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The incidence of calculus anuria is relatively high in Iran. Eighteen children with this picture were studied in our departments between 1972 and 1984. The cause of anuria was bilateral obstruction by the calculi (14 cases), unilateral obstruction with a nonfunctioning kidney (3 cases) or aplasia on the other side (1 case). As demonstrated by our study, the cause of stone formation was a metabolic disorder in 50% of the children. This indicates that with anuria created by calculi formation, more consideration should be given to the possibility of metabolic disorders than has so far been the case. Further research should therefore be carried out in this respect, particularly in cases of the lower age range with indications of parental consanguinity, multiple and bilateral calculi, repeated calculi and repeated admissions, which were frequently observed by us.