the results, to achieve the optimum use of N fertilizers, a proper ratio of the fertilizer cost to the product value should be considered in fertilizer subsidy programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blackleg, caused by a complex of Leptosphaeria species (L. maculans and L. biglobosa), is a fungal disease on Brassica species, especially important in canola (Brassica napus). Since the first report of L. biglobosa in Iran in 2007 and L. maculans in 2008, both species are now of major importance in Iran affecting 10 provinces and 30 regions, with a higher prevalence in the northern provinces of Mazandaran and Golestan. Despite the rapid progression of the disease and the emergence of new Leptosphaeria races in Iran, the research into this pathogen has not progressed at the same rate and is limited to phenotypic characterization studies, pathogenicity research, and to a lesser extent, disease management research. Given the rapid increase in canola cultivation in Iran and changes in the genetic diversity of the pathogen populations, it is likely that blackleg disease will increasingly become a severe threat to Iran's canola production. Therefore, systematic and prospective studies, along with fundamental research on the pathogen's biology, epidemiology, and genetic diversity, would provide critical information for the development of disease management strategies. Here, we review the research that has been carried out to date on blackleg disease in Iran and describe the extent of progress towards disease control, especially in disease‐prone regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pod drop and seed losses in rapeseed is one of the most important problems in the cultivation of this plant and determining the most appropriate harvesting time can greatly prevent this problem and subsequently reduce the grain yield reduction. Thus, the present research was conducted as a split-plot in time in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications during the crop year of 2019-2020 in the Research Station of the Rice Research Institute of Iran in Rasht. The main factor was rapeseed genotypes at 22 levels and the subfactor was harvesting time at three levels (including the amount of moisture between 30-40, 20-30, and 10-20% in the third grade of the lower stage of the original stem). The results of analysis of variance showed that in addition to the significance of yield-related traits in rapeseed lines, the interaction of lines in time was also significant, which shows the effect of harvesting time on rapeseed lines is different. In most of the lines, the highest and lowest grain yields were related to the first and second harvesting time, respectively. The highest grain yield was found for SRL-98-17 with a mean of 3662 kg ha-1. Number of siliques per line due to loss of pods decreased from the first to the third harvesting time. However, SRL98-9, SR-98-19, SRL-98-1 and SRL-98-11 had the lowest loss of grains. According to these results, it seems that the first harvesting time results in the highest grain yield, hastens the harvest of rapeseed by one week, and potentiates it as a suitable choice for inclusion in the rotation after a rice crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can be used as a safe and sustainable agricultural measure to increase plant yield. In this study, cultivable rhizospheric, endophytic, and epiphytic bacteria associated with canola were isolated on nutrient agar medium. The SDS-PAGE method was used for grouping the bacterial strains. Bacterial strains with more than 80% similarity in their protein patterns were placed in the same species and selected as a representative for partial 16S rRNA encoding gene sequence analysis. Results: It was found that the bacteria used in this study belonged to Pseudomonas, Frigoribacterium, Sphingomonas, Sphingobacterium, Microbacterium, Bacillus, and Rhodococcus genera. Three PGP bioactivities including siderophore production, nitrogen fixation ability, and phosphate solubilization were evaluated for 18 Pseudomonas representative strains. All tested strains were able to produce siderophore, although only 5 strains could fix nitrogen and none was able to solubilize phosphate. Greenhouse experiments showed that 4 bacterial strains (i.e., 8312, 642, 1313W, and 9421) significantly affected canola seed germination and seedling growth. Bacterial strain 8312, which was identified as Pseudomonas sp., showed the highest effect on the growth of the canola plant. These results indicated the potential of strain 8312 to be used as a biofertilizer in canola cultivation. Conclusions: The results of this research indicated that canola-related bacteria were diverse during the flowering stage. One isolate had a significant effect on all canola plant growth factors in the greenhouse. Hence, it is recommended to investigate this strain further in field infestation experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), has become the most destructive insect pest of Brassica crop plants, such as B. napus throughout the world including Iran. In this study, nutritional indices, digestive enzyme activity and cold hardiness of P. xylostella on seven canola cultivars including Delgan, H19, Modena, Okapi, Opera, RGS003, and SLM046 were studied under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% RH, 16:8 L:D). Fourth instar larvae fed on cultivar SLM046 had the highest efficiency of conversion of ingested and digested food (4.35 ± 0.24% and 4.99 ± 0.31%, respectively). Relative consumption rate (RCR) of P. xylostella 4th instar was higher when fed on Opera cultivar (5.62 ± 0.15 mg/mg/day) while it was lower on Okapi (3.33 ± 0.15 mg/mg/day). The larvae fed on cultivars SLM046 and Okapi had the highest (0.194 ± 0.007 mg/mg/day) and the lowest (0.088 ± 0.003 mg/mg/day) relative growth rate (RGR), respectively. We found a significantly higher amylolytic and proteolytic activity in the midgut of the larvae fed cultivar SLM046. Our findings showed that the activity of enzyme inhibitors and polyphenol oxidase, as antidigestive compounds, are major reasons for the low nutritional efficiency of P. xylostella larvae on some cultivars. The results of the present study indicate that cultivar Okapi is an unsuitable host for the feeding of P. xylostella. These results develop our knowledge of the negative effects of plant defenses on P. xylostella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Specific spectral characteristics of canola and other crops during the growing season are represented. • Automatically detection of canola flowering dates using time series of Sentinel-2 images. • Developing a new spectral index to discriminate canola from other crops. Different techniques utilized for mapping various crops are mainly based on using training dataset. But, due to difficulties of access to a well-represented training data, development of automatic methods for detection of crops is an important need which has not been considered as it deserves. Therefore, main objective of present study was to propose a new automatic method for canola (Brassica napus L.) mapping based on Sentinel 2 satellite time series data. Time series data of three study sites in Iran (Moghan, Gorgan, Qazvin) and one site in USA: (Oklahoma), were used. Then, spectral reflectance values of canola in various spectral bands were compared with those of the other crops during the growing season. NDVI, Red and Green spectral bands were successfully applied for automatic identification of canola flowering date using the threshold values. Examination of the fisher function indicated that multiplication of the near-infrared (NIR) band by the sum of red and green bands during the flowering date is an efficient index to differentiate canola from the other crops. The Kappa and overall accuracy (OA) for the four study sites were more than 0.75 and 88%, respectively. Results of this research demonstrated the potential of the proposed approach for canola mapping using time series of remotely sensed data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reduce the damage caused by late-season drought stress of canola, a factorial split plot experiment was performed on the basis of the randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Karaj, Iran. The treatments were potassium sulfate in two levels, including application and non-application of potassium sulfate, irrigation at three levels including normal irrigation (control), restricted irrigation from the flowering and pod formation stage, as factorial were in main plots and winter canola cultivars including Opera, L72, KR1, GKH3705, GKH0224 were in subplots. The interaction effect of potassium sulfate × irrigation × cultivar on seed yield, stomatal resistance, oil yield, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and glucosinolate was significant at the 1% level. The promising line of L72 in normal irrigation and application of potassium sulfate and Opera cultivar under late-season drought stress and application of potassium sulfate had the highest seed yield, oil yield and fatty acids composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was performed to investigate the effect of zeolite and zinc on the qualitative characteristics of canola cultivars at different moisture regimes. Factorial split plot experiment was performed on the basis of the randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Karaj, Iran. The treatments were: 1) irrigation (I): complete (normal irrigation) (I1), and restricted irrigation (I2) applied at the pod formation stage, 2) zeolite (Z): 0 (Z1), and 15 t ha−1 (Z2), and 3) Zn: zinc sulfate concentrations of 0%, 0.1%, and 0.2% (Zn1, Zn2, and Zn3) on Opera, Licord, and RGS003 cultivars. The highest rate of all studied traits was obtained by applying Z2Zn2 (15 ton ha−1 zeolite and 0.1% zinc sulfate) in both irrigation regimes. Opera cultivar in normal irrigation and RGS003 cultivar in stress conditions had the highest yield and yield components, oil yield, and oil content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drainage continues to be a vital and necessary component of agricultural production systems in consolidated paddy fields in northern Iran. Agricultural and environmental sustainability in these fields requires more attention to the water quality impact of drainage water disposal. This study aimed to quantify the influence of different drain spacings and depths on the salinity of drainage water. Data on drainage flows and salinity were collected from 4.5 ha of paddy fields of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Iran, during four successive rice-canola-rice-canola growing seasons (July 2011 to May 2013). By increasing drain spacing, the electrical conductivity (EC) and volume of drainage water and total salt load decreased. On the other hand, decrease in drain spacing in relation to increase in drain depth had greater environmental effects from salinity point of view. So, where a new drainage system is to be installed, there is the opportunity to design a drainage system that provides adequate salinity and waterlogging control while minimizing salt loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil concentration (OC) in canola (B. napus L.) is determined during seed filling period (SFP), and the variation in OC is greatly related to environmental conditions during that period. To determine factors affecting OC in canola, 12 field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Station of Gonbad, Iran, during 2000-07. The experiments were carried out under different growing conditions. The regression functions were fitted to the data of each group of genotypes, over years and experiments. Increasing SFP was a determinant factor for increasing OC. Oil concentration was affected by the duration of SFP, which was maximized when plants of both genotypes (open pollinates and hybrids) were exposed to lower temperatures. There was a linear negative relationship between air temperature during SFP and OC. High temperatures, accelerated the rate of plant development, lowered the length of SFP, and reduced OC potential. In both group of genotypes, the variation of OC was explained by rainfall during SFP, and temperature and radiation interactions during the period, as showed by photothermal quotient (PTQ). There was a positive logarithmic relationship between PTQ during SFP and OC. The relationships of OC with duration of SFP, and temperature, PTQ and rainfall during SFP over years, sowing dates and genotypes showed that these variables are generally applicable in canola OC determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the effects of zeolite and selenium (Se) application on production and physiological attributes of three canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars under water stress, an experiment was conducted in two growing seasons (2006 and 2007), at Karaj, Iran. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks in factorial split plot with three replications, and three factors: 1) irrigation: complete and restricted at stem elongation stage; 2) zeolite: 0 and 10 t ha-1; 3) Se (as sodium selenate): 0, 15 and 30 g L-1. These treatments were randomized into Zarfam, Okapi and Sarigol canola cultivars. According to the results, Zarfam cultivar showed the lowest electrolyte leakage and the highest biological yield due to zeolite application and 30 g L-1 Se. The highest chlorophyll content and seed yield was related to Okapi cultivars under the same treatments, while Sarigol was next. Zeolite and Se applications increased seed yield, but under water stress they did not change this variable. Furthermore, the biological yield increased due to Se and zeolite application, especially under water stress. Thus, application of 15 g L-1 Se and 10 t ha-1 zeolite may increase canola seed yield under water stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was carried out in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2006–2007 growing season to investigate canola seed yield as affected by nitrogen (N) and natural zeolite (Z) rates. This experiment studied N efficiency and N leaching loss in a sandy soil. Experimental treatments consisted of a factorial combination of three N levels (90, 180, and 270 kg N ha−1) and four zeolite rates (0, 3, 6, and 9 t zeolite ha−1). The result showed that the greatest seed yield (2452.3 kg ha−1) was obtained from the N270Z9 treatment whereas the control treatment (N0Z0) produced the lowest seed yield (1038.3 kg ha−1). Moreover, use of 270 kg N ha−1 without zeolite (N270Z0) led to the greatest amount of N leaching loss (144.23 kg ha−1). Zeolite application clearly reduced N leaching loss in all N rates. This justified low N-use efficiency in high N applications. More N uptake and more canola seed yield is attributed to zeolite application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cropping systems in farmland areas of Iran are characterized by continuous cultivation of crops with consumption of chemical fertilizers leading to serious soil erosion and fertility decline. Information regarding the simultaneous evaluation of crop rotation and fertilization on the canola is lacking. Hence, field experiments were conducted during 2007–2010 using split–split plot design. Three crop rotations: chickpea, sunflower, wheat, and canola (R1); green manure, chickpea, green manure, wheat, green manure and canola (R2); canola, wheat, and canola (R3) were used as main plots. Sub plots were consisted of six methods of fertilization including (N1): farmyard manure (FYM); (N2): compost; (N3): chemical fertilizers; (N4): FYM+compost and (N5): FYM+compost+chemical fertilizers; and control (N6). Four levels of biofertilizers consisted of (B1): phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB); (B2): Trichoderma harzianum; (B3): PSB+ T. harzianum; and (B4): without biofertilizers were arranged in the sub-sub plots. Results showed that green manure application in canola rotation (R2) increased grain yield and nutrient uptake. Combined application of FYM, compost and chemical fertilizers (N5) elevated the nitrogen uptake rate and grain oil yield. Simultaneous use of PSB and T. harzianum (B3) resulted in the increase of nitrogen and sulfur contents of grain. R2 rotation with regard to its biological and environmental efficiencies accompanied with FYM+compost and B3 (PSB+ T. harzianum) is suggested as a low input system to obtain a more sustainable and productive farming in canola. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Water deficit stress considered as one of the most important limiting factors for oil seed canola (Brassica napus L.) growth and productivity in Iran. To evaluate the effects of water deficit stress on some qualitative and quantitative characteristics of canola cultivars, this experiment in a greenhouse trial carried out as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications in Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz (Iran). Canola cultivars, including 'Hyola 308', 'Hyola 401' and 'RGS 003' as first factor, and the second one was three levels of water deficit stress, including stress at early stem elongation stage to early flowering (D1), early flowering stage to early emergence of sacs (D2), beginning of stem elongation stage to early emergence of sacs (D3) and normal irrigation (C, as check). Results showed that the interaction between water deficit stress and cultivars affected biological yield, seed oil yields and harvest index (p⩽0.01), dry matter and economic yield (p⩽0.05). Water deficit stress reduced grain oil yields. 'Hyola 308' under stress at beginning stem elongation stage to early flowering had the lowest oil yields (1.1 g plants-1) and 'Hyola 401' under non-stress conditions showed highest oil yields (4.3 g plants-1). The decrease of oil yields at the flowering stage to stem elongation stage was more than the other stages. In addition, water deficit stress reduced harvest index in the three stress levels due to reduced economic yield and reduced biological yield. Stress susceptibility index for 'Hyola 401' at the beginning of stem elongation stage to early emergence of sacs was 0.914 and the 'Hyola 308' showed 1.12 at the beginning of stem elongation stage to early emergence of sacs respectively, which it can implies that 'Hyola 308' is more sensitive than 'Hyola 401' to water deficit stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this study energy use pattern for canola production in Golestan province of Iran was studied and the degrees of technical and scale efficiency of producers were analyzed using a non-parametric data envelopment analysis technique. The study also helped to identify the wasteful uses of energy by inefficient farmers and to suggest reasonable savings in energy uses from different inputs. Further, the effect of optimization of energy on energy ratio and energy productivity was investigated. Data used in this study were obtained from 130 randomly selected canola farms from Golestan, the most important center of canola production in Iran. The inputs were human labor, diesel, machinery, fertilizers, chemicals, water for irrigation, seeds and electrical energies; while the yield value of canola was considered as output. The results revealed that, the total energy of 17,786MJha−1 was consumed for canola production; about 15% of farmers were found to be technically efficient and the mean efficiency of farmers was found to be 0.74 and 0.88 under constant and variable returns to scale assumptions, respectively. The results also suggested that, on average, a potential 9.5% (1696MJha−1) reduction in total energy input could be achieved provided that all farmers operated efficiently. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An alternative means by which to examine the importance of assimilates supply to flower and pod formation is to analyze the relationships of leaf area index (LAI), above-ground dry matter (ADM), leaf area duration (LAD) and crop growth rate (CGR) around flowering with flower number and pod/flower ratio. For this objective, an experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station of Gonbad, Iran in 2005-2006 and 2006-2007. The experiment was a randomized complete block design arranged in split plot. Two cultivars of spring type canola (Hyola401 and RGS003) as subplots were grown at 5 sowing dates as main plots, spaced approximately 30 days apart, to obtain different environmental conditions and assimilates availability around flowering. The experiment was conducted at two conditions, i.e. supplemental irrigation and rainfed. In both main (MR) and branch (MR) racemes, flower number increased as LAI and ADM at the beginning of flowering increased. The reduction in flower number with reduction of LAI and ADM is evidence that canola plants can adjust to carbohydrates availability by altering the number of potential resource demanding sinks. Pod/flower ratio was quadratically related to ADM at the beginning of flowering. A significant positive linear relationship was found between LAD and CGR during flowering period and pod/flower ratio. Therefore, potential and actual pod number was related to cumulative dry matter production of the crop until the beginning of flowering and until the end of flowering, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluation of application method efficiency of zinc and iron microelements in canola, an experiment was conducted in the Agricultural Research Station of Eastern Azerbaijan province in 2008. The experimental design was a RCBD with eight treatments (F1: control, F2: iron, F3: zinc, F4: iron + zinc in the form of soil utility, F5: iron, F6: zinc, F7: iron+ zinc in the form of solution foliar application, and F8: iron + zinc in the form of soil utility and foliar application). Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among treatments on given traits, antioxidant enzymes activity, fatty acids percentage, plant height, seed weight to capitulum weight ratio, protein percentage, oil percentage, oil yield, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium percentage of leaves, zinc and iron content of leaves and capitulum diameters. The highest seed yield, oil yield, oil percentage, 1000 seed weight, seed weight to capitulum weight ratio and protein percentage were obtained from the soil and foliar application of iron + zinc treatments (F8). Also, the highest amounts of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium concentration in leaves were achieved from control treatment which was an indication of non-efficiency of iron and zinc on the absorption rate of these substances in the leaves. The correlation between effective traits on the seed yield, such as, capitalism diameter, number of seed rows in capitulum, seed weight to capitulum weight ratio and 1000 seed weight were positively significant. In general, foliar and soil application of zinc and iron had the highest efficiency in aspect of seed production. The comparison of the various methods of fertilization showed that foliar application was more effective than soil application. Also, micronutrient foliar application increased concentration of elements, especially zinc and iron. Antioxidant enzymes activity was different in response to treatments also the highest palmitoleic, oleic and myristic acid were observed in F6 and F7 treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted as randomized complete block designed in 4 treatments and 3 Replication in research center, faculty of agriculture Zabol University in year 2007-2008 in the Iran. To study four type treatment such as: Hen, Ostrich, Cow and Chemical manure were tested. Therefore: on experiment mentioned above used 40 t/ha animal manure, 350 kg/ha nitrogen manure, 200 kg/ha phosphorous and potassium. Animal manure, phosphorous and potassium and 1/3 of nitrogenous before cultivation and all other, when crop become to start flowering stage, height of shrub and number of lateral branches were measured. With this regards also after harvesting, number of nodes in shrub, number of seed in sheath, weight of one thousand of seed, economic and biological yield as been measured. Percentage amount of oil as been measured and extracted by Soxhlet method. The results as been shown, number of nodes in shrubs and economical yield, chemical manure treatment compared with other treatment show significant difference 5%>P. with this regards also results from analyzing oil showed percentage amount of oil in chemical manure treatment show significant difference 5%>P, but there is not significant difference between hen and ostrich manure. The result from statistical analyzing of data regarded on shrub height and number of lateral branches and number of seed, thousand seed weight and biological yield indicate that, between the various treatment of manures in 5% > P level there is not significant differences. The Result of the canola plant compare with the chemical manures show a more suitable respond and the hen manures mostly used for amending and the improving the soil and for obtain the majority of quality and quantity of canola can use the chemical manures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Supplementary irrigation in two stages of flowering and grain filling of dryland canola increased yield 2.8 times. • Selenium spraying (1.5 mg L−1) increased canola performance under dryland condition. • Two supplementary irrigation and 1.5 mg L−1 sodium selenate increased water use efficiency two times. Determining the timing of supplementary irrigation in water limited conditions is one approach to reducing drought damage, increasing water productivity, and improving the yield of dryland canola. Selenium spraying may be an appropriate strategy for increasing crop tolerance to drought stress. The aim of this research was to evaluate supplementary irrigation and selenium spraying on the yield and water productivity of two canola cultivars under subtropical dryland conditions. The experiment was a split factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications conducted during 2016–2018 at Gachsaran Agricultural Research Station, Iran. The main factors consisted of irrigation regimes (no irrigation (I 1), supplementary irrigation at flowering stage (I 2), grain filling (I 3) and flowering + grain filling (I 4)), and a sub-factor comprising Hyola 401 (water stress tolerant) and Delgan (less tolerant to water stress) cultivars and selenium spaying from the source of sodium selenate (Na 2 SeO 4) (zero (S 0), 1.5 (S 1) and 3 (S 2) mg L−1). Results showed that the application of supplementary irrigation increased the yield, yield components, oil percentage, harvest index and water productivity. Selenium spraying increased the weight of 1000 seeds and grain yield. Grain yield was increased from 802 kg ha−1 in S 0 and I 1 treatment up to 2274 kg ha−1 in S 2 and I 4. The Delgan and Hyola harvest index rose from 19.94 % and 22.1 % in I 1 to 29.13 % and 26.99 % in I 4 , respectively. The highest oil percentage (37.6 %) was observed in the I 4 regime, the highest water productivity (0.67 kg m-3) was obtained from I 4 and S 2 treatments, and the lowest water productivity (0.34 kg m-3) was seen in I 1 and S 0 treatments. Generally, the results showed that high yielding canola production can be achieved through supplementary irrigation in two stages (flowering and grain filling stages) and by applying 1.5 mg L−1 selenium foliar application in subtropical dryland conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]